Response of bioaerosol cells to photocatalytic inactivation with ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> impregnated onto Perlite and Poraver carriers

doi:10.1007/s11783-020-1335-9

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (3) : 43 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1335-9

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Response of bioaerosol cells to photocatalytic inactivation with ZnO and TiO₂ impregnated onto Perlite and Poraver carriers

Mariana Valdez-Castillo, Sonia Arriaga(

)

Environmental Science Department, Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of San Luis Potosi, IPICYT. Camino Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

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Abstract

•ZnO/Perlite inactivated 72% of bioaerosols in continuous gas phase.

•TiO₂ triggered the highest level of cytotoxicity with 95% dead cells onto Poraver.

•Inactivation mechanism occurred by membrane damage, morphological changes and lysis.

•ZnO/Poraver showed null inactivation of bioaerosols.

•Catalysts losses at the outlet of the photoreactor for all systems were negligible.

Bioaerosols are airborne microorganisms that cause infectious sickness, respiratory and chronic health issues. They have become a latent threat, particularly in indoor environment. Photocatalysis is a promising process to inactivate completely bioaerosols from air. However, in systems treating a continuous air flow, catalysts can be partially lost in the gaseous effluent. To avoid such phenomenon, supporting materials can be used to fix catalysts. In the present work, four photocatalytic systems using Perlite or Poraver glass beads impregnated with ZnO or TiO₂ were tested. The inactivation mechanism of bioaerosols and the cytotoxic effect of the catalysts to bioaerosols were studied. The plug flow photocatalytic reactor treated a bioaerosol flow of 460×1 0⁶ cells/m³_air with a residence time of 5.7 s. Flow Cytometry (FC) was used to quantify and characterize bioaerosols in terms of dead, injured and live cells. The most efficient system was ZnO/Perlite with 72% inactivation of bioaerosols, maintaining such inactivation during 7.5 h due to the higher water retention capacity of Perlite (2.8 mL/g_Perlite) in comparison with Poraver (1.5 mL/g_Perlite). However, a global balance showed that TiO₂/Poraver system triggered the highest level of cytotoxicity to bioaerosols retained on the support after 96 h with 95% of dead cells. SEM and FC analyses showed that the mechanism of inactivation with ZnO was based on membrane damage, morphological cell changes and cell lysis; whereas only membrane damage and cell lysis were involved with TiO₂. Overall, results highlighted that photocatalytic technologies can completely inactivate bioaerosols in indoor environments.

Keywords Immobilized catalysts Continuous flow Photocatalysis Bioaerosols Cytotoxicity Inactivation mechanism

Corresponding Author(s): Sonia Arriaga

Issue Date: 17 December 2020

Cite this article:

Mariana Valdez-Castillo,Sonia Arriaga. Response of bioaerosol cells to photocatalytic inactivation with ZnO and TiO₂ impregnated onto Perlite and Poraver carriers[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(3): 43.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1335-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I3/43

Tab.1 Physicochemical characteristics of the impregnated materials used in the photocatalytic processes

Fig.1 Scanning electron micrographs of Perlite carrier and catalysts. A) Morphological structure of Perlite; B) Perlite exposed to bioaerosols; C) ZnO/Perlite; D) TiO₂/Perlite.

Fig.2 Scanning electron micrographs of Poraver carrier and catalysts. A) Morphological structure of Poraver; B) Poraver exposed to bioaerosols; C) ZnO/Poraver; D) TiO₂/ Poraver.

Tab.2 Percentage of catalysts losses at the outlet of the photoreactor during the photocatalytic treatment of bioaerosols

Fig.3 Photocatalytic inactivation of bioaerosols with ZnO and TiO₂ impregnated onto Perlite (A) and Poraver (B) carriers. Flow cytometry analysis was used to quantify bioaerosols.

Fig.4 Global distribution of bioaerosols in terms of total cells in the inlet, outlet and on the carrier during the total time of photocatalysis for the four systems. ■ Live cells, ■ dead cells, ■ injured cells and ■ total bioaerosol (cells).

Fig.5 Scanning electron micrographs of Perlite with catalysts. A) ZnO/Perlite after sorption equilibrium phase; B) TiO₂/Perlite after sorption equilibrium phase C) ZnO/Perlite after 96 h of photocatalysis; D) TiO₂/Perlite after 96 h of photocatalysis.

Fig.6 Scanning electron micrographs of Poraver with catalysts. A) ZnO/Poraver after sorption equilibrium phase; B) TiO₂/ Poraver after sorption equilibrium phase C) ZnO/ Poraver after 96 h of photocatalysis; D) TiO₂/ Poraver after 96 h of photocatalysis.

Fig.7 Mechanisms of inactivation of bioaerosols with photocatalytic systems based on ZnO and TiO₂ over Perlite and Poraver carriers.

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