| 我国土壤环境保护标准体系优化研究与建议 |
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| 引用本文： | 李敏,李琴,赵丽娜,王宏洋,蔡木林,朱静,王海燕.我国土壤环境保护标准体系优化研究与建议[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(12):1799-1810. |
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| 作者姓名： | 李敏 李琴 赵丽娜 王宏洋 蔡木林 朱静 王海燕 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国环境科学研究院, 环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室, 北京 100012 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家环境保护标准制修订项目计划(2011-41)；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2013-YG-014) |
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| 摘 要： | 我国现行土壤环境保护标准体系是在以GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》为核心标准的基础上逐步形成的,是根据当时我国土壤环境研究水平并结合土壤环境管理要求而制定,在一定历史时期对我国土壤污染防治和环境管理具有重要作用.但是,随着我国经济社会发展和土壤环境问题日益复杂化,该标准逐渐暴露出土壤类型和污染物控制项目覆盖面不全,与其他相关标准有部分重复、衔接性差,以及在实际工作中适用性差等问题.因而,以该标准为核心的整个土壤环境保护标准体系在完整性、系统性、协调性和适用性等方面存在不足.在系统梳理我国现行土壤环境保护标准体系构成及存在问题,分析其他国家和地方土壤环境管理制度、制订方法和相关标准的基础上,结合我国土壤环境特点和土壤环境管理需求,提出进一步完善我国土壤环境保护标准体系的框架结构优化方案,主要由土壤环境质量标准体系(土壤环境背景值、土壤污染风险筛选值、土壤修复目标值和耕地质量等级划分)、土壤环境污染防控标准体系、土壤相关配套标准体系和土壤环境基础标准体系四大类标准体系组成.此外,基于人体健康和生态安全的污染物土壤环境基准是土壤环境风险评价系列标准制订的基础.作为环境管理的基础手段,优化的土壤环境保护标准体系可为《土壤污染防治行动计划》的实施和《土壤环境保护法》的制订提供有力的技术支持.根据土壤环境具有地域性强、差异性大的特点,建议尽快出台《土壤环境保护法》,明确国家标准与地方标准各自的定位与关联,推动制订地方土壤环境保护标准,国家则应集中开展土壤环境基准、标准制订技术规范等相关研究,为土壤环境保护标准体系的完善提供基础技术支撑.
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| 关 键 词： | 土壤 标准体系 框架结构 优化方案 |
| 收稿时间： | 2016/3/7 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2016/9/29 0:00:00 |
Optimizing the Soil Environmental Protection Standard System and Suggestions |
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| Affiliation: | State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China |
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| Abstract: | Abstract: The current system of soil environmental protection standards in China is gradually formed on the basis of Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995), which is the core standard for the entire system.GB 15618-1995 was developed according to the research level and the soil environmental management requirements at that time, and played an important role in the soil pollution prevention and control and soil environmental management during a certain historical period.With the development of the economy and society, the situation of soil environment has gotten more and more complex, and the standard is showing some problems such as incomplete coverage of soil types and controlled pollutant items, poor repeatability and linkages with other relevant standards and poor applicability in real work. Therefore, the entire system of soil environmental protection standard is showing similar problems of integrity, systematicness, coordination and applicability with the core standard.Based on analysis of the current system of soil environmental protection standard in China and its problems, and study of the management systems, methods and standards of soil environmental protection in other countries, an optimization scheme for the standard system of soil environmental protection in China was proposed considering the soil environment features and management requirements in China. The optimized system consists of four major types of standards, i.e. a series of standards of soil environment quality(e.g., background values of soil environment, screening values of soil pollution risk, target values of soil remediation and cultivated land quality hierarchy), a series of standards for prevention and control of soil environmental pollution, related matched standards and basic standards of soil environment. The human health-based and ecological security-based criteria of the pollutants in soil are the basis for developing the series of standards of soil environmental risk assessment. This optimized system could provide powerful technical support as one of the basic environmental management methods for the development and implementation of the Action Plan on Soil Pollution Prevention and Control and the Soil Environment Protection Law. Due to the strong regional characteristics of the soil environment, we suggest that the central government should issue the Soil Environment Protection Law as soon as possible to clarify the function of the national and the local soil environmental protection standards and the relationship between them, so that local soil environmental protection standards could be promoted. The central government should put much more concern on research on soil environmental criteria and the method guidelines for developing relevant standards of soil environmental protection, providing more basic technical support for the perfection of the standard system of soil environmental protection. |
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