| 基于格局-质量-服务的生态保护修复成效评估:以额尔齐斯河流域为例 |
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| 引用本文： | 刘浩,郝海广,张文国,刘鹏,孙丽慧.基于格局-质量-服务的生态保护修复成效评估:以额尔齐斯河流域为例[J].环境科学研究,2022,35(11):2495-2507. |
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| 作者姓名： | 刘浩 郝海广 张文国 刘鹏 孙丽慧 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.中国环境科学研究院，北京 100012 |
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| 基金项目： | 新疆阿勒泰地区科技研究项目(No.2019-529)；国家重点研发计划项目(No.2019YFC0507802) |
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| 摘 要： | 建立生态保护修复工程实施成效评估方法体系，掌握“山水林田湖草”生态保护修复试点工程实施成效，分析评估结果中发现的问题，对于提出新时期生态环境保护修复的对策与建议具有重要意义. 额尔齐斯河流域具有极其典型的“山水林田湖草”生命共同体特征，额尔齐斯河流域生态保护修复工程的实施为探索西北干旱地区生命共同体保护修复模式提供了示范作用. 基于“山水林田湖草”生命共同体理念，从生态系统格局、质量和服务三个角度建立评价指标体系，通过对比非生态保护修复期和生态保护修复期内评估指标的时空变化情况，综合评估额尔齐斯河流域“山水林田湖草”生态保护修复工程实施生态环境成效. 结果表明:①生态系统类型的生态级别整体由“低”向“高”转变，草地生态系统退化趋势得到遏制且面积得到恢复，水域生态系统面积由2010年的1 802.02 km2持续增至2020年的1 994.84 km2，林地生态系统面积仍有所减少. ②工程建设区生态系统质量指数先降后增，其中生态保护修复期内生态系统质量指数增长相对明显. ③生态保护修复工程实施后，各生态系统服务指标变化率均有所增长，其中防风固沙指数增长最为显著. 研究显示，额尔齐斯河流域“山水林田湖草”生态保护修复工程成效显著，但由于工程建设区内生态本底的差异性，整体上各工程分区生态保护修复成效由北向南逐渐递减. 在后续生态保护修复工作中，建议基于额尔齐斯河流域中部和南部自然地理单元分布等区域特征，采取有针对性的对策措施，进一步恢复生态用地和提升生态系统服务.
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| 关 键 词： | “山水林田湖草” 生态修复 额尔齐斯河流域 成效评估 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022-06-09 |
Evaluation of Ecological Protection and Restoration Effectiveness Based on ‘Pattern-Quality-Service’ in Irtysh River Basin |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China2.Satellite Environmental Application Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, China |
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| Abstract: | Establishing an evaluation method system for the implementation of ecological protection and restoration pilot project, mastering the effectiveness of the project and analyzing the problems found in the evaluation results greatly contribute to the proposal of countermeasures and suggestions for ecological environment protection and restoration in the new period and the maintenance of a sustainable regional ecosystem. The Irtysh River Basin is a typical life community of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands. The implementation of the ecological protection and restoration project in the Irtysh River Basin has a demonstration role for the exploration of the protection and restoration model of the life communities in the northwest arid region. Based on the concept of ‘mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands’ community, an evaluation indicator system was proposed from the perspective of ecosystem pattern, quality and service to comprehensively evaluate the implementation effect of the ecological protection and restoration pilot project area in Irtysh River Basin by the comparison of the spatio-temporal changes of indicators during the non-ecological protection and restoration period and the ecological protection and restoration period. The results show that: (1) The low ecological level was transformed into a high ecological level. The degradation of grassland ecosystems is curbed, and the grassland area is restored. The area of water ecosystem increased from 1802.02 km2 in 2010 to 1994.84 km2 in 2020, while forest ecosystems decreased; (2) The ecosystem quality index of the project construction area decreased first and then increased. During the period of ecological protection and restoration, the ecosystem quality index increased significantly. The ecosystem quality improved; (3) After the implementation of the ecological protection and restoration project, all ecosystem service indicators improved. The change rate of water conservation, soil conservation and wind and sand fixation index increased from ?0.08%, ?9.19% and ?11.36% in the non-ecological protection and restoration period to 0.56%, 1.59% and 13.49% in the ecological protection and restoration period; (4) The composite index of ecological protection and restoration effectiveness in the project construction area increased from 14.93 in the non-ecological protection and restoration period to 48.02 after the implementation of the ecological protection and restoration projects. The changes in the composite index of ecological protection and restoration effectiveness in each project sub-area gradually deteriorated from north to south. The results show that the ecological protection and restoration project in the Irtysh River Basin achieved remarkable results. However, due to the differences in the ecological background of the project areas, the effectiveness of ecological protection and restoration of each project sub-area decreased from north to south. In the follow-up ecological protection and restoration work, targeted countermeasures should be proposed based on the regional characteristics such as the distribution of natural geographical units in the Central and Southern Irtysh River Basin to further restore ecological land and improve ecosystem services. |
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