| 场地复合污染的生态效应与风险评估研究进展和展望 |
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| 引用本文： | 赵丹,吴畏达,孙倩,於方.场地复合污染的生态效应与风险评估研究进展和展望[J].环境科学研究,2023,36(1):30-43. |
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| 作者姓名： | 赵丹 吴畏达 孙倩 於方 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.生态环境部环境规划院，北京 100043 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划项目(No.2019YFC1804400)；国家自然科学基金项目(No.72074156) |
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| 摘 要： | 我国已初步形成基于人体健康风险的污染场地土壤风险评估制度和技术标准体系，但基于保护生态受体的土壤污染风险评估技术方法和标准体系尚未构建. 本文从我国重点行业场地土壤复合污染现状出发，综述了典型行业场地土壤特征污染物复合情形下的生态效应，分析了产生不同联合效应的机理. 对目前常用的生态风险评估方法进行了分类阐述，并评述了复合污染生态效应和风险表征的研究进展，以期为我国构建全面系统的土壤污染风险管控体系提供支撑. 我国冶炼、焦化等重点行业场地通常呈现重金属-重金属复合、重金属-多环芳烃复合等污染特征，当这类污染物共存时，可通过影响彼此的生物吸收转运、降解转化、生物毒性等，产生协同、加和、拮抗等联合效应. 目前常用的生态风险评估方法包括指数法、商值法、概率法等，指数法基于污染源、暴露途径和生物受体的不同指标构建综合评估指数量化污染物的相对风险，商值法基于污染物暴露量和毒性参考值等量化污染物的绝对风险，概率法通过污染物和毒性数据的概率密度函数和累积分布概率函数等获得考虑污染分布和毒性效应变异性的绝对风险，复合污染情形下，可通过浓度加和、效应加和以及二者相结合的多层次方法进行综合表征. 本文针对目前生态风险评估方法体系构建存在的重点难点问题，建议从合理构建多维度多要素综合风险指数、分区分类构建本土化生物有效性和毒性参数、基于复合污染毒性效应机理科学构建概率风险表征方法等方面开展深入研究，推动生态风险评估规范化和精准化.
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| 关 键 词： | 重点行业 土壤 复合污染 联合生态效应 生态风险评估 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022-06-07 |
Research Progress and Prospect of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Site Combined Pollution |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Center for Environmental Risk and Damage Assessment, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100043, China2.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Identification and Restoration, Beijing 100043, China |
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| Abstract: | A human health-based soil risk assessment system and technical standard for contaminated sites has initially formed in China, but there is no technical methods and standard system for soil pollution risk assessment based on the protection of ecological receptors. The current situation of soil combined pollution in key industries is firstly introduced, the ecological effects of combined pollution of characteristic pollutants are summarized, and the mechanisms of different combined effects are analyzed. The current commonly used ecological risk assessment methods are classified and expounded, and the research progress of ecological risk characterization of combined pollution is reviewed, in order to provide new ideas for building a comprehensive and systematic soil pollution risk management and control system. Pollution characteristics such as heavy metal-heavy metal combined pollution, heavy metal-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon combined pollution usually appear in key industries sites such as smelting and coking. When these pollutants coexist, they could form synergistic, additive, antagonistic and other combined effects by affecting each other's biological absorption, transport, degradation, transformation, and toxicity. The currently used ecological risk assessment methods include index method, quotient value method, and probability method, etc. The index method constructs a comprehensive assessment index based on different indicators such as pollution sources, exposure pathways and biological receptors to quantify the relative risks of pollutants. The quotient method quantifies the absolute risk of pollutants based on parameters such as pollutant exposure and toxicity reference values. The probability method obtains the absolute risk considering the variability of pollution distribution and toxic effects through the probability density function and cumulative distribution probability function of pollutant and toxicity data. In the case of combined pollution, concentration addition, independent action, and a combination of the two can be used for comprehensive characterization of risk. In view of the key and difficult problems in the construction of the ecological risk assessment method system, in-depth research on the rational construction of multi-dimensional and multi-element comprehensive risk index, the zoning and taxonomic construction of local bioavailability and toxicity parameters, and the scientific construction of a probabilistic risk characterization method based on the mechanism of toxic effect of combined pollution can be carried out to promote the standardization and precision of ecological risk assessment. |
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