| 我国铝冶炼企业固体废物的指纹特征及毒性 |
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| 引用本文： | 徐思琪,王雪娇,陈平,卢桂兰,黄泽春,杨子良.我国铝冶炼企业固体废物的指纹特征及毒性[J].环境科学研究,2021,34(9):2248-2255. |
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| 作者姓名： | 徐思琪 王雪娇 陈平 卢桂兰 黄泽春 杨子良 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国环境科学研究院固体废物污染控制技术研究所,北京 100012;吉林建筑大学市政与环境工程学院,吉林 长春 130118;中国环境科学研究院固体废物污染控制技术研究所,北京 100012 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFC1902801国家重点研发计划项目2017YFC0703206 |
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| 摘 要： | 《国家危险废物名录(2021年版)》明确规定了铝冶炼企业产生的大修渣、残阳极、铝灰、二次铝灰、烟尘等均为危险废物，在行业内引起了较大反响.为了对铝冶炼企业固体废物的特征及环境危害进行归纳分析，采集了多家电解铝、再生铝和铝灰加工企业在不同阶段产生的固体废物，通过样品的物相组成、重金属和氟化物的浸出毒性及含量分析其危险特性.结果表明:金属铝、氮化铝、氧化铝是铝灰及二次铝灰中的典型特征物相；β-氧化铝可作为指纹特征用于识别铝灰及二次铝灰的工艺来源，其通常存在于电解铝液加工过程产生的铝灰中，而罕见于再生铝液加工过程产生的铝灰中.电解铝企业废物中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的含量显著低于再生铝和铝灰加工企业(P < 0.05).依据GB 5085.6—2007《危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别》标准，此次采集中76.2%的样品累计毒性物质与标准值的比值≥1，累计毒性物质总含量超标.其中，47.6%的样品同时存在有毒物质总含量≥3%，14%的样品同时存在致癌物质总含量≥0.1%.毒性物质含量主要与重金属和氟化物相关，氟化物对铝冶炼企业固体废物毒性影响最大，重金属次之，电解铝企业铝灰氟化物含量显著高于再生铝和铝灰加工企业(P < 0.05).依据GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》，此次采集中电解铝、再生铝和铝灰加工企业废物样品氟化物浸出毒性的超标率分别为60%、17%和0%，再生铝企业铝灰样品氟化物浸出毒性显著低于电解铝和铝灰加工企业(P < 0.05).研究显示，铝冶炼企业相关危险废物的主要环境风险来自金属铝、氮化铝、氟化物和重金属，其反应性危险特性主要与金属铝、氮化铝相关，毒性危险特性主要与氟化物、重金属相关，在铝灰加工过程中减少含氟精炼剂的使用将有助于降低二次铝灰的毒性危险特性，降低环境风险.
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| 关 键 词： | 电解铝 再生铝 铝灰加工 氟化物 毒性物质含量 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-12-03 |
Fingerprint Characteristics and Toxicity Analysis of Solid Waste in China's Aluminum Smelting Industry |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Research Institute of Solid Waste Management, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China2.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China |
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| Abstract: | Solid wastes such as overhauling slag, anode scrap, primary aluminum dross, secondary aluminum dross and smoke dust in the aluminum smelting processes have been listed in the National List of Hazardous Wastes (2021 Edition), which has caused great influences. To analyze the characteristics and environmental hazards of the solid wastes, this study collected samples from electrolytic aluminum industry (EAI), recycled aluminum industry (RAI) and aluminum dross processing industry (ADPI) at different production stages. The phase composition, leaching toxicity and content of heavy metals and fluorides of the samples were analyzed. The results show that the Al, AlN and Al2O3 were the typical characteristic phases of primary and secondary aluminum ash. β-Al2O3 can be used as a fingerprint feature to identify the process source of primary and secondary aluminum ash. It usually exists in the aluminum ash produced in the process of electrolytic aluminum solution, but rarely exists in the recycled aluminum solution. The contents of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the waste of EAI were significantly lower than those in RAI and ADPI (P < 0.05). According to the Identification Standards for Hazardous Wastes-Identification for Toxic Substance Content (GB 5085.6-2007), the ratio of accumulated toxic substances of 76.2% of the samples to standard values were ≥ 1, which mean that the total content of accumulated toxic substances exceeded the national standard. Among the 76.2% of samples, 47.6% of samples had the total toxic substance content ≥ 3%, and 14% of the samples had the total carcinogenic substance content ≥ 0.1%. The content of toxic substances was mainly related to heavy metals and fluorides. Fluorides had a greater influence on the content of toxic substances than heavy metals. The fluorides contents of aluminum ash in EAI were significantly higher than that in RAI and ADPI (P < 0.05). According to the national standard GB 5085.3-2007, the over-standard rates of fluorides leaching toxicity of samples from EAI, RAI and ADPI were 60%, 17% and 0%, respectively. The leaching toxicity of fluorides of aluminum ash in RAI was significantly lower than that in EAI and ADPI (P < 0.05). Therefore, the Al, AlN, fluoride and heavy metal were the main environmental risks of hazardous wastes in aluminum smelting industry. It's reactivity of hazardous characteristics was mainly related to Al and AlN, toxicity of hazardous characteristics was mainly related to fluoride and heavy metal. Decreasing the use of fluorine refining agents can be helpful to reduce the toxicity of secondary aluminum ash and environmental risks in aluminum dross processing. |
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