南京仙林地区大气PM2.5中金属化学形态分析及其风险评估

采用四步连续提取法提取不同季节南京仙林地区PM_(2.5)中不同化学形态的金属组分。结果显示:(1)PM_(2.5)日均值平均为84.93μg/m3,75%的样品超过了《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中PM_(2.5)日均值二级标准值(75μg/m~3)。(2)PM_(2.5)中Fe、Zn和Pb浓度最高,As和Cd浓度最低。(3)Zn、Cd和Mn主要以弱酸提取态(F1)存在,Pb以可还原态(F2)为主,As主要以F1和F2存在,Ni和Cr以F1和可氧化态(F3)为主,Cu主要为F1、F2、F3,Fe和Ti大部分以残渣态(F4)存在。(4)Zn具有非常高的环境风险,Cd、As、Cu和Mn均表现出高风险,Pb、Ni和Cr具有中等风险,Fe、Ti具有低风险。(5)对于儿童,Cr具有潜在致癌风险;对于成人,As和Cr具有潜在致癌风险。     

焦化废水处理过程外排污泥中重金属形态特征及其潜在环境风险

焦化废水处理过程所排放污泥中重金属的含量及化学形态是否构成环境风险将直接影响污泥处置方法的选择,为此,实验采用BCR顺序提取法分析了焦化废水处理站外排污泥中重金属(Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Ni、Zn、Cu和Mn)的形态特征,并采用地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态危害指数(RI)评价了重金属对土壤的潜在环境风险。研究结果表明:除Ni主要以可氧化态存在外,焦化废水外排污泥中其他几种重金属元素主要存在于残渣态,重金属元素的含量低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918—2002)》中的控制限值;与城市污泥相比,焦化废水外排污泥具有低Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu含量,而高Cd、Hg、Mn含量的特点;基于Igeo和RI的评价结果,Cd和Hg是外排污泥中具有一定环境风险的元素,需要考虑其下游去向。焦化废水处理外排污泥中主要存在残渣态重金属成分,不表现为很高的环境风险,其处置应重点考虑其中有机污染物特别是POPs。     

清潩河许昌段表层沉积物污染评价

为了解水质污染对沉积物质量的影响,在清潩河许昌段河道内采集10个代表性点位处的沉积物样品,对pH、有机质、总氮、总磷、Cu、Zn、As、Cr和Pb含量进行分析,根据环境背景值或生态风险阈值对各指标及各点位的污染状况进行评价,与文献中报道的其他流域沉积物中污染物含量进行了对比,并对清潩河河道沉积物的污染原因进行分析。结果表明,清潩河河道表层沉积物整体处于污染状态,部分河道为重污染;与其他流域相比,清潩河河道表层沉积物中有机质、总氮和总磷的污染程度比较严重,尤其总氮的污染尤为突出。水资源匮乏、造纸厂及城镇污水处理厂的排污是造成上述结果的主要原因。     

生物/生态技术协同修复城市景观水体的现场试验研究

针对武汉动物园鹤岛水体的污染状况,结合景观建设,采用生物滤罐和生态型岸边带相结合的生物/生态技术对该水体进行循环净化。实验结果表明,该净化系统对鹤岛水体水质有很大的改善作用,解决了以前水体混浊、夏季水体中藻类浓度高的问题,景观功能明显提高。该系统中生物滤罐起主要作用,夏季净化效果较好,对于总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、COD、溶解态氮、氨态氮都有很好的净化效果;冬季效果略差,以过滤作用为主,对溶解态污染物去除作用微弱。岸边带在冬季基本没有净化效果,夏季则净化作用较为显著。     

大孔树脂对污水处理厂尾水提标及再生液的高效脱氮处理中试研究

为实现污水处理厂尾水提标至《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅳ类水质标准，针对已经达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准的杭州市某城镇污水处理厂尾水，采用大孔树脂吸附后出水化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮(TN)平均质量浓度分别为5.89、0.10、0.12、0.74、0.98 mg/L,达到GB 3838—2002的Ⅳ类水质标准，相应的去除率分别为42.98%、44.44%、53.85%、91.79%、90.78%,对TN特别是硝态氮的去除效果非常明显。同时，针对含高浓度硝态氮的树脂再生液采用两级缺氧好氧工艺处理，使得出水TN平均质量浓度为30.00 mg/L,COD为191.00 mg/L,可以返回至污水处理厂生化系统。中试的吨水成本为1.34元，包括电耗成本1.10元，药剂费0.24元。     

常德市柳叶湖表层沉积物重金属元素分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

柳叶湖表层沉积物中重金属的状况对洞庭湖流域生态环境具有重要影响。对该区域内31个采样点表层沉积物中重金属的含量及形态进行监测和分析,同时采用潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型进行风险评价。结果表明：(1)重金属平均值均高于洞庭湖水系水体沉积物重金属元素背景值。参考《土壤环境质量标准农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018),Cd可能存在污染风险。(2)Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni来源相似,Mn有单独的来源,As有多个来源。(2)表层沉积物中As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni主要以残渣态为主,Cd和Mn主要是以弱酸可提取态和可还原态为主,Pb主要以可还原态为主。(3)Cd的单项潜在生态风险指数为57.0,属于中等风险,其他7种重金属均属于轻微风险。8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为100.8,属于轻微风险。(4)成人、儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险处于可接受范围,且儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险指数均高于成人。As的致癌风险指数大于Cd; Zn的非致癌风险指数最低,而Cr最高。     

叠层生态滤床技术在生活污水处理中的应用研究

针对农村生活污水的特点,设计叠层生态滤床,并将其应用于浙西山区农村生活污水的处理。运行结果表明,系统出水的COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷质量浓度分别为18.20、0.492、0.77、0.129 mg/L,去除率分别达到43.30%、56.42%、42.11%、19.88%,出水的COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。叠层生态滤床处理农村生活污水的吨水投资成本较低,后期运行基本不产生费用,而且在后期管理上不需要配备专门的技术人员,适用于不同经济发展程度农村的生活污水处理,具有良好的推广价值。     

大辽河主要污染源重金属特征及污染评价

为了解大辽河水环境中重金属污染来源及其污染程度,对大辽河上游来水以及主要排污口的表层水体和表层沉积物主要重金属(Cr、Co、Cd、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cu、Pb、As)浓度进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数评价法和地累积指数评价法对表层水体和表层沉积物污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,大辽河上游来水中Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、As、Pb元素浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ类标准规定的限值;太子河中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb元素浓度较高,海城河Mn、As元素浓度较高;主要排污口水体中Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Pb元素浓度均低于GB 3838—2002的Ⅰ类标准规定的限值,其中纱厂潮沟、港监潮沟排污口水体重金属浓度较高。大辽河沉积物重金属浓度表现出自上游向下游递减的特征,西潮沟、港监潮沟排污口沉积物重金属浓度高于其他排污口。综合污染指数评价法表明,大辽河水质情况较好,太子河存在较高的潜在污染风险;而地累积指数评价法表明,大辽河主要汇入河流和主要污染源沉积物重金属污染程度大多为清洁,只有西潮沟排污口沉积物中As处于轻度污染,需要引起注意。     

基于SPECIATE数据库的典型行业挥发性有机恶臭物质筛选

恶臭物质成分复杂、来源广泛,故需要筛选并优先控制恶臭物质。基于美国SPECIATE数据库,选取涂料、垃圾填埋、污水处理、纸浆和造纸、石油炼制、堆肥、合成橡胶和合成树脂共8类典型行业,以质量分数、嗅阈值、饱和蒸气压和大气周围环境目标值为评估参数,建立合适的筛选原则、程序和方法。通过分级赋值和多参数综合评分筛选出84种(类)典型行业挥发性有机恶臭物质。结合国内外标准和研究,建议将苯乙烯、丙醛、丙酸、丁醛、丁酸、二甲苯、二甲基二硫醚、二硫化碳、甲苯、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、戊醛、戊酸、乙醛、乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯和异丁醇,共19种(类)物质作为优先控制挥发性有机恶臭物质,以作为监控管理、评估空气异味和标准制修订的参考。     

太湖地区典型降雨水稻田径流污染物输出特点及相关性分析

为研究降雨过程中水稻田径流污染物的输出特点及其主要污染物之间的内在关系,在太湖地区何家浜流域划定若干块水稻田作为研究区域,并分别选取单块封闭水稻田沿河岸的直入河点和多块水稻田沿沟渠汇流后的沟渠入河点为采样点,对比封闭小区域和非封闭大区域污染物随降雨径流的输出特点及其相关性。结果表明,降雨引起水田水的扰动,对水田土壤及其污染物只产生间接的扰动或冲刷,而非直接冲刷,因此,不同降雨强度对SS(悬浮态固体)的冲刷并未表现出明显的差异。无论短历时强降雨还是长历时弱降雨,其径流中SS、氮、磷均随降雨历时的延长而降低,其中溶解态氮、磷随降雨历时的变化较小。相比大面积的汇水区域,较小的汇水区域SS峰值点出现的时间更接近降雨峰值点,对降雨的响应时间更短,降雨前期,大汇水区域径流中SS比小汇水区域小很多,而降雨后期要大很多,其主要污染物随降雨历时的延长而降低的规律性更显著,小汇水区域的径流SS和TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)具有很好的线性相关性。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.