基于色差分析的复合绝缘子伞裙老化程度表征研究

高温硫化硅橡胶具有良好的憎水性、憎水迁移性,有效提高了复合绝缘子的耐污闪性能。但是作为一种有机高分子材料,高温硫化硅橡胶材料在长期运行之后会表现出一定的老化特征,包括出现粉化、褪色、龟裂等现象。作为复合绝缘子最直观的特征,伞裙护套的颜色变化可以在一定程度上反映出硅橡胶材料的性能变化。对复合绝缘子伞裙的颜色变化特征进行了研究,并利用RGB颜色空间对其进行了定量表征,试验结果表明,利用复合绝缘子伞裙颜色变化特征对其老化状态进行表征是可行的。     

新疆“三十里风区”输电线路复合绝缘子故障分析

复合绝缘子是超高压输电线路中的关键设备之一,确保其可靠运行是维护电网安全的前提。新疆乌鲁木齐至吐鲁番750kV输电线路途径"三十里风区",当地10米高度处最高设计风速为42m/s,这对复合绝缘子的长期运行是一个巨大挑战。强风下的绝缘子伞裙摆动导致其根部材料疲劳,进一步产生微观裂纹,最终导致绝缘子撕裂故障。本文通过气候环境调研,分析了当地气候环境特征;通过故障分析,初步探明乐儿复合绝缘子伞裙撕裂过程;通过风洞实验研究,得到了伞裙在流体中的动态现象。通过以上分析,对于这项特殊微气候环境下的外绝缘典型故障,本研究探明强风下伞裙动态过程,并在伞裙故障产生原因方面进行一定探索,为最终解决该问题提供了有力的技术参考。     

不均匀憎水性对线路绝缘子防污效果的影响

以硅橡胶为主的复合绝缘材料广泛应用于高电压外绝缘领域,因其憎水性和憎水迁移性能有效提高线路绝缘子污闪电压。但是,运行多年后硅橡胶材料会发生局部老化,表面憎水性不均匀下降,这种情况下线路绝缘子的防污效果有着重要的研究意义。针对复合绝缘子沿串憎水性以及RTV涂料绝缘子上、下表面憎水性的不均匀分布特点,应用人工污闪试验和饱和受潮试验表现其防污性能。试验结果表明:复合绝缘子高压端憎水性下降对绝缘子整体防污性能影响较大;而悬垂绝缘子上下表面的饱和受潮时间和污秽流失情况决定了整体受潮状态,其中下表面的憎水性状态对其防污效果至关重要。根据上述试验结果,在运行状态评价中,复合绝缘子高压端以及悬垂绝缘子下表面的憎水性应给予重点关注。     

一种新型表面处理剂提高电气设备外绝缘防污闪性能的应用技术研究

本文介绍一种新型的表面处理剂,主要针对运行多年的电气设备外绝缘进行表面处理,提高其表面性能,以提高其防污闪能力。该表面处理剂能够在清洁表面污秽的同时,提高外绝缘表面的防污闪性能。对于瓷或玻璃绝缘子,本研究通过表面处理以提高其憎水性和自清洁能力。对于硅橡胶材料制品(复合绝缘子、防污闪涂层、硅橡胶套管等),特别是憎水性减弱或丧失的硅橡胶制品,本研究通过表面处理以提高其憎水性和自清洁能力,从而提高其防污闪能力。     

绝缘子表面RTV憎水性与其放电的紫外成像结果关系研究

室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)涂料在运行过程中会逐渐老化,可采用憎水性测量和理化手段分析其老化程度,但无法对运行中的绝缘子进行评估。通过涂污的方式模拟绝缘子表面RTV憎水性的减弱,对绝缘子串加压并用紫外成像仪记录放电过程,研究憎水性与紫外成像结果的关系。分析放电产生的紫外光子数和光斑面积发现,绝缘子串表面RTV憎水性越差,其发生显著放电的电压越低,相同电压下放电程度越剧烈。研究成果为运行中绝缘子RTV憎水性能的评估提供了一种新思路。     

±500kV直流复合绝缘子沿串积污特性研究

复合绝缘子的积污特性与瓷绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子有所不同,研究其积污规律对防止污闪有着重要意义。为此,以3支实际运行后的±500kV直流复合绝缘子为研究对象,系统测量其沿串不同位置的污秽度,用等值盐密(ESDD)和灰密(NSDD)表征。试验发现绝缘子不同伞上下表面的等值盐密和灰密大多呈现出U形的分布规律,尤其以等值盐密的U形分布更为明显,而且不同伞上下表面污秽U形分布规律性的强弱有一定差异。讨论了积污过程中电场对污秽沉积的作用以及自清洗过程中雨水冲洗的随机作用,更好地解释了直流复合绝缘子的沿串积污规律。     

基于二值逻辑的复合绝缘子状态判别策略研究

复合绝缘子是架空输电线路上广泛使用的设备,它的老化会给电力系统的正常运行带来威胁。电力相关工作人员需要一种能够对复合绝缘子的运行状态进行判别的方法,帮助他们确定复合绝缘子是否满足运行要求,而对复合绝缘子的定性表征就成为一种优选的表征策略。将运行后的复合绝缘子分成"满足运行要求"和"不满足运行要求",使用二值逻辑回归模型,选取合适的特征量,建立了复合绝缘子状态表征体系。     

外绝缘用液体硅橡胶的自然老化因素研究

近年来,液体硅橡胶(Liquid Silicone Rubber,LSR)已经在外绝缘领域得到了较为广泛的应用,但是目前对其耐老化性能的研究还不够深入。尤其是在中国南方地区使用时,高温、高湿环境更容易导致液体硅橡胶的老化。在许多地区都观察到了电流、电压互感器的液体硅橡胶绝缘外套的龟裂、老化现象,对设备的安全运行产生了影响。本文设计并实施了在光照、高温、高湿、电晕等老化因素作用下的液体硅橡胶人工老化试验,并对老化试验后的样品进行了硬度、力学性能、憎水性、光泽度以及SEM、FTIR等微观性能试验和分析。认为在光照作用下,高温、高湿环境对液体硅橡胶具有加速老化作用,表现为硬度上升、憎水性下降、光泽度下降,并且在表面出现细微裂纹。     

高压互感器液体硅橡胶绝缘护套修复工艺及性能研究

互感器是一种重要的变电站设备,针对目前在一些变电站中出现互感器的硅橡胶绝缘护套表层出现粉化现象,而又无法进行整体更换的情况,本文试图以现有的RTV防污闪涂料作为修复涂层来对互感器伞套进行补强,认为在RTV涂料的性能互感器运行要求的前提下,RTV涂料与互感器硅橡胶伞套的粘接性能应当是最重要的性能。基于这一想法,本文对RTV涂料与互感器伞套的粘接性能进行了研究,认为在采取正确施工工艺的前提下,RTV防污闪涂料能够用于对互感器伞套的修复。     

复合绝缘子覆冰闪络特性及其影响因素的研究

本文主要研究复合绝缘子在轻覆冰条件下的覆冰闪络特性,通过具有憎水性表面的平板模型,分析覆冰过程中间隙长度、间隙位置、间隙分布、融冰时间及染污程度对覆冰闪络过程的影响。研究发现,间隙是产生起始电弧的主要因素,间隙长度与冰闪电压之间呈先降后升的变化趋势,且间隙愈接近电极愈容易发生闪络。冰闪电压与融冰时间呈U型趋势,染污程度与冰闪电压正相关,且高染污条件下闪络会沿着冰层与污层交界面发生。最后,通过复合绝缘子全尺寸人工覆冰试验发现,轻覆冰条件下,起始电弧出现在覆冰量较少的杆径及下表面处,且覆冰闪络电压随染污程度的上升呈下降趋势。     

不同交联度PP-g-4VP离子交换纤维的制备及对水溶液中铬离子吸附的研究

通过控制交联剂(DVB)及单体(4-VP)浓度等工艺,研制了不同交联度的聚丙烯接枝4乙烯基吡啶离子交换纤维(PP-g-4VP),旨在改善纤维的结构及其再生吸附和重复使用性能。实验结果表明,随着DVB含量增大,纤维的接枝率下降,交联度增加,而吸水率下降。所制的PP-g-4VP和PP-g-4VP-季铵盐纤维对Cr~(6+)静态吸附量大,分别达约6.5mmol/g和4mmol/g。交联度低时,纤维对Cr~(6+)吸附速度越快,穿透点前流出液浓度较低。纤维吸附Cr~(6+)后用1N NH_3·H_2O能完全洗脱,再生吸附性能良好。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.