填充竹炭对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

微生物燃料电池(MFC)的阳极对提高MFC产电性能有至关重要的影响。利用竹炭比表面积大、吸附能力强等特性,将其作为"三合一"膜电极MFC的阳极填充材料,通过增大阳极比表面积来提高其产电能力。实验结果表明,加入竹炭至阳极室后,MFC最高输出电压(外接电阻1 000Ω时)由0.280V增大到0.387V,提高了38.2%,并且输出电压更加稳定;而最大功率密度也由原来的0.22W/m3增大到1.42W/m3,同时内阻降低了80.85%(由235Ω降为45Ω);库仑效率由15.0%增大到25.6%。说明MFC阳极室填充竹炭可以显著促进MFC的产电性能。     

碳毡和碳布2种生物阴极材料微生物燃料电池产电性能

为了降低构建微生物燃料电池(MFCs)的成本,比较了以碳毡和碳布作为阴极材料,在阴极利用功能微生物作为催化剂时电池的产电性能。结果表明,两电池启动时间基本相同,20 d左右达到稳定,但稳定期碳布作阴极的电池电压比碳毡作阴极的电池电压高出了60 mV左右。碳毡和碳布作阴极时,电池在10 d和20 d的最大功率密度分别由10.24和11.14 mW/m2提升到了18.18和30.15 mW/m2,相应内阻则分别由1 000和600Ω降到了250和200Ω。循环伏安法(CV)显示两材料单独做电极时氧化还原情况相似,扫描电镜(SEM)观察到两者不同表面特性导致碳毡对污泥附着强于碳布,进而使氧气传递受到限制,产电降低。     

炼油废水微生物燃料电池启动及影响因素

以炼油废水为碳源,构建双室填料型微生物燃料电池,考察接种液、外接电阻等电池启动条件,以及电导率、pH值和缓冲溶液强度等溶液性质对电池产电性能的影响。利用微生物燃料处理炼油废水,COD去除率(52±4)%,含油量去除率(81.8±3)%;利用废水中存在的原生菌即可启动电池,但启动期长,外加接种液可快速启动电池;启动时外接电阻的大小对电池稳定运行后的输出功率有明显影响,对电池内阻影响相对较小,当启动外接电阻为2 000Ω,电池输出功率最大,为288 mW/m3;随阳极溶液电导率电池增大,电池内阻降低,输出功率升高;pH值变化对电池阳极电势影响较大,进而影响电池输出,当溶液pH为9时,电池输出电压最大(388 mV),pH过高或过低均不利于电池产电;随着缓冲强度的增大,电池输出电压增大,且PBS缓冲强度的增大可从电导率增大和改善质子传递条件两方面提高电池的输出功率。     

稳恒磁场作用下微生物燃料电池的产电特性和电化学阻抗谱分析

对混合菌接种的双室微生物燃料电池加载磁场强度为175 mT的稳恒磁场,利用电化学交流阻抗等电化学分析方法,考察了在磁场作用下微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的变化,分析了磁场对MFC各部分内阻的影响。加载磁场使已启动完成的MFC的产电明显增强,开路电压提高了10%。加载磁场后最大功率密度为2.08 W/m2,大于加载前的1.58 W/m2,表观内阻由170Ω降至80Ω。电化学阻抗谱分析确定了阳极、阴极和全电池的等效电路模型,拟合结果发现阳极极化内阻约为5Ω。加载磁场使MFC的阴极极化内阻由74.98Ω降至56.73Ω。     

MnO_2-r-GO阳极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

考察了MnO_2-r-GO阳极对微生物燃料电池(MFC)的产电性能和体系有机质去除率的影响。实验结果表明,MnO_2-r-GO极的电荷转移内阻(Rct)由145.9Ω降低到14.8Ω。运行稳定后,MnO_2-r-GO阳极体系与空白碳布阳极体系相比,输出电压由200 m V增大到550 m V;最大功率密度(Pmax)由192.2 m W·m-2增大到761.4 m W·m-2,表观内阻由424.6Ω降低到141.4Ω;体系的COD去除率由83.6%增大到89.6%,库伦效率(CE)由19.8%增大到39.5%。     

电子受体对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

以厌氧污泥为接种菌源,醋酸钠为阳极基质,分别构建了铁氰化钾和过硫酸铵为电子受体的双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),并研究了MFC在不同电子受体下的产电性能。结果表明,以铁氰化钾和过硫酸铵为电子受体的MFC最大稳定输出电压均随着电子受体浓度的升高而增大。当铁氰化钾质量浓度大于2.0g/L时,MFC最大稳定输出电压增幅不大。两种MFC的内阻均随电子受体浓度的增大而降低。阴、阳极溶液体积相等,外阻为5 000Ω时,以10.0g/L过硫酸铵为电子受体,MFC最大开路电压和最大输出功率密度分别为1 029.0mV和385mW/m3;以10.0g/L铁氰化钾作为电子受体,MFC最大开路电压和最大输出功率密度分别为711.8mV和73mW/m3,均小于以过硫酸铵为电子受体的最大开路电压和最大输出功率密度。因此,过硫酸铵是一种理想的电子受体,能够提高MFC产电性能。     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池及其串并联性能

在高650 mm、有效容积1 280 mL的液固厌氧流化床单室无膜空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC)中,研究了燃料电池串并联产电和有机污水处理性能,同时考察了电极面积、活性炭装填体积、温度等因素对产电性能的影响。结果表明,将燃料电池串联,总电压等于3个单级电池的电压之和,约为2 100 mV,最大功率为0.12 mW,而单级电池最大功率为0.05 mW。并联时,输出电压为800 mV,和单级电池输出电压大体相当,而电流为单级电流的2倍。阳极面积增加1倍,产电量增大了30%;电压随活性炭装填体积的增大而增大;温度为40℃时,燃料电池的产电性能最好。     

以养殖废水为底料的微生物燃料电池产电性能与水质净化效果

以养殖场沼泥为接种物,构建了乙二胺、三氯化铁改性碳毡阳极的单室无膜微生物燃料电池,探讨了2种阳极改性电池的产电规律,考察了其去除养殖废水中COD、氨氮的效果以及臭味的表观性状变化。结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物时,乙二胺、三氯化铁改性阳极微生物燃料电池在启动20 d和22 d后分别达到稳定,输出电压分别为0.514 V和0.527V(外阻为500Ω),对应输出功率密度分别为332 mW/m2和349 mW/m2。逐渐增大废水投加比例至原水时,2个电池的最大功率密度分别为208 mW/m2和158 mW/m2,COD去除率分别为85%和78%,氨氮去除率分别为52%和45%。此外,养殖废水的臭味去除效果明显。因此,构建的2种改性阳极微生物燃料电池可以利用养殖废水产电,同时使水质得到一定程度的净化。     

微生物燃料电池在高盐榨菜废水处理中的产电性能

基于双室微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs),以高盐榨菜废水为燃料,考察了电池的运行状况,同时探讨了盐度变化对电池产电性能影响,并通过投加甜菜碱研究其对MFCs系统抵抗盐度负荷冲击能力的影响。结果表明:MFCs稳定运行时(阳极室容积80 m L),最大功率密度、开路电压和电池内阻分别为3.55 W·m-3、0.698 V和427Ω;底物中添加2 mmol·L~(-1)甜菜碱后电池产电性能得到明显提升;当废水含盐量(增加到5 g·L~(-1)Na Cl)为31.2 g·L~(-1)时电池产电性能达到最佳,但是继续增高盐度后电池产电性能会急剧下降;投加甜菜碱有助于提高系统抵抗盐度负荷变化造成的冲击,维持电池的产电输出。     

外电阻对双阴极微生物燃料电池脱氮产电性能的影响

为提高双阴极MFC的脱氮产电性能,构建了双阴极微生物燃料电池系统,考察了连续进水状态下阳极与缺氧阴极间外阻(R_(A-A))以及阳极与好氧阴极间外阻(R_(A-O))的变化对系统脱氮产电性能的影响。结果表明:只增大一侧电阻会降低厌氧阳极的库仑效率和功率密度,但能提高系统的脱氮效果;当R_(A-O)由200Ω增大到1 000Ω时,TN去除率由43.81%提高到60.71%,当R_(A-A)由200Ω增大到1 000Ω时,TN去除率由38.88%提高到61.52%;当总外阻固定在1 000Ω时,两侧电阻变化不影响阳极的功率密度和库仑效率,其分别保持在305.53 mW·m~(-3)和0.35%左右;电阻组合(R_(A-A)/R_(A-O))由500Ω/500Ω变化为100Ω/900Ω,TN去除率由62.32%提高到64.41%;系统的硝化效果随R_(A-O)的增大而增强,反硝化效果随R_(A-A)的减小而增强,总氮去除效果随总外阻的增大而提升。低R_(A-A)与高R_(A-O)的外阻组合能有效提高双阴极三室MFC的脱氮能力。增大总外阻,系统产电性能降低,阳极表面微生物膜氧化性不断减弱,总外阻不变,阳极表面氧化性变化不大。研究探明了外电阻变化对三室双阴极MFC脱氮产电性能的影响,为进一步提高MFC脱氮产电性能提供参考。     

阴极液及底物浓度对AFB-MFC同步废水处理及产电性能影响

为了提高厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池（AFB-MFC）的性能，并为双室MFC寻找价廉、易得、无污染的阴极液，在曝气量16～24 L/h、温度（35±2）℃、回流量10.2 L/h、阴极底边距阴极室内底部17.3 cm、外电阻250 Ω、水力停留时间（HRT）14.0～14.9 h以及进水pH 7.81～8.37下，研究了阴极液及底物浓度对系统产电及废水处理性能的影响。结果表明，使用缓冲溶液、阳极室出水和自来水作阴极液时，自来水的产电性能最佳，阴极液种类不影响系统有机基质的去除。以自来水为阴极液时，阴极液pH及电导率随运行时间增加而增加，COD去除率为80.11%～89.29%，输出电压及功率密度开始随运行时间增加而增加，之后稳定在440～452 mV和48.40～51.08 mW/m²之间。增加底物浓度对COD去除率影响不大，而输出电压及功率密度随底物浓度增加而下降；底物COD浓度由3 307.09 mg/L增至9 520 mg/L时，COD去除率在85.77%～94.44%之间，输出电压及功率密度则分别由449 mV和50.40 mW/m²下降至406 mV和41.21 mW/m²。自来水作阴极液可避免二次污染及阴极液对阳极室微生物的影响，并得到高的产电能力。     

氟石膏中氟的分布及固氟脱酸改性

以工业副产物氟石膏为研究对象,通过筛分进行粒度分析,得到不同粒径pH值、水溶性氟以及总氟含量的变化规律;重点研究了掺入2种碱性工业副产物作为改性剂对氟石膏化学改性固氟脱酸的效果,从而确定改性剂的最佳掺量。结果表明,氟石膏中氟的分布有一定规律;掺加5%的电厂干法脱硫灰或2%钢铁厂烧结烟气脱硫灰能很好的起到固氟脱酸的效果。     

好氧颗粒污泥对膜生物反应器污泥性能的影响

采用膜生物反应器进行含酚废水的处理,探讨投加好氧颗粒污泥对反应器中污泥性能的影响。结果表明,在膜生物反应器中投加好氧颗粒污泥能有效改善污泥性能,提高处理效果。从采用絮状污泥到逐渐增加好氧颗粒污泥投加量为100%的过程中,反应器中污泥浓度明显提高,MLSS由5 582 mg/L增加到8 168 mg/L;沉降性能得到改善,SVI由135.85 mL/g下降到29.36 mL/g;疏水性增强,Zeta电位由-20.302 mV升高到-4.325 mV;对含酚废水中COD、NH3-N的降解能力明显提高,COD、NH3-N、NO3-N去除率分别由87.3%、83.2%、55.3%增加到99.2%、94.9%、66.3%。改善了膜污染现象,膜通量衰减率由63.3%降低到42.8%。用二元多项式三维回归分析,得到污染物去除率关于好氧颗粒污泥投加量和反应器运行时间的二元方程,对指导好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的连续运行具有重要意义。     

Investigations on mobility of carbon colloid supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in a column experiment and a laboratory 2D-aquifer test system

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has recently gained great interest in the scientific community as in situ reagent for installation of permeable reactive barriers in aquifer systems, since nZVI is highly reactive with chlorinated compounds and may render them to harmless substances. However, nZVI has a high tendency to agglomerate and sediment; therefore it shows very limited transport ranges. One new approach to overcome the limited transport of nZVI in porous media is using a suited carrier colloid. In this study we tested mobility of a carbon colloid supported nZVI particle “Carbo-Iron Colloids” (CIC) with a mean size of 0.63 μm in a column experiment of 40 cm length and an experiment in a two-dimensional (2D) aquifer test system with dimensions of 110?×?40?×?5 cm. Results show a breakthrough maximum of 82 % of the input concentration in the column experiment and 58 % in the 2D-aquifer test system. Detected residuals in porous media suggest a strong particle deposition in the first centimeters and few depositions in the porous media in the further travel path. Overall, this suggests a high mobility in porous media which might be a significant enhancement compared to bare or polyanionic stabilized nZVI.     

Bacterial responses to temperature during aeration of pig slurry

The temperature effect on total anaerobic and aerobic bacterial growth in pig slurry was studied using low level batch aeration treatments. Five bioreactors were built using Plexiglas tubes to perform five temperature treatments (5 degrees C, 10 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and 25 degrees C). An airflow rate of 0.129 L/min/L manure was used to aerate manure contained in all reactors. Data showed that temperature had a profound impact on the aerobic counts in pig slurry during the aeration process. When the temperature increased from 15 degrees C to 25 degrees C, the average oxidation-reduction potential decreased from +40 mV to -60 mV, accompanied by a 75% reduction of aerobic bacteria in the manure. At 25 degrees C, the anaerobic counts were consistently higher than aerobic counts for most of days. A quadratic relationship was observed between the aerobic counts and the oxidation-reduction potential with a correlation coefficient of 0.8374. To reduce odor generation potential, the oxidation-reduction potential in the manure should be maintained at +35 mV or higher.     

水力停留时间对MBR中溶解性微生物产物生成的影响

考察水力停留时间(HRT)对MBR中膜污染的主要污染物——溶解性微生物产物(SMP)生成的影响。结果表明,在装置稳定运行期间,MBR中SMP随运行时间出现累积。与HRT为8 h相比,HRT为12 h时,SMP在MBR中平均累积量要少10.1%,SMP中多糖含量平均高7 mg/L左右,而蛋白质含量平均低45.6%。SMP的平均粒径随装置运行呈下降趋势,并且HRT较短有利于粒径较小的SMP生成,从而堵塞膜孔;HRT较长有利于粒径较大的SMP生成,从而形成凝胶层,两种情况导致膜污染的机制不同。     

Source characterization and identification by real-time single particle mass spectrometry

A Real-Time Single Particle Mass Spectrometer, RSMS-3, was deployed to Wilmington, Delaware to study regional and local contributions to fine and ultra-fine urban particulate matter (PM). Approximately two-thirds of PM₁ consisted of internally mixed secondary aerosol. The remaining one-third was externally mixed including biomass burning (13%), fossil fuel combustion (7%) and various industrial sources (13%). In this last group, particle classes containing specific combinations of transition and/or heavy metals gave wind-rose plots consistent with specific point sources. For example, particles containing V and Ni were detected from different wind directions than those containing V and Fe. Samples from two industrial emission stacks, a steel manufacturing facility 10 km away and a coal-fired electrical power generation facility 5 km away, were analyzed and compared to the ambient data set. In each case, a direct correlation was found: a Pb–Zn–K–Na class for the steel manufacturing facility and an Fe–La/Ce class for the power generation facility. The ambient particle classes showed additional small signals from secondary components indicating atmospheric processing. Ambient particle classes containing only a subset of these elements, such as Zn only, Fe only and Pb–K only, were nonspecific, that is, the wind-rose plots were more diffuse and the particles could not be mapped to individual sources. The merits of stack sampling as an aid to interpreting single particle data sets are discussed.     

PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO₂) scrubber. SO₂ abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO₂ abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO₂ abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K⁺) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K⁺/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.     

以两种酚类有机物为基质的微生物燃料电池产电特性

以城市污水处理厂的厌氧污泥为接种微生物,在外电阻为1900Ω下,采用双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)分别对以难降解的有毒有机物2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP),对硝基苯酚(PNP),对硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚为基质时进行有机物降解和产电性能的研究。实验结果表明以DCP(50 mg/L)为单一基质时,MFC的运行周期长达225 h左右,负载两端的最大电压值达393.7 mV,库仑效率为13.73%;而以PNP和DCP为混合基质时,PNP明显促进DCP的降解,使得DCP的去除率高达64.52%,同时PNP的去除率也达到94.47%。实验最终表明,MFC能够以2,4-二氯苯酚和对硝基苯酚为基质,在实现DCP和PNP降解的同时可稳定高效地向外输出电能。     

Production of electricity from proteins using a microbial fuel cell.

Electricity generation was examined from proteins and a protein-rich wastewater using a single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). The maximum power densities achieved were 354 +/- 10 mW/m2 using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 269 +/- 14 mW/m2 using peptone (1100 mg/L BSA and 300 mg/L peptone). The recovery of organic matter as electricity, defined as the Coulombic efficiency (CE), was comparable to that obtained with other substrates with CE = 20.6% for BSA and CE = 6.0% for peptone. A meat packing wastewater (MPW), diluted to 1420 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, produced 80 +/- 1 mW/m2, and power was increased by 33% by adding salt (300 mg/L sodium chloride) to increase solution conductivity. A wastewater inoculum generated 33% less power than the MPW inoculum. The MFC was an effective method of wastewater treatment, demonstrated by >86% of biochemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon removal from wastewater.