资兴市毛竹低产林改造技术及效益分析

资兴市毛竹资源丰富,经营历史悠久,但培育技术相对滞后.在对全市毛竹低产林调查的基础上,分析了引起低产的原因,提出了改造技术措施.通过改造后的第7年,新竹每亩平均增加102株,新竹产量是对照的1.7-3.6倍,胸径增粗0.6 cm以上;在立地条件好的纯毛竹林,采用综合技术集约经营,出笋数是粗放经营的50倍.林分结构基本趋向于合理.这对加快毛竹发展,促进农村经济建设意义重大.表2,参9.     

整地施肥对尾叶桉生长及土壤性状的影响

整地施肥试验结果表明，全垦、带垦和穴垦三种整地方式以及施肥对尾叶按造林成活率和保存率均无明显的影响，成活率在９５％－９８．８％之间，保存率在９２．１％－９７．７％之间．整地能改变土壤性状，如土壤孔隙度全垦为５７．８８％。穴垦为４９．４２％；对林木生长有促进作用，但作用效果很快减少，如造林３年后的林木材积全垦、带垦分别为穴垦的１３６．４％和１２０．０％，５年后却分别下降到１１６．５％和１０８．３％．施肥可提高土壤养分，促进林木生长．造林５年后的调查结果，穴垦施肥林地的土壤有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１５．４４７ｇ／ｋｇ和４９．２３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年均树高生长为１．２５ｍ；不施肥处理的有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１０．３８８ｇ／ｋｇ和３５．７１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年平均生长量为０．３５ｍ；林木材积施肥处理的为不施肥的９．８倍．整地施肥还可提高林木叶片的养分含量．     

桉树人工林生态系统养分循环与平衡研究Ⅴ.桉树林间种山毛豆对土壤肥力与林木生长的作用

桉树人工林间种山毛豆对提高土壤肥力和促进林木生长有极其显著的作用。间种5年后，林地表层土壤有机质和全量养分N、P、K的质量分数，分别为18．21kg／hm^2、0．85kg/hm^2、0．43kg／hm^2、1．30kg/hm^2，而对照林地分别为13．70kg/hm^2、0.56kghm^2、0．34kg/hm^2、1．10kg/hm^2；林地土壤有效养分含量显著提高；土壤结构和土壤水分物理性质显著改善；桉树生长量显著增加，刚果W5桉平均株高增长16％，平均胸径增长22％，单位面积的木材蓄积量增加59％。     

用土壤生物和养分指标表征土壤肥力的可持续性

运用土壤生物和养分指标讨论了不同农田土壤肥力可持续性指数。结果表明, 不同施肥处理对土壤肥力可持续性指数有很大影响。有机肥明显提高土壤碳、氮和生物管理指数。单施化肥促进土壤磷、钾管理指数的上升。厩肥比绿肥更有利于提高土壤肥力可持续性指数。与参比土壤相比, 化肥处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都增长, 红壤为５ ． ６３ , 水稻土为５ ． ８ , 潮土为４ ． ８３ ; 而对照处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都下降, 红壤为５ ． ６ , 水稻土为６ ． ５８ , 潮土为４ ． ５６ 。不同施肥方式对土壤肥力可持续性指数的影响顺序为有机肥、有机肥配施化肥＞ 化肥＞ 参比土壤＞ 对照。     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱一气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照（T1）相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田＋化肥处理（T5）CH4平均排放通量为9．96mg·m^-2·h^-1,比增氮磷施肥处理（T4）和对照分别增加26．1％和120．0％;平衡施肥处理（T2）和减氮磷施肥处理（T3）CH4平均擗放通量比对照增加20％左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理（T1、T2、T3和T4）之间CH4排放存在显菩差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为他为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg·hm^-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70％的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥（过磷酸钙和氯化钾）作为基肥,并存分蘖期（2008年7月19日）追施占总N量30％的尿素。     

贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林施肥研究

采用正交设计法对贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林进行施肥试验，结果表明，施肥对林木生长具有良好的效果．至第７年，单株材积平均为对照的１３２．３％；所施元素中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ对单株材积均有很大影响，且都达到０．１以上显著水平；而施Ｐ的自第４年至第７年均有良好的反应，其中以Ｐ２的效果最好；施肥的最优化组合为Ｎ２Ｐ２Ｋ２．     

香蕉组培苗的营养和施肥

较系统地研究了香蕉组培苗的营养与施肥，试验方案包括了ＮＰＫ１３种用量水平、１０种不同ＮＰＫ配比和中微量元素混施．试验结果表明，在一定的ＮＰＫ施肥基础上．再增施ＮＰＫ均能获得不同程度的增产，其中增施Ｎ的增产幅为４．７％－１５．０％，增施Ｐ、Ｋ的分别为３．４％－１５．１％和６．６％－１２．６％．增Ｎ有利于植株增高、茎围增粗、长叶增快和提早吐蕾；增Ｐ对植株增高和提早吐蕾也有一定的作用；增Ｋ主要有利于茎围增粗，但在高Ｎ高Ｐ下增Ｋ也同样具有增Ｎ的多种效果．增Ｋ的另一效应是延缓吐蕾期而使吐蕾期较集中一致，这有利于田间管理和收获；施用中微量元素的增产效果显著，同时也改善和提高了果实品质．应提倡应用和推广．     

中小径级毛竹对林地轮休覆盖模式的可塑性响应

以中小径级的低产毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林为研究对象,通过土壤轮休覆盖模式试验,分析毛竹克隆分株的产生规律及其地下鞭系统、间隔子行为和细根生物量垂直分布,探讨毛竹克隆种群的行为学机制及其对竹林生态系统的影响。研究发现,毛竹克隆分株萌发率处于(20.65±4.03)%~(35.26±1.18)%之间,其利用富足的营养爆发式萌发克隆分株,第1年覆盖和第3年覆盖的克隆分株数量分别达(35.2±7.7)和(27.8±4.2)株·m~(-2),打破了在漫长进化过程中形成的自身固有生长发育与繁殖的生活史节律,是一种被动适应;覆盖可增加眉围,随着覆盖时间的增加,眉围均值下降;覆盖极大地增加了幼鞭休眠芽数量,随着覆盖时间的增加,幼鞭和壮老鞭休眠芽的数量均会下降,轮休后,休眠芽数量有所恢复;轮休期一定程度上减少了幼鞭长度的比例,但随着轮休时间的增加,幼鞭长度比例有所上升,毛竹利用减小幼鞭直径、增加幼鞭长度和间隔子长度这种资源吸收结构的可塑性来达到开拓适宜生境的目的;第3年覆盖的平均细根生物量为第1年覆盖的64.07%,覆盖使细根生物量减少,并使其生物量分布趋向于土壤上层,轮休可使细根向较深土壤层生长,并使细根生物量回升;对照毛竹林在土壤表层和深层分配大量细根生物量,这与覆盖轮休模式只有1个峰值不同,说明细根针对不同的生境采取不同的生物量分配方式进行觅食。因此,覆盖第3年已出现衰退现象,轮休是覆盖的必要补充。     

不同施肥方式下紫色水稻土土壤肥力变化规律研究

通过连续１２ａ田间小区定位试验，研究了在不同施肥方式下，连年稻一麦轮作的滇中地区紫色冲积性潴育型水稻土土壤肥力及产量变化的规律。结果表明：厩肥（Ｏ）处理与厩肥配合氮磷处理（ＯＮＰ）１２ａ后土壤肥力明显高于对照和单施化肥的ＮＰ、ＮＫ、ＰＫ、ＮＰＫ等４处理，土壤有机质含量增加８．４ｇ／ｋｇ以上，高速氮、速效磷、速效钾含量增加１４．６％以上，土壤容重下降０．１６以上；单施化肥的处理，土壤肥力的变化与对照     

亚热带茶园土壤的某些生物化学性状研究

茶园土壤的有机质含量、腐殖质组成、有机碳的循环与平衡特点、酶活性及其在施肥条件下的变化情况与土壤肥力密切相关．试验结果表明：亚热带茶园土壤有机质含量水平较低，腐殖质组成中以富里酸为主，HA／FA比、酶活性均比起源土壤略低；高产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较高，在不施有机肥的情况下仍能保持平衡；低产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较低，输出大于输入，施用有机肥可以较快地提高茶园土壤有机质含量和酶活性水平．增施有机肥和实行茶林复合是培肥茶园土壤、提高茶园生产力的有效措施．     

花椒农林复合生态系统的简化对某些相关因子的影响

对单一种植和复合种植两种模式的花椒林地(即有草模式和无草模式)进行了相关生态因子的对比调查,以评价现存花椒林单一模式的合理性．结果表明,在单一种植模式下,花椒林的高度、地径和冠幅虽显著优于复合模式,但是病虫害严重;两种模式中土壤含水率均是随土层厚度的增加而增大,但是变幅有较大差异：复合模式的变幅较稳定,为7．59%～23．79％;而单一模式的变化较剧烈,为4．73％～49．72％,复合模式的土壤含水率显著高于单一模式．复合模式的昆虫种类、多样性、丰富度和均匀度也明显高于单一模式,其中单一模式中的肉食性和寄生性昆虫种类低于复合模式,而植食性蚜虫数量则高于复合模式,暗示单一模式中天敌的栖境和资源以及特定的食草昆虫与有益菌缺少．讨论认为,杂草在花椒林生态系统中起着重要的生态作用,现存的单一种植模式虽然对花椒的生长和产量有利,但却是以牺牲农林系统的可持续发展以及生物多样性为代价的．表3参9。     

Feasibility of weeds-based compost-cultivated Agaricus bisporus北大核心CSCD

Making full use of local weed resources to produce Agaricus bisporus is of great importance in reducing production costs and protecting the environment. In this paper, three trial experiments were conducted on the basis of weed diversity investigation around the Miyun Reservoir and the adjustment of formulation and technology in the industrial production of A. bisporus. Compost samples from different phases of the composting process and at various cultivation stages were collected for the determination of their physical-chemical properties, lignocellulose content, lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, and bacterial communities enrichment by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The yield of mushrooms in each different trial was also calculated. The results showed several types of reservoir weeds with high, thick and hard stems. The saturated moisture of weeds was 76.78% after baling. The water content, carbon content, and C/N ratio of the samples decreased gradually during composting, but had little change during cultivation. The nitrogen content decreased at the end of phase I and increased at the end of phase II. During composting, the loss rates of hemicellulose and cellulose were both between 40% and 60%, and the loss rate of lignin was between 20% and 30%. During cultivation, instead, the loss rate of lignin was between 16% and 21%. The changes in the content of cellulose and hemicellulose of compost were consistent with that of the activity of the related degradation enzymes. A total of 432 595 valid sequences were obtained by Illumina sequencing for the samples derived from the three composting trials, and the average length of the sequences was 441 bp. Taxonomic analysis showed that the dominant bacteria were Prevotella (phylum Bacteroidetes), Bacillus (phylum Firmicutes), Thermus, Truepera, and Caldicoprobacter (phylum Deinococcus-Thermus), Thermopolyspora (phylum Actinobacteria), and Pseudoxanthomonas (phylum Proteobacteria). The yield of the three trials was in the range of 17.1-19.7 kg/m2. It is thus feasible to use reservoir weeds compost instead of wheat straw compost for the cultivation of A. bisporus. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Modelling forest management within a global vegetation model—Part 2: Model validation from a tree to a continental scale

The construction of a new forest management module (FMM) within the ORCHIDEE global vegetation model (GVM) allows a realistic simulation of biomass changes during the life cycle of a forest, which makes many biomass datasets suitable as validation data for the coupled ORCHIDEE-FM GVM. This study uses three datasets to validate ORCHIDEE-FM at different temporal and spatial scales: permanent monitoring plots, yield tables, and the French national inventory data. The last dataset has sufficient geospatial coverage to allow a novel type of validation: inventory plots can be used to produce continuous maps that can be compared to continuous simulations for regional trends in standing volumes and volume increments. ORCHIDEE-FM performs better than simple statistical models for stand-level variables, which include tree density, basal area, standing volume, average circumference and height, when management intensity and initial conditions are known: model efficiency is improved by an average of 0.11, and its average bias does not exceed 25%. The performance of the model is less satisfying for tree-level variables, including extreme circumferences, tree circumference distribution and competition indices, or when management and initial conditions are unknown. At the regional level, when climate forcing is accurate for precipitation, ORCHIDEE-FM is able to reproduce most productivity patterns in France, such as the local lows of needleleaves in the Parisian basin and of broadleaves in south-central France. The simulation of water stress effects on biomass in the Mediterranean region, however, remains problematic, as does the simulation of the wood increment for coniferous trees. These pitfalls pertain to the general ORCHIDEE model rather than to the FMM. Overall, with an average bias seldom exceeding 40%, the performance of ORCHIDEE-FM is deemed reliable to use it as a new modelling tool in the study of the effects of interactions between forest management and climate on biomass stocks of forests across a range of scales from plot to country.     

Phytotoxicity of volatile oil from Eucalyptus citriodora against some weedy species

A study was undertaken to explore the phytotoxicity of volatile essential oil from Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. against some weeds viz. Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus viridis, Rumex nepalensis, and Leucaena leucocephala in order to assess its herbicidal activity. Dose-response studies conducted under laboratory conditions revealed that eucalypt oils (in concentration ranging from 0.0012 to 0.06%) greatly suppress the germination and seedling height of test weeds. At 0.06% eucalypt oil concentration, none of the seed of test weeds germinated. Among the weed species tested, A. viridis was found to be the most sensitive and its germination was completed inhibited even at 0.03%. Not only the germination and seedling growth, even the chlorophyll content and respiratory activity in leaves of emerged seedlings were severely affected. In A. viridis chlorophyll content and respiratory activity were reduced by over 51% and 71%, respectively, even at a very low concentration of 0.06%. These results indicated an adverse effect of eucalypt oils on the photosynthetic and energy metabolism of the test weeds. A strong negative correlation was observed between the observed effect and the concentration of eucalypt oil. Based on the study, it can be concluded that oil from E. citriodora possess strong inhibitory potential against weeds that could be exploited for weed management.     

秸秆干发酵沼气增产研究

研究了复合菌剂预处理秸秆和添加沼气发酵促进剂对秸秆干发酵的影响.结果表明,秸秆经菌剂预处理后的产气量比不加菌剂预处理(对照)提高29.54%;在菌剂预处理过的秸秆中加入促进剂,其产气量比对照提高35.28%,比单纯菌剂预处理提高4.43%.另外,菌剂预处理过的秸秆的TOC降解率和纤维素降解率分别比对照高136.32%和47.68%;秸秆经菌剂预处理后再添加促进剂的TOC降解率、纤维素降解率分别比对照高169.58%和49.62%,比单纯菌剂预处理高14.07%和3.36%.图2表1参8     

沙罗竹人工林生长与立地条件的关系研究

对广东省罗定市泗纶镇沙罗竹人工林生长与地形因子和土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明,地形部位、坡型、坡向、土壤质地、立竹密度等对沙罗竹平均胸径有显著影响;沙罗竹平均胸径与土壤水分、有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、有效硅质量分数呈显著正相关关系。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、有效镁质量分数及其组合是影响沙罗竹生长的主要养分因子。研究结果对沙罗竹林地选择和制定营林管理措施具有科学指导意义。     

污泥发酵产物应用于草坪基质的伴生杂草辨识与溯源

通过在工程化草坪生产基地设置污泥发酵产物施川处理,对在草坪应用的杂草问题进行了深入分析。结果表明．污泥发酵物料的掺人增加伴生杂草总量2．92～6．67倍。主要伴生杂草种类为牛筋草（Eleusine indica（Linn）Gaertn）,与对照相比,污泥发酵物处理的牛筋草密度增加O．84～1．67倍;种籽主要来自于污泥物料。适当增加施用深度和预喷施除草刹可昆著降低伴生杂草密度约50％。     

Predicting future invasion risk of three widespread malignant weeds on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,using multi-algorithm ensemble models北大核心CSCD

农田恶性杂草相比普通杂草的传播更为迅速且难以有效防治,对农业生产危害严重.明确典型恶性杂草当前潜在分布面积及未来气候变化下对耕地的潜在入侵风险对农业生产管理具有重要意义.以广泛分布于青藏高原农田中的3种常见恶性杂草,即野燕麦(Avena fatua L.)、一年生早熟禾(Poa annua L.)和狗尾草[Setaria viridis(L.)P.Beauv.]为研究对象,利用广义增强模型(GBM)、广义线性模型(GLM)、人工神经网络(ANN)、最大熵(MaxEnt)、随机森林(RF)及多元自适应回归样条(MARS)算法集合预测上述3种杂草在青藏高原的潜在地理分布以及驱动其变化的关键因子,以评估其对耕地的入侵风险.未来气候场景采用最新的第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)框架下2050年的4种共享经济路线(SSP1-2.6、2-4.5、3-7.0、5-8.5).结果显示:野燕麦适宜分布区面积约为3.5912×10^(5) km^(2),主要分布于四川西南部及青海东部,零星分布于甘肃、西藏和新疆;一年生早熟禾和狗尾草的适宜分布区面积约为4.3046×10^(5) km^(2)和2.0036×10^(5) km^(2),均主要分布于四川西南部和西藏东南部,零星分布于青海东部和甘肃南部.年均温是3种杂草分布的最主要驱动因子.此外,人类足迹和土壤有效氮是影响野燕麦分布的相对重要因子;土壤酸碱度、最暖季降水量是影响一年生早熟禾分布的重要因子;温度季节性、最暖季降水量是影响狗尾草分布的重要因子.预计至2050年,3种杂草在4种情境下均会出现不同程度的扩张,狗尾草的扩张面积表现出随辐射强迫的增强呈先升高后趋于稳定的趋势,而另两种杂草则呈先升后降的趋势.预计3种杂草的潜在分布面积在耕地中的占比与扩张面积的变化趋势一致,且在主产区的占比高于非主产区.模拟结果表明,未来气候变化下,随着3种恶性杂草的适宜分布区面积的扩张,其对青藏高原耕地的入侵风险将增加,尤其是粮食主产区所面临威胁更为严峻,建议应重点关注青藏高原粮食主产区恶性杂草的生理生态、迁移扩散和防治技术研究.(图6表2参61)     

DDT对池塘模型生态系统的影响

运用微宇宙实验方法研究了浓度为0.2、2.0、20.0和200.0μg·L-1的DDT对池塘模型生态系统结构和功能的影响.结果表明,整个实验过程(4周)中对照组和浓度为0.2、2.0、20.0和200.0μg·L-1的DDT暴露组水体pH均值分别比实验前下降了0.28、0.19、0.15、0.38和0.37,电导率均值分别下降了6.3%、3.1%、4.7%、6.6%和8.6%;对照组和0.2、2.0、20.0μg·L-1组水体溶解氧(DO值)分别上升了27.3%、28.1%、26.4%和14.4%,而200.0μg·L-1组的DO值下降了7.2%.各组中总磷浓度在实验中后期即下降到较低的水平,总氮的浓度也大幅度下降.和对照组相比,200.0μg·L-1的DDT对大型水生植物优势种类浮萍(Lemna minor)的生长繁殖具有抑制作用,而其它浓度的DDT具有促进作用;DDT对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)的生长影响不明显.DDT可使浮游动物种类减少.2.0μg·L-1的DDT对方形网纹溞(Ceriodaphnia quadrangula)、枝角类和桡足类密度均具有促进作用,20.0和200.0μg·L-1的DDT使轮虫和介形亚纲动物数量在实验后期上升,除此以外,随时间的推移,各浓度的DDT使各类浮游动物密度下降的幅度均大于对照组.与实验前相比,对照组以及浓度为0.2、2.0和20.0μg·L-1的暴露组中凸旋螺(Cyraulus convexiusculus)重量分别增加了12.8%、5.3%、102.2%和219.9%,而200.0μg·L-1组中凸旋螺重量下降了33.8%.随着DDT浓度的升高,微宇宙中的细菌总数总体呈现出下降的趋势.整个实验过程中,对照组的群落总生产量/群落呼吸量(P/R比值)的平均值接近于1,表明生态系统成熟稳定;而各暴露组P/R比值均大于1.1,这可能与DDT对浮游动物具有较强的毒性作用,而对水生植物没有明显影响有关.