基于森林清查和遥感的城市森林净初级生产力估算

城市森林作为陆地生态系统的组成成分之一,研究其在全球碳循环中的地位和作用有很重要的意义.文章以上海城市森林为研究对象,开展基于基于森林清查数据和遥感技术的城市森林净初级生产力(NPP)估算研究.首先,根据选取上海市典型的森林植被类型,设置森林植被样方,测量反映植被生物学特性的特征参数,包括林龄、胸径、树高和叶面积指数(LAI)等,采用能反映林龄和蓄积量共同影响的生产力回归模型估算了样方NPP,建立了基于LAI的样方NPP回归模型;其次,利用一景相近时相的SPOT5影像,经进行几何纠正和辐射定标后,计算出能较好地反映植被特征和消除土壤背景影响的修正土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI),建立了基于MSAVI的区域森林LAI遥感估测模型;最后,根据建立的样方NPP回归模型以及区域LAI遥感估测模型,进行尺度化转换,估算出区域尺度上的上海城市森林净初级生产力.通过比较与前人运用传统方法研究估算的NPP,精度可达到89%,且本模型简单可行.因此本研究可为快速定量评估城市森林碳储量提供依据.     

中国南部样带植被NPP与气候的关系

以全球变暖为背景,以中国南部区域18.00°～7.50°N,108.50°～112.50°E样带为研究对象,以纬度为梯度,应用CRU(Climate Research Unit)全球观测数据集和CO2体积分数倍增后的2050年模拟气候状况作为平衡态陆地生物圈模型BIOME4的气候驱动,对中国南部样带历史100 a和未来50 a间的潜在植被净初级生产力(net primary production,NPP)和叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)变化进行模拟和统计分析.结果显示样带内影响NPP的主要因素为年最低温度和年均降雨量,影响LAI的主要因素为年均温度和年均降雨量.植被类型变化与气候变化所造成的NPP、LAI变化略有不同.样带较高纬度地区,植被类型变化与气候变化造成的NPP均值差异较小而LAI则差异较大.未来气候状况下NPP、LAI都有大幅度的增加,但不同纬度增幅不同.     

NPP列入生态统计指标体系的潜力分析——以北京地区NPP测算与空间分析为例

通过梳理目前自然资源和生态环境统计指标(简称生态统计指标)定义和使用情况,发现同内统计指标体系的内容框架有待扩展,指标体系哌待标准化.NPP是衡量生态系统对环境气候响应的重要研究指标,可以考虑作为国内生态统计指标体系的有益补充,因而在列入指标体系之前需要在数据来源和模型方面进行统一和验证.以目前最常使用的NPP光能利用率模型进行适用于研究地区的参数改进,利用RS、GIS技术手段,综合MODIS遥感数据、气象数据(每日降水量、每日气温、日照时间)、一些辅助矢量数据等多源信息,计算出北京地区2008年NPP的月度值和全年累计值,目标是为其进入生态指标体系建立一个系统的数据处理规范,以保证NPP统计的一致性、可行性和有效性.结论:从区位统计结果来看,城市核心区和城市功能拓展区NPP的季节性特征变化不明显,而生态涵养发展区的NPP随着时间变化比较大;从地貌统计结果来看,远山区的NPP值大于平原区,也大于半山区.以上结果与温度、降水的季节性变化和耕地的收种时间具有一致性,证明该处理流程可以作为北京地区NPP量化及空间评估的有效手段.表明,NPP的数据来源稳定,测量模型具有可行性和有效性,可以考虑将该指标纳入自然资源和生态环境统计体系.     

MODIS植被叶面积指数对贵州高原山地气象条件的响应

用EOS/MODIS卫星遥感分辨率为1 km的贵州2001—2008年每8 d合成植被叶面积指数（LAI）,分析了LAI的时间变化规律和年、季空间分布特征;还用贵州69个气象站的日观测数据,分别与各气象点所对应的3×3个像元LAI平均值进行气象要素（温度、降水、日照时数和水汽压）与LAI的相关分析。结果表明：该地区LAI年变化为0.3~3.0,多年平均LAI的空间分布是东南部最高（4.0）,西部和西南部最低（1.0）。显著影响LAI变化的气象因子按相关系数的大小排列是：温度、水汽压、日照时数和降水（均通过了99.9%信度检验）。水汽压对LAI产生影响的原因可能与高原喀斯特地区土壤层较薄有关。在考虑云贵高原植被年际间变化对气候变化的响应时可以把这些要素作为重要的影响因子。     

蔚县矿区植被净初级生产力时空变化特征及影响因素

以国产高分辨率影像数据作为数据源,结合气象站点观测数据,利用光能利用率模型对蔚县煤矿区2013—2015年各季节的植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)进行估算。分析该区域NPP的季节性变化以及各年7月的土地利用变化情况,对NPP与各气象因子进行相关性分析,探究研究区域不同植被类型NPP季节性变化的影响因素。结果表明,在中部和南部人文居住环境区,降水量为NPP的主导影响因素;而在北部无人为干扰的山区,太阳辐射和温度为其主导因素。     

红壤丘陵区LAI与土壤侵蚀分布特征的关系

叶面积指数(LAI)是常用的一个用于描述植被覆盖的方面指数,土壤侵蚀的分布又与植被的覆盖状况息息相关,这就意味着LAI与土壤侵蚀有一定的相关性,目前有关这二者的相关性研究还鲜有文献报道。基于这此,本研究首先利用2000年的遥感影像(TM)解释出该年度的土壤侵蚀强度图,再利用该遥感影像通过图像的代数运算得出该地区的NDVI栅格图,通过实测该县不同典型植被条件的LAI值,得出实测的LAI与图像NDVI值之间的函数关系式,由图像的代数运算把NDVI图转换成LAI图,即实现了遥感图像的实测LAI纠正。在GIS软件的帮助下,通过将LAI栅格图与土壤侵蚀强度图的空间叠加分析,得到不同LAI条件下的土壤侵蚀分布。结果表明,LAI与土壤侵蚀的分布表现为:大致以LAI=2为分界线,当LAI<2时,土壤侵蚀并未随LAI的增加而迅速减少,LAI>2时,土壤侵蚀的分布随植被指数的增加而减少,当LAI=2左右时,土壤侵蚀的面积最大。这种情况对于轻度、中度及强度土壤侵蚀的影响是类似的,都呈类正态分布的曲线形式,但在曲线的两侧土壤侵蚀类型是有本质区别的,在曲线的左侧土壤侵蚀类型的分布是中度和强度为主,而在曲线右侧则以轻度为主。表明LAI这个指标与土壤侵蚀有很好的相关性,可以用于土壤侵蚀方面的相关研究工作。     

基于ETM+图像的植被覆盖度遥感估算模型

植被覆盖度(VFC)的定量遥感是多种地表过程研究的迫切需要.文章选用南京市一幅Landsat 7 ETM 图像,经大气校正后提取了归一化植被指数(NDVI),与地面实测的植被覆盖度进行回归分析,建立了1～4次多项式关系模型.结果表明,NDVI与VFC呈极显著的正相关关系(r = 0.874, P < 0.001).在NDVI-VFC的1～4次多项式关系模型中,模型幂次越高,拟合程度越好.综合考虑模型的精度和稳定性,3次多项式模型作为最优模型推荐使用:VFC = -1.3438 NDVI 3 0.9774 NDVI 2 0.9988 NDVI 0.1507 (R2 = 0.7961, RMSE = 0.1094),该模型精度在植被中等密集区域(VFC＝0.4～0.8)最高,植被稀疏区域(VFC < 0.4)最低,植被密集区域(VFC > 0.8)居中.模型可直接用于全图像的VFC计算,并可通过植被指数的校准,进行推广使用.     

基于MODIS NDVI的广东省陆地生态系统净初级生产力估算

以改进的CASA模型为基础,结合MODISNDVI数据、气象资料和土地利用资料,估算了广东省陆地生态系统2001-2007年逐月净初级生产,并分析了其时空动态.结果显示:2001-2007年期间,广东省每年NPP产量为C 138.8Tg·a-1;年际动态显示,2003年NPP最高,2005年NPP最低,总体略呈下降趋势;年内动态显示,NPP累积主要发生在5-10月;空间分布显示,广东省NPP高值区为粤北植被覆盖良好地区;珠江三角洲为全省NPP的低值区.要维持区域生态可持续性,需要重点加强珠江三角洲地区的生态环境建设.     

天山植被NPP时空特征及其对气候要素的响应

为探讨近十几年来新疆天山地区植被净初级生产力时空格局及其对气候要素的响应机制,基于资源平衡的观点和光能利用率的概念,利用改进的光能利用率模型估算2001—2013年天山植被NPP,利用RS和GIS技术逐像元分析天山植被NPP时空分布特征及其与气候要素的相关关系,进而了解天山地区植被NPP对气候变化的响应机制,为天山地区生态环境保护和管理提供科学依据。具体方法包括:(1)将2001—2003年新疆地区MODIS-NDVI月产品数据、天山26个气象台站插值数据和2005年土地利用-覆盖数据进行预处理后作为参数输入到CASA模型中,估算出13 a天山地区植被NPP;(2)通过与其他研究NPP模拟结果进行对比,验证该文所采用的模型的模拟精度。研究结果表明,天山地区植被NPP总体呈西高东低,由北向南递减的空间分布特征;13 a平均植被NPP(以C计,下同)和NPP总量分别为156.63 g·m-2·a~(-1)、93.2 Tg·a~(-1)(1Tg=1012 g);2001—2013年天山植被NPP总体呈缓慢增长趋势,NPP快速增长区零星分布在天山北坡的林地和耕地区,增长速率为25~55 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),草地NPP总量波动较为明显,林地和耕地NPP总量呈缓慢上升趋势,而荒漠NPP总量波动趋于平缓;植被NPP与年降雨量、年均温的平均相关系数分别为0.383和-0.189,天山地区植被NPP与年降雨量的相关性更强,降雨量是影响天山植被NPP的重要因子;不同类型植被NPP对气候要素的响应情况存在明显差异:天山林地、草地和荒漠植被NPP主要受降雨量影响,而耕地植被NPP同时受到降雨量和气温的限制。     

1982-2010年呼伦贝尔植被净初级生产力时空格局

利用遥感和气象资料,基于Arcmap软件平台和改进的光能利用率模型,研究1982-2010年呼伦贝尔市植被净初级生产力(NPP)格局和动态,分析气候因素对其时空格局的影响.29 a的单位面积NPP均值分析表明,大兴安岭林区NPP明显较高,单位面积NPP多大于450 g·m-2(以C计,下同);呼伦贝尔草原较低,单位面积NPP多年均值为0～350g·m-2;岭西林草交错区和岭东农牧交错区介于林区和草原区之间,单位面积NPP多年均值为＞350 ～450 g· m-2.在气候暖干化背景下,呼伦贝尔境内像元尺度的NPP格局动态变化区域差异明显.随降水量下降和气温升高,呼伦贝尔草原区单位面积NPP呈下降趋势,且越向西部下降趋势越明显;随气温升高,大兴安岭林区北部单位面积NPP呈弱增长趋势,而南部林区为弱下降趋势;大兴安岭东部农林交错区单位面积NPP也呈弱下降趋势.     

Remote sensing of crop production in China by production efficiency models: models comparisons,estimates and uncertainties

Regional estimates or prediction of crop production is critical for many applications such as agricultural lands management, food security warning system, food trade policy and carbon cycle research. Remote sensing offers great potential for regional production monitoring and estimates, yet uncertainties associated with are rarely addressed. Moreover, although crops are one of critical biomes in global carbon cycle research, few evidences are available on the performance of global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) in estimating regional crop NPP. In this study, we use high quality weather and crop data to calibrate model parameter, validate and compare two kinds of remote sensing based production efficiency models, i.e. the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach (CASA) and Global Production Efficiency Model Version 2.0 (GLO-PEM2), in estimating maize production across China. Results show that both models intend to underestimate maize yields, although they also overestimate maize yields much at some regions. There are no significant differences between the results from CASA and GLO-PEM2 models in terms of both estimated production and spatial pattern. CASA model simulates better in the areas with dense crop and weather data for calibration. Otherwise GLO-PEM2 model does better. Whether the water soil-moisture down-regulator is used or not should depend on the percent of irrigation lands at the regions. The improved and validated models can be used for many applications. Further improvement can be expected by increasing remote sensing image resolution and the number of surface data stations.     

基于卫星遥感的秸秆焚烧监测及对空气质量影响分析

每年6月是我国小麦收割的主要时节,也是秸秆焚烧发生的严重时期.利用卫星遥感技术监测2007年6月全国秸秆焚烧状况,并以某市为例,结合气象资料分析秸秆焚烧对环境空气质量的影响.研究结果表明,秸秆焚烧主要分布在冬小麦生产区,华北平原是秸秆焚烧集中区域,火点数占全国的86.9%;秸秆焚烧主要发生在6月上半月,火点数占全月的87.3%.相关分析表明,该市700、800 km范围缓冲区内火点数变化趋势与空气污染指数有较好一致性,相关系数均达0.54,当秸秆焚烧发生在不利于污染物扩散的气象条件下时,将导致空气质量明显下降.     

内蒙古草地NPP变化及其对气候的响应

植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)是衡量植物群落在自然环境条件下生产能力的重要指标,NPP的变化直接反映了生态系统对环境气候条件的响应,因此可以作为生态系统功能对气候变化响应的研究指标.本文利用卫星遥感资料和地面气象观测资料,利用光能利用率模型估算了内蒙古地区1982-2003年4-10月草地NPP,并计算了与NPP密切相关的几个气候因子,分析了1982-2003年内蒙古地区草地NPP年际性变化规律、气候因子的年际变化规律,以及草地NPP对主要气候因子的响应关系.结果表明:1982-2003年内蒙古草地生长季的NPP呈波动中增加趋势,NPP的年平均递增率为C0.0036 g·m-2·Gr-1;草地NPP的空间分布与生物温度(BT)及可能蒸散率(PER)呈显著负相关,与降雨量(RAIN)、湿润度(K)及实际蒸散(AE)呈极显著正相关.内蒙古地区,草地NPP受降雨量(RAIN)及生物温度(BT)的影响较大.但NPP的变化受RAIN的影响更为明显;内蒙古地区不同草地类型的NPP变化对气候因子的响应略有不同.     

Sensitivity of a crop growth simulation model to variation in LAI and canopy nitrogen used for run-time calibration

Run-time calibration, i.e. adjusting simulation results for field observations of model driving variables during run-time, may allow correcting for deviations between complex mechanistic simulation model results and actual field conditions. Leaf area index (LAI) and canopy nitrogen contents (LeafNWt) are the most important driving variables for these models, as they govern light interception and photosynthetic production capacity of the crop. Remote sensing may provide (spatial) data from which such information can be estimated. How, when and at what frequency such additional information is integrated in the simulation process may have various effects on the simulations. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of different run-time calibration scenarios for final grain yield (FGY) simulations in order to optimize remote sensing image (RS) acquisition. The PlantSys model was calibrated on LAI and LeafNWt for maize in France and used to simulate maize crop growth in the Argentina and the USA, for which non-destructive estimates of LAI and leaf chlorophyll contents were acquired by optical measurement techniques. Leaf chlorophyll data were used to estimate LeafNWt. Due to its structure, the PlantSys model was more susceptible to run-time calibration with LeafNWt than with LAI. Run-time calibration with LAI showed the largest effect on FGY before and around flowering, and could mainly be related to maintenance respiration costs. Run-time calibration with LeafNWt showed the largest effect on FGY at and after flowering and could mainly be related to the change in effective radiation interception due to change in leaf life. The accuracy of LAI estimates showed a major effect on FGY for underestimations but was small in absolute sense. The accuracy of LeafNWt estimates had significant impact at all crop development stages, but was the strongest after flowering where crop growth and nitrogen uptake are less able to recuperate from changes in LeafNWt. In absolute sense, the effect on FGY was as strong as the accuracy of the LeafNWt estimates when applied in the early reproductive stages. Based on these results it was concluded that remotely sensed in-field variability of LAI and LeafNWt is valuable information that can be used to spatially differentiate model simulations. Run-time calibration at sub-field level may lead to more accurate simulation results for whole fields.     

Interpreting spatial heterogeneity of crop yield with a process model and remote sensing

A process-based crop growth model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is used to estimate crop yield with remote sensing over the North China Plain. Spatial pattern of the key parameter—maximum catalytic capacity of Rubisco (V_cmax) for assimilation is retrieved from Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Terra-MODIS and statistical yield records. The regional simulation shows that the agreements between the simulated winter wheat yields and census data at county-level are quite well with R² being 0.41-0.50 during 2001-2005. Spatial variability of photosynthetic capacity and yield in irrigated regions depend greatly on nitrogen input. Due to the heavy soil salinity, the photosynthetic capacity and yield in coastal region is less than 50 μmol C m⁻² s⁻¹ and 3000 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, which are much lower than that in non-salinized region, 84.5 μmol C m⁻² s⁻¹ and 5700 kg ha⁻¹. The predicted yield for irrigated wheat ranges from 4000 to 7800 kg ha⁻¹, which is significantly larger than that of rainfed, 1500-3000 kg ha⁻¹. According to the path coefficient analysis, nitrogen significantly affects yield, by which water exerts noticeably indirect influences on yield. The effect of water on yield is regulated, to a certain extent, by crop photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen application. It is believed that photosynthetic parameters retrieved from remote sensing are reliable for regional production prediction with a process-based model.     

An architectural model of spring wheat: Evaluation of the effects of population density and shading on model parameterization and performance

ADELwheat is an architectural model that describes development of wheat in 3D. This paper analyzes the robustness of the parameterization of ADELwheat for spring wheat cultivars in relation to plant population density and shading. The model was evaluated using data from two spring wheat experiments with three plant population densities and two light regimes. Model validation was done at two levels of aggregation: (a) by comparing parameterization functions used as well as parameter values to the data (leaf and tiller appearance, leaf number, blade dimensions, sheath length, internode length) and (b) by comparing ground cover (GC) and leaf area index (LAI) of simulated virtual wheat plots with GC and LAI calculated from data. A sensitivity analysis was performed by modulating parameters defining leaf blade dimensions and leaf or tiller appearance rate.In contrast to population density, shading generally increased phyllochron and delayed tiller appearance. Both at the level of the organ and at the level of the canopy the model performed satisfactorily. Parameterization functions in the model that had been established previously applied to independent data for different conditions; GC and LAI were simulated adequately at three population densities. Sensitivity analysis revealed that calibration of phyllochron and blade area needs to be accurate to prevent disproportional deviations in output.The robustness of the model parameterization and the simulation performance confirmed that the model is a complete architectural model for aboveground development of spring wheat. It can be used in studies that require simulation of spring wheat structure, such as studies on plant–insect interaction, remote sensing, and light interception.     

Net primary production of Chinese croplands from 1950 to 1999.

Considerable efforts have been made to assess the contribution of forest and grassland ecosystems to the global carbon budget, while less attention has been paid to agriculture. Net primary production (NPP) of Chinese croplands and driving factors are seldom taken into account in the regional carbon budget. We studied crop NPP by analyzing the documented crop yields from 1950 to 1999 on a provincial scale. Total NPP, including estimates of the aboveground and belowground components, was calculated from harvested yield data by (1) conversion from economic yield of the crop to aboveground mass using the ratio of aboveground residue production to the economic yield, (2) estimation of belowground mass as a function of aboveground mass, and (3) conversion from total dry mass to carbon mass. This approach was applied to 13 crops, representing 86.8% of the total harvested acreage of crops in China. Our results indicated that NPP in Chinese croplands increased markedly during this period. Averaging for each decade, the amount of NPP was 146 +/- 32, 159 +/- 34, 260 +/- 55, 394 +/- 85, and 513 +/- 111 Tg C/yr (mean +/- SD) in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, respectively. This increase may be attributed to synthetic fertilizer application. A further investigation indicated that the climate parameters of temperature and precipitation determined the spatial variability in NPP. Spatiotemporal variability in NPP can be well described by the consumption of synthetic fertilizer and by climate parameters. In addition, the total amount of residue C and root C retained by the soils was estimated to be 618 Tg, with a range from 300 to 1040 Tg over the 50 years.     

Screening of wheat varieties and associated bacterial population in old alluvial soil of Burdwan, West Bengal

In order to screen out the best variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum) out of eight varieties (viz., HP 1633, BW 11, NW 1014, Sonalika, HUW 468, K 9107, HP 1731 and HUW 234), a field experiment was conducted (from Dec. 2002 to April 2003) in a randomized block design replicated thrice at Crop Research and Seed Multiplication Farm, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India. Various morpho physiological parameters viz., plant population, length of shoot and root, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield attributes viz., length of panicles, number of grains per panicle, grain yield, straw yield, pigment content in flag leaf (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and carotenoid content) were estimated and analyzed statistically Soil bacterial populations were also estimated in the fallow land before sowing of seeds and after harvesting of crop. The HUW 468 variety records higher grain yield, maximum panicle length and maximum chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content.     

耕作方式对太湖地区冬小麦生长季N_2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年11月至2010年6月冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长季N2O排放通量进行田间原位观测,研究不同耕作方式（免耕、少耕、传统耕作）对太湖地区稻麦轮作系统麦季土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明：有植株参与下免耕、少耕和传统耕作的冬小麦生长季N2O平均排放通量分别为63.75μg·m-2·h-1、39.94μg·m-2.h-1和48.83μg·m-2·h-1,无植株参与下分别为73.48μg·m-2·h-1、52.97μg·m-2·h-1和63.60μg·m-2·h-1,麦季N2O排放通量的季节变化与5 cm、10 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著线性正相关（r=0.400＊～0.654＊＊,n=28）。小麦种植对N2O的排放影响较大,无植株参与的N2O季节总排放量显著高于有植株参与的处理（P〈0.05）;耕作方式显著影响冬小麦农田N2O季节总排放量（P〈0.05）,有植株参与下麦季N2O总排放量少耕较免耕和传统耕作分别减少37.3%和17.9%,无植株参与下分别减少28.0%和16.7%。研究表明太湖地区冬小麦采用少耕措施可减少麦季N2O的排放。     

耕作方式对太湖地区冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年11月至2010年6月冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生长季N2O排放通量进行田间原位观测,研究不同耕作方式(免耕、少耕、传统耕作)对太湖地区稻麦轮作系统麦季土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:有植株参与下免耕、少耕和传统耕作的冬小麦生长季N2O平均排放通量分别为63.75μg·m-2·h-1、39.94μg·m-2.h-1和48.83μg·m-2·h-1,无植株参与下分别为73.48μg·m-2·h-1、52.97μg·m-2·h-1和63.60μg·m-2·h-1,麦季N2O排放通量的季节变化与5 cm、10 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著线性正相关(r=0.400*～0.654**,n=28)。小麦种植对N2O的排放影响较大,无植株参与的N2O季节总排放量显著高于有植株参与的处理(P<0.05);耕作方式显著影响冬小麦农田N2O季节总排放量(P<0.05),有植株参与下麦季N2O总排放量少耕较免耕和传统耕作分别减少37.3%和17.9%,无植株参与下分别减少28.0%和16.7%。研究表明太湖地区冬小麦采用少耕措施可减少麦季N2O的排放。