日本东南海、南海地震预防对策

日本的防灾对策、各种防灾计划、紧急应急防灾活动的责任顺序为市町村、都道府县和国家。通常,一般性的灾害由地方公共团体根据地区防灾计划实施救灾,但对于巨灾和大面积的灾害,则制定国家总体防灾计划,地方公共团体等也要根据总体防灾计划制定各自的计划。目前,相对于总体防灾计划所设想的造成巨大破坏的东海地震和南关东的首都     

美国减轻自然灾害计划

减轻自然灾害计划是1977年美国国会以立法形式制定的国家计划,包括地震、洪水、火山、滑坡等单个灾害的研究计划,也成为永久性计划,因为每年美国因自然灾害蒙受的经济损失多达250亿美元。国会在评估整个计划过程中特别强调减灾的国际合作和灾害研究的创新两方面。评估指出:由于减灾技术计划的实施,已使美国国内生产总值年增长0.637％,该计划对加强美国减灾技术实力、改进城市建筑物、生命线设施的地震安全及提高生活质量具有重要的意义。由于自然灾害对经济和社会产生的各种影响,已成为世界各国政府普遍关注的问题,因此,为了减灾必须进行国际合作。     

美苏气象武器战引发的灾难

美国引飓风袭击洪都拉斯气象武器是指通过人工制造风云、雨雪、雷电等自然现象．对敌人实施打击的一种特殊武器。早在一百多年前．一些科学家就开始研究这类武器．他们中的代表人物是美国著名科学家忒斯拉．他曾于19世纪末制造了一台超大功率的变压器．能产生10千瓦的人工闪电,传播距离可达50公里。此后,美国军方逐渐重视气象武器的研究。1940年底．美国政府齐始实施代号为“凤凰”的控制天气计划．该计划是忒斯拉理论的深入发展．以人工制造雷电扩展到控制各种天气变化。     

破坏性地震现场工作的网络计划

本文应用网络原理提出破坏性地震现场工作的网络计划。这种计划是通过网络图的分析、调整与计算,得出最佳工作安排和协调方案。     

人工地震照亮地球——探秘我国主动震源技术系统及其应用

正2017年6月7日,中国地震局、科技部、中国科学院、中国工程院和国家自然科学基金委员会联合召开全国地震科技创新大会,决定实施"透明地壳""解剖地震""韧性城乡""智慧服务"四大科技创新工程,目标是把我国建成地震科技强国。其中"透明地壳"计划是以"地下清楚"为目标,计划用10年的努力,发展新一代观测技术,完成重点地区地下结构、构造和地球物理场变化的观测和探索,使"看不见"的地壳逐渐变得"透明"起来。     

自然灾害风险评估国际计划述评Ⅰ——指标体系

自然灾害风险评估是综合灾害风险管理的关键途径。概述了近年来3个重要的自然灾害风险评估国际计划：灾害风险指标计划（Din）、多发区指标计划（Hotspots）和美洲计划（American Programme）的目标与成果。重点介绍了3个国际计划选取的指标：DRI首次开发了2个脆弱性全球指标；Hotspots发展了3个灾害风险指数；美洲计划开发了4个独立的指标体系，用于描述国家级的灾害风险构成要素，同时，提出城市级的风险评估指标。通过比较3个国际计划选择的指标体系的优缺点，提出选择能全面反映脆弱性和风险特征、计算简便的指标是今后灾害风险评估的关键和重点。     

自然灾害风险评估国际计划述评Ⅱ——评估方法

自然灾害风险评估是综合灾害风险管理的关键途径,而评估方法又是灾害风险评估的关键.总结了近年来3个重要的自然灾害风险评估国际计划:灾害风险指标计划(DRI)、多发展指标计划(Hotspots)和美洲计划的(American Programme)分析单元、灾种选择和数据源.评述了3个国际计划采用的数据处理方法、模型和评估方法:计算DRI的指标需计算3个数值--物质暴露、相对脆弱性和社会-经济脆弱性指标;Hotspots首次利用栅格单元和地区/财富等级来计算死亡风险和经济损失风险;美洲计划分别建立了4个独立指标的计算模型,并应用到城市级别.通过比较3个国际计划的风险评估方法的优点与不足,提出了今后灾害风险评估的重点和关键应是风险的时空分布、动态风险评估和案例研究.     

美军积极为争夺制网权做准备

美国是世界上第一个提出网络战概念的国家，也是第一个将其应用于实战的国家，但美军尚未形成统一的网络战指挥体系。因此，美国国防部长盖茨于6月23日正式下令组建网络司令部，以统一协调保障美军网络安全和开展网络战等与电脑网络有关的军事行动。根据盖茨当天签署的一份备忘录，美军战略司令部将负责组建一个指挥网络战的次级司令部，并在9月1日前向国防部提交相关实施计划，最初运行时间不得晚于10月。     

宁夏风区分布特征及输电线路防风策略研究

针对宁夏输电线路经常因大风引起故障的问题, 结合地形及大气环流等因素,研究了宁夏风区的分布特征,并根据风区分布特征提出了宁夏输电线路防风策略。应用结果表明:防风策略实施后,输电线路因大风引起的故障明显减少,避免了输电线路风偏、舞动故障的发生,大大减少了宁夏电网因非计划停运造成的经济损失,保证了输电线路的安全稳定运行。     

PERT法评估特大桥梁工程施工进度风险

在桥梁工程建设中面临着大而多的风险,尤其是跨海湾特大桥的建设更为突出,因此特大桥梁工程项目风险管理也越来越受到工程建设领域的关注。针对特大桥梁工程施工过程中受各种风险的影响导致施工工序持续时间具有随机性的特点,本文提出了采用逻辑关系确定、活动持续时间不确定的网络计划PERT法来进行施工进度风险评估。该方法主要是假定工序持续时间的不确定性具有β分布的特性,通过计算其数学期望值使之转化为确定网络计划来求得其工期风险,并考虑线路间的相互影响。本文以甬台温高速公路复线工程中一特大桥为研究对象,阐述了PERT法在特大桥梁工程施工进度风险评估中的应用,希望能对该工程以及类似工程的实施提供一些参考。     

VTOL aircraft in emergency planning and management: a model for a helipad network

The scientific literature regarding HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) planning lacks a method for defining optimal sites for helipads that takes into account risk distribution and hospital location. Such a method could minimise overall rescue time in emergency situations. In this paper a method that supports the decisions taken by disaster planners and managers is developed, focusing on the quantification of necessary air resources for the management of some probable calamities. Given a region characterised by a natural and non-natural disaster risk map, along with a comprehensive transport system (also characterised by a risk map), a set of emergency destinations (hospitals), a set of heliports/helipads dislocated on the territory and a number of available HEMS rotorcraft, the aim of the paper is to assess the adequacy of the VTOL/FATO (Vertical Take-Off and Landing/Final Take-Off and Landing Area) system in order to deal with a set of possible emergencies.     

Rehabilitation in Complex Political Emergencies: Is Rebuilding Civil Society the Answer?

The paper examines the challenge of rehabilitation from complex political emergencies (CPEs) and identifies a strategy that is characterised as a civil society rebuilding approach. It focuses on Somalia and a case study of a CARE project that aims to build the capacity of local NGOs. The paper argues that civil society in CPEs is simultaneously being undermined and contested by warring parties and emerging after state collapse. The scope of the paper is limited to one case study and that case study examines only a single aspect of civil society: national and international NGOs. The paper therefore presents tentative and preliminary results based on limited research. However, in reviewing the literature and presenting a way of approaching the subject, it aims to suggest a starting-point for developing a theoretical framework for such research. The paper finds that international agencies have tended to focus on civil society institutions simply as conduits for aid money and that this has tended to create organisations which lack downward accountability, are dependent on donors and are not addressing the wider roles for civil society envisaged in the approach. Rebuilding civil society does hold out the promise of giving non-military interests a stronger voice and starting a process of changing the aid delivery culture. Achieving these objectives, however, will be a slow and largely indigenous process and there is a need for lowered expectations about what outside assistance can achieve     

中国水灾社会脆弱性评估方法的改进与应用--以长沙地区为例

中国是洪水灾害发生频繁的国家之一,研究水灾脆弱性对中国的灾害风险管理有重要的意义.但是,合理评估脆弱性尤其是社会脆弱性却面临着极大的挑战.论文对评估社会脆弱性指数的研究现状进行了分析,指出了传统评估方法存在的问题,并尝试改进Hoovering评估模式.选择湘江流域的长沙地区为研究区,应用改进模型对研究区进行了社会脆弱性指数的评估.结果表明,长沙地区社会脆弱性从1980年至2000年基本处于下降趋势,但是在2002年和2003年增长迅速.2003年,长沙5区4县中社会脆弱性指数最大的是开福区,其次是长沙县,而宁乡县的社会脆弱性指数最低.     

Applying a problem-solving scenario in risk communication of low probability events

ABSTRACT

This study proposes a problem-solving scenario approach to enhance risk communication of low probability events, and aims to understand the effects of such an approach. An experiment was conducted in order to understand the comparative effects of presenting a casualty case with photos and demonstrating a problem scenario via an animation of participants’ anticipated responses to a simulated life-or-death choice. Forty-eight and 55 valid samples were collected respectively for two groups of participants. The results reveal a higher proportion of appropriate responses in the group presented with a problem scenario. Gender difference is found in the group exposed to a problem scenario - a larger percentage of males appear to respond more appropriately when presented with a life-threatening scenario without having being told what has happened. Having the ability to drive an automobile, which is presumably relevant to participants’ responses in a scenario associated with driving, does not, however, appear to differ significantly between the groups. The finding suggests that using a problem-solving scenario approach, compared with merely offering potential consequences of risks is more effective in stimulating appropriate responses to prevent casualty for information users.     

某水电站库首右岸拉裂变形体形成机理研究

某水电站库首右岸存在一个拉裂变形体,低线施工公路从陡峭拉裂变形体山坡下部通过。低线公路开挖完成后路堑边坡发生局部塌滑,于2003年5月在其上部形成浅层滑坡体(1000多方)。结合拉裂变形体的分析和治理工作,在统计分析大量勘探资料的基础上,提出了该拉裂变形体是边坡在自重应力和构造应力的复合应力场下快速却荷引起岩体的浅表生改造,形成如荷松动岩体,后期在低线公路祠室大爆破开挖施工、下部坡体切脚和基雨的影响下形成浅层滑坡体,并逐步向上扩展的形成机理。     

Biodiversity versus emergencies: the impact of restocking on Animal Genetic Resources after disaster

Restocking is a favoured option in supporting livelihoods after a disaster. With the depletion of local livestock populations, the introduction of new species and breeds will clearly affect biodiversity. Nevertheless, the impact of restocking on Animal Genetic Resources has been largely ignored. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to examine the consequences of restocking on biodiversity via a simple model. Utilising a hypothetical project based on cattle, the model demonstrates that more than one-third of the population was related to the original restocked animals after three generations. Under conditions of random breed selection, the figure declined to 20 per cent. The tool was then applied to a donor-led restocking project implemented in Bosnia-Herzegovina. By restocking primarily with Simmental cattle, the model demonstrated that the implementation of a single restocking project is likely to have accelerated the decline of the indigenous Buşa breed by a further nine per cent. Thus, greater awareness of the long-term implications of restocking on biodiversity is required.     

The functions of social service workers at a time of war against a civilian population

This article identifies the nature of functions that social service workers employed by municipal organisations have to perform during a community disaster and subsequent reorganisation at a time of war. The article also explores to what extent the functions of workers change as a result of the transition from a peacetime routine to a war situation. Using focus groups the study assesses the knowledge of social service workers and ordinary citizens who had direct experience of the second Lebanese war in Israel (2006). Eight major functions needed at a time of disaster are distinguished among various employees. The article discusses the significance of these functions, and the need to make changes in the network of functions at a time of disaster.     

膨胀土地基中大比例模型桩浸水试验研究

通过对埋设在膨胀土地基中的一试桩的长时间浸水试验观测，模拟了自然降雨气候条件下单桩位移、沿桩身轴力、侧摩阻力分布、地基胀缩及其时间变化等基桩一系列工作性状和桩-土共同作用规律。试验结果显示：桩顶位移呈现出先下沉后回升并最后趋于稳定的3阶段特征；桩身全长受拉，轴力沿桩身分布呈“波峰”形态。基桩的最大轴力位于桩的中下部，轴力峰值历经由小到大的过程；中性点在浸水过程中，其位置有从桩下部上移的现象；桩侧摩阻力与桩端阻力荷载分担比随时间呈现出先减小后增大并渐趋稳定的3阶段特征。研究结果对膨胀土地基中的桩基设计和施工提供了理论依据。     

New Humanitarianism: Does It Provide a Moral Banner for the 21st Century?

There is a 'new humanitarianism' for the new millennium. It is 'principled', 'human-rights based' and politically sensitive. Above all it is new. It marks a break from the past and a rejection of the traditional principles that guided humanitarianism through the last century. New humanitarians reject the political naivety of the past, assess the long-term political impact of relief and are prepared to see humanitarian aid used as a tool to achieve human rights and political goals. New Humanitarianism is compelling, in tune with our times and offers a new moral banner for humanitarians to cling to as we enter the new millennium. Or does it? After outlining the key elements of new humanitarianism, including the human rights approach and developmental relief, the paper spells out some of the dangers. The author claims that new humanitarianism results in an overt politicisation of aid in which agencies themselves use relief as a tool to achieve wider political goals. The paper shows how this approach has spawned a new conditionality which allowsfor aid to be withheld and has produced a moral hierarchy of victims in which some are more deserving than others. The paper concludes with a plea for a revival of the principle of universalism as the first step to a new set of principles.