外来入侵杂草银胶菊种子萌发特性及无性繁殖能力研究

银胶菊Parthenium hysterophorus L.是一种危害性很强的外来入侵杂草,在我国南方多省均有分布,在山东省莒南县也大面积分布,目前已对发生地生态环境造成巨大影响。文章于2011年采用人工气候箱培养皿法和温室土壤盆栽相结合的方法,研究银胶菊的种子在不同pH、盐浓度、湿度、营养条件、不同埋藏深度等条件下种子萌发特性及其无性繁殖能力,以期为明确其入侵机制和适生环境提供依据。结果表明,银胶菊种子适宜的萌发环境为酸性,pH=6.0时发芽率最好,到pH=8.0时,种子不能萌发;盐对银胶菊种子的萌发影响很大,随着盐浓度的提高,发芽率下降明显,当盐浓度达到0.12 mol·Lˉ1时,种子不再萌发;但不同的营养条件和不同P水平对种子的萌发无显著影响;干旱或水涝均能降低种子发芽率;种子埋藏土层越深,其发芽率越低,土层深度达3.0 cm以上,银胶菊种子几乎无发芽率。银胶菊有较强的无性繁殖能力,根部、基部茎和上部茎等不同部位埋入土壤后均能发芽,基部茎的发芽率最高(为66.7%-88.9%),根部和上部茎发芽率较低(为22.2%-44.4%)。另外,从发芽后的生长来看,茎部(包括基部茎和上部茎)发芽后均能正常生长,但根部发出新芽后逐渐黄化死亡。由此可以看出,银胶菊种子适应力、耐贫瘠能力强,一般的农田、荒地环境均能萌发生长,但盐碱地的环境下不能萌发生长;散落在土壤表层的银胶菊种子萌发率最高,因此,没有人类扰动的荒地、沟渠更适宜其萌发和生长;由于其很强的无性繁殖能力,人工砍伐的防除措施不能将其彻底防除。这些都是银胶菊入侵后,能够在短时间内暴发成灾,且不易彻底防除的原因。     

UV-B增加与酸雨复合处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了UV-B辐射增加与酸雨的复合处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：UV-B辐射增加对大豆种子的萌发没有影响，酸雨处理降低了大豆种子的发芽率。UV-B辐射增加与酸雨的复合处理，降低了幼苗的株高、绿叶数、叶面积、干质量、叶绿素和蒸腾速率，复合胁迫的下降幅度明显高于单一因子胁迫，并且下降幅度受UV-B辐射强度与酸雨pH的影响。UV-B辐射增加与酸雨处理在抑制幼苗生长上具有协同作用。     

枫杨种子和幼苗对地下水位及埋藏深度的响应

通过室内试验研究不同地下水位(0、-2、-4、-6、-8和-10cm)和不同埋藏深度(0、1、2、3、4、5和6cm)条件下枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)种子的萌发特性以及幼苗的建成状况.结果表明,种子萌发的最适水位为0～-4 cm;幼苗定植与生长的最适水位为-6cm.随埋藏深度增加,枫杨出苗率下降,出苗时间推迟,幼苗的生物量根冠比增大.试验第11周,各埋藏深度条件下幼苗的地上株高无显著差异,埋藏深度对幼苗的生长也无显著影响.枫杨种子萌发及萌发后幼苗生长的最适埋藏深度为1～3cm.     

四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)种子快速萌发与幼苗生长技术

四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)是维持川西亚高山森林生态系统功能和景观度的重要组成树种,其种子具有休眠等生物学特性以及天然生境中种源缺乏等因素导致生态恢复实践中其种子萌发率和幼苗保存率较低.为攻克四川红杉快速繁育技术,以来自四川红杉自然分布区3个海拔梯度(2 870、3 250、3 760 m)的种子为材...     

川中丘陵区柏木(Cupressus funebris)土壤浸提液对3种农作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

某些植物和土壤浸提液的化感作用会影响种子萌发和幼苗生长.关于川中丘陵区的柏木(Cupressus funebris)土壤浸提液对作物种子萌发和幼苗生长是否有影响以及如何影响,推测柏木的土壤浸提液可能抑制作物的种子萌发和幼苗生长.采用室内种子萌发实验,研究土壤浸提液(0.00 g/mL、0.01 g/mL、0.02 g/...     

花椒叶浸提液对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

研究了不同浓度的花椒叶浸提液(5、10、20、40、80 g L-1)对3个大豆品种种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明:花椒对大豆化感效应的总体趋势为浸提液浓度越高,对大豆生长的抑制作用越强;高于40 g L-1的浓度处理,主要形态和生化指标都表明大豆生长受到显著抑制或破坏;在小于20 g L-1的浓度范围内,化感作用能够提高低活力种子的萌发率,但降低了种子发芽指数和发芽速度,且化感作用受受体品种差异和自身种子活力的影响而表现不一致;随着化感物质浓度增高,SOD酶活显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量持续增高.大豆幼苗各器官或组织受花椒化感作用的影响大小依次为根生物量>地上部生物量>株高>根长.图2表3参12     

凋落物覆盖及掩埋对不同质量的藜蒴种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以南亚热带常见的先锋乡土树种藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa)为研究对象.通过室内萌发试验,分析了种子质量、凋落物覆盖和掩埋对种子萌发及幼苗早期生长的影响.结果表明,藜蒴种子能否成功萌发并形成幼苗的决定性因素是种子的掩埋深度.掩埋显著抑制了藜蒴种子萌发及形成幼苗的过程,随掩埋深度的增大,这种抑制作用越明显.掩埋对幼苗的存活和生物量没有显著影响,但可提高幼苗根部生物量的分配.深度掩埋时,质量大的种子在幼苗形成过程中具明显优势;而置于土壤表层或浅埋的种子成苗率与种子质量的相关性较低.大质量种子形成的幼苗更易于存活,在生物量的积累方面也表现H{一定的优势.凋落物覆盖未抑制幼苗的出土,且对幼苗的存活和生长具有明显的促进作用,表现在可提高幼苗的相对生长率以及生物量的积累.另外,凋落物的覆盖明显提高了幼苗生物量在其冠部的分配.因而,若利用直接播撒藜蒴种子的方式改造南亚热带退化草坡.理论上应尽可能选用大质量的种子直接播种于地表,并覆以原有的地表凋落物,以促进藜蒴幼苗成功建立.     

飞机草的繁殖能力与种子的萌发特性

飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）是一种入侵性极强的外来杂草,现正在我国南部地区迅速传播,其繁殖特性与种子萌发对环境条件的适应能力是成功入侵扩散的前提。采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,研究了飞机草的繁殖能力与种子的萌发特性。结果表明,飞机草能够进行无性繁殖,但其有性生殖能力更强,成熟植株的种子生产量高,种子质量轻,并且具有冠毛等附属结构。环境因子能够影响飞机草种子的萌发,其萌发的最适温度约为28℃,萌发过程中不需要特别的养分供应,并且能够忍耐一定程度的干旱胁迫。酸性环境能够促进飞机草种子的萌发,但当pH降至2.0时,其发芽率显著降低。掩埋处理能够抑制飞机草种子的萌发,当埋藏深度达3.0 cm时,所有的种子均不能正常萌发与出苗。     

模拟氮沉降对大豆萌发和幼苗生长的影响

氮沉降是当今倍受关注的全球性环境问题.采用大田试验和室内培养的方法,研究大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长对氮沉降的响应.实验设4组处理(CK、T1、T2、T3),所施氮肥为NH4NO3,在室内培养实验中,4组处理的浓度分别为0、0.08、0.16、0.24mol/L.大田实验中,4组处理的氮施入量分别为0,50,100,150 kg·hm-2·a-1.结果表明:过量氮沉降对种子萌发有一定的抑制作用,降低了种子的发芽速度和发芽率;抑制了幼苗的生长速度,降低了植株的株高、叶面积和生物量,并减小了根冠比;随着氮施入量的增加幼苗的蒸腾速率逐渐降低,但叶片叶绿素含量逐渐增加.     

四种豆科牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱的响应及抗旱性评价

牧草种子在萌发和幼苗生长期对逆境的适应能力是决定干旱区草地种群分布及延续的关键因素,对牧草种子抗旱性的综合评价,可为干旱、半干旱地区草地补播、人工草地建植和矿山植被恢复进行水分调控及苗期养护等提供支持。采用不同渗透势聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液梯度(0~-1.2 MPa)模拟干旱条件,选择鄂尔多斯干旱草原区补播或建植常用的4种豆科牧草:狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla Pojark.)、黄花草木樨(Melilotus suavelens Ledeb.)、内蒙准格尔苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Neimeng Zhungeer)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.cv.Shadawang),研究其种子萌发和幼苗生长特性对模拟干旱的响应及抗旱性评价。结果表明,轻微干旱(-0.05~-0.2 MPa)对4种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长均有促进作用,除内蒙准格尔苜蓿外,干旱均促进其他3种牧草幼根生长及根苗比的增加;中度干旱条件下(-0.4~-0.6 MPa),狭叶锦鸡儿和沙打旺种子的相对活力指数较高,但前者的萌发抗旱指数最差;在重度干旱条件(≤-0.8 MPa)下,内蒙准格尔苜蓿萌发期各指标相对值均最高。运用模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价,4种牧草种子萌发期抗旱性强弱排序为:内蒙准格尔苜蓿沙打旺黄花草木樨狭叶锦鸡儿。幼苗生长期:黄花草木樨内蒙准格尔苜蓿狭叶锦鸡儿沙打旺。总体评价为:黄花草木樨内蒙准格尔苜蓿沙打旺狭叶锦鸡儿。     

外来入侵物种的基因签名及其遗传多样性聚类分析

密码子的使用频率分布能够反映一定的生物特性,因而可作为一种基因签名。本文使用CGR方法来研究外来入侵物种不同组织序列的基因签名及遗传多样性聚类分析,首先得出了刺花莲子草(Alternanthera pungens),紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora),水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes),微甘菊(Mikania micrantha),土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides),一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)等6种外来入侵植物的31条序列核苷酸字串长k=1到k=6的情况,并选取k=3,即基因序列的密码子,作为生物特性的一个重要表达。并且构造序列间的CGR欧式距离,进而对外来入侵植物序列遗传多样性进行了聚类分析。通过对所获得的6种外来入侵植物的31条序列的基因签名,得出如下结果：CGR是一种简便且计算量小的方法,且基于CGR方法的基因签名,具有典型的生物特性;入侵植物的基因序列在密码子的使用上是非均衡的,且物种亲缘关系近的,则基因签名相似越高;而且基因签名也揭示出了密码子的第三位碱基偏好使用碱基T的现象,与一般物种密码子第三位碱基偏好G/C情况有强烈反差。此外,从获得的6个物种的31条序列聚类谱系图可以直观看出,入侵植物间存在着一定的亲缘关系,遗传多样性较丰富。由于我们所建立的基于CGR方法的基因签名,不仅能够反映植物特性和进化关系,而且能揭示序列中密码子和碱基的偏好使用情况,因而该方法有利于对外来入侵物种的遗传多样性分析、风险评估及预防控制等提供科学依据。     

塑料地膜对小麦种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究了中国北方地区常用的塑料地膜对小麦Triticum aestivum L.种子发芽率,芽长根长及幼苗抗氧化酶系的影响以探明塑料地膜的毒性。结果显示500~2 500 mg.kg-1两种质量分数的塑料地膜处理对小麦种子的发芽率几乎不产生影响,在高质量分数（≥5 000 mg.kg-1）处理下小麦的发芽率有所下降。500~5 000 mg.kg-1的塑料地膜能促进小麦叶和根的伸长,但在高质量分数情况下则显著抑制了根和芽的延伸,其中15 000 mg.kg-1添加量下,叶和根的抑制率分别达到了16.70%和15.07%。小麦根系抗氧化酶活性对两种塑料地膜的敏感程度大于叶片。在高质量分数条件下,根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随暴露时间的延长明显受到了抑制。在经地膜1和地膜2处理后,小麦叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在不同暴露时间和不同质量分数下没有显著差异,但地膜1处理后的小麦根系中的POD随暴露时间的延长呈先降低后增加的趋势,而CAT活性变化不大。地膜2处理后的小麦根系中的POD和CAT活性随暴露时间的延长而降低。结果表明,高质量分数塑料地膜的处理会对小麦早期幼苗的抗氧化酶系统产生毒害作用。     

会泽铅锌尾矿区自然生长的3种豆科植物铅锌耐性的研究

为了解会泽铅锌尾矿区自然发生的豆科植物对重金属的耐性,研究了该地区自然发生的3种豆科植物在Pb2＋/Zn2＋单盐和双盐胁迫下种子萌发及其幼苗生长的情况。研究表明：在本实验所设的浓度范围内,Pb2＋/Zn2＋单独胁迫时,对供试植物种子及幼苗的生长主要表现为抑制作用,除苕子（Vicia Cracca L.）外,金属离子的质量浓度越大抑制作用越强;Pb2＋/Zn2＋共同胁迫时出现复杂的交互作用。对于苕子的种子及幼苗的生长,Pb2＋/Zn2＋呈现明显的相互加强抑制作用;对于其它2种植物,当Zn2＋浓度在低质量浓度时,Pb2＋似乎对Zn2＋抑制有缓解作用,同样当Pb2＋浓度在低质量浓度时,Zn2＋似乎对Pb2＋抑制有缓解作用,但是当Pb2＋/Zn2＋高浓度时,Pb2＋/Zn2＋呈现明显的相互加强抑制作用。不论是单盐还是双盐,苕子对的耐性最强,其次为白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）,紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）最弱。会泽铅锌尾矿区重金属含量高是该区植被恢复的最大障碍,进一步研究植物对Pb2＋及Zn2＋的耐受性对于铅锌尾矿区的植被恢复有极其重要的意义。     

紫茎泽兰和飞机草在广西的入侵生境植物多样性分析

对紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）和飞机草（Eupatorium odoratum）在广西入侵生境的植物多样性进行了研究。结果表明：在紫茎泽兰、飞机草发生危害的生境,Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数均比没有紫茎泽兰、飞机草危害的生境低。在紫茎泽兰样方中,有紫茎泽兰入侵的生境其上述各指数分别比没有紫茎泽兰入侵的低43.65%、55.13%、55.68%。而在飞机草样方中,有飞机草入侵的生境其上述各指数分别比没有飞机草入侵的低33.55%、37.78%、17.98%。说明紫茎泽兰和飞机草对入侵生境的植物多样性影响较大。     

Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska

The intentional and unintentional movement of plants and animals by humans has transformed ecosystems and landscapes globally. Assessing when and how a species was introduced are central to managing these transformed landscapes, particularly in island environments. In the Gulf of Alaska, there is considerable interest in the history of mammal introductions and rehabilitating Gulf of Alaska island environments by eradicating mammals classified as invasive species. The Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) is of concern because it affects vegetation and seabirds on Gulf of Alaska islands. This animal is assumed to have been introduced by historic settlers; however, ground squirrel remains in the prehistoric archaeological record of Chirikof Island, Alaska, challenge this timeline and suggest they colonized the islands long ago. We used 3 lines of evidence to address this problem: direct radiocarbon dating of archaeological squirrel remains; evidence of prehistoric human use of squirrels; and ancient DNA analysis of dated squirrel remains. Chirikof squirrels dated to at least 2000 years ago, and cut marks on squirrel bones suggested prehistoric use by people. Ancient squirrels also shared a mitochondrial haplotype with modern Chirikof squirrels. These results suggest that squirrels have been on Chirikof longer than previously assumed and that the current population of squirrels is closely related to the ancient population. Thus, it appears ground squirrels are not a recent, human‐mediated introduction and may have colonized the island via a natural dispersal event or an ancient human translocation.     

Trait differences between naturalized and invasive plant species independent of residence time and phylogeny

The ability to predict which alien plants will transition from naturalized to invasive prior to their introduction to novel regions is a key goal for conservation and has the potential to increase the efficacy of weed risk assessment (WRA). However, multiple factors contribute to plant invasion success (e.g., functional traits, range characteristics, residence time, phylogeny), and they all must be taken into account simultaneously in order to identify meaningful correlates of invasion success. We compiled 146 pairs of phylogenetically paired (congeneric) naturalized and invasive plant species in Australia with similar minimum residence times (i.e., time since introduction in years). These pairs were used to test for differences in 5 functional traits (flowering duration, leaf size, maximum height, specific leaf area [SLA], seed mass) and 3 characteristics of species’ native ranges (biome occupancy, mean annual temperature, and rainfall breadth) between naturalized and invasive species. Invasive species, on average, had larger SLA, longer flowering periods, and were taller than their congeneric naturalized relatives. Invaders also exhibited greater tolerance for different environmental conditions in the native range, where they occupied more biomes and a wider breadth of rainfall and temperature conditions than naturalized congeners. However, neither seed mass nor leaf size differed between pairs of naturalized and invasive species. A key finding was the role of SLA in distinguishing between naturalized and invasive pairs. Species with high SLA values were typically associated with faster growth rates, more rapid turnover of leaf material, and shorter lifespans than those species with low SLA. This suite of characteristics may contribute to the ability of a species to transition from naturalized to invasive across a wide range of environmental contexts and disturbance regimes. Our findings will help in the refinement of WRA protocols, and we advocate the inclusion of quantitative traits, in particular SLA, into the WRA schemes.     

微囊藻毒素-LR对罗非鱼鳃组织活性氧自由基含量及相关抗氧化酶活性的影响

应用腹腔注射的方式,研究了微囊藻毒素MC-LR对罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）鳃组织活性氧自由基含量（ROS）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。结果表明：在MC-LR的胁迫下,罗非鱼鳃组织产生了大量的ROS,并引起了SOD和CAT 2种抗氧化酶活性的变化。SOD和CAT在清除过量的ROS时表现出的动态变化过程不同,SOD的变化曲线是多阶段的,而CAT则表现为先诱导后恢复的趋势。SOD和CAT在变化趋势上有所不同,但均表现为明显的时间与效应的正相关关系和剂量与效应的正相关关系。这也为将鳃组织中SOD和CAT作为抗氧化生物标志物来监测微囊藻毒素对罗非鱼胁迫作用提供了一定的参考。试验为研究微囊藻毒素对罗非鱼的生态毒理学作用提供相应的资料,并为罗非鱼质量安全问题的研究打下一定的基础。     

The effects of burial by sand on survival and growth of Pitcher’s thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) along lake huron

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on survival and growth of seedlings ofCirsium pitcheri. In 1992–1993, seedlings were buried to depths of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their height while in 1993–1994, the seedlings were buried to depths of 0, 4 cm (single burial), 4 cm (repeated burial of 1 cm every 8 days), 8 cm (single burial) and 8 cm (repeated burial of 2 cm every 8 days). Several physiological traits, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a∶b ratio, leaf area, number and length of leaves, number of internodes, amount of tillering, and biomass, were measured. The results showed that all seedlings died in the complete (100%) burial, 20% died in the 75% burial and none died in the 0, 25 and 50% burial treatments. Burial of seedlings to a depth of 25% stimulated their growth but 75% burial significantly decreased the total dry weight. Repeated burial treatments exhibited significantly greater stimulation of growth than single burial. Surviving seedlings grew through the sand deposit by elongating the stem and leaf petioles, increasing the number of nodes and the length of internodes. This elongation occurred at the expense of development of the root system indicating that available energy was re-allocated to above-ground parts.     

Trace metal pollution in aquatic sediments and some fish species from the Kwilu-Ngongo River,Democratic Republic of Congo (Bas-Congo)

In this study, the concentrations of some metals in sediments and consumable fish from the Kwilu Ngongo River, province of Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, are investigated. The digested muscle tissue, whole fish, and river sediment samples were subjected to trace element analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and by using an automatic mercury analyzer. The highest values of trace metals in fish muscle tissue were found for Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg, with maximum values of 8.6 (Cr), 15.7 (Cu), 6.0 (Pb) and 3.3 (Hg) mg kg^?1. These values are higher than maximum tolerable limits recommended by the European Commission Regulation for Food. The highest metal concentrations in sediments were 81 (Cr), 86 (Cu), 21 (Sb), 41 (Pb), and 0.8 (Hg) mg kg^?1. Sediment toxicity tests using benthic crustaceans (ostracods) revealed mortality rates of up to 30% after six days of exposure to the sediments near the sugarcane industry outlet pipe discharge. The contamination of the sediments and fishes by the elements and the bio-accumulation of mercury in fish most likely arise from the adjacent agricultural fields where intensive sugarcane cultivation since 1925 has probably contaminated the soils through the long-term use of fertilizers and pesticides.