小珠山水库水质污染状况及趋势分析

小珠山水库作为青岛市黄岛区主要的供水水源地之一,本文根据近几年小珠山水库水质监测资料,采用污染指数法进行水库水质污染状况分析,探讨了小珠山水库水质的季节变化和年际变化规律及其成因,预测未来供水水质状况与水库水质发展趋势,并提出水资源保护对策.     

内江市中小型河流和水库的水质安全评价

本文采用层次分析法对内江市中小型河流和水库水质安全进行了评价。结果表明,内江市水质安全总体状况在中等级别,水质安全存在一定风险。处于水质安全级别Ⅱ级以下的河流主要来自威远县和隆昌县的次级河流。采用包括水质评价、营养状态评价、健康风险评价、水质污染风险评价在内的水质安全综合评价,具有直观和定量定性的特点,能够判断水质安全度。     

黑龙滩水库污染源及水质演变趋势分析

在黑龙滩水库进行污染源调查及水质分析的基础上,探讨了水库水质和营养盐变化趋势及其主要影响因素。污染源调查结果表明,黑龙滩水库流域CODCr、NH3-N、TN和TP产生量分别为3664.23 t/a、280.37 t/a、335.49 t/a和74.96 t/a,水库污染负荷主要集中在农村面源污染、畜禽养殖污染和旅游污染3个方面,其污染物产生量占总污染负荷的93%以上;水质分析表明,自2006年后,黑龙滩水库水质逐渐好转,但2010后CODMn有上升趋势,2012年主要超标因子为CODMn和TP;2004年~2012年,黑龙滩水库营养状况由贫营养向中营养发展,并在2010年~2012年稳定在中营养状态,水库富营养化整体呈现加剧趋势。     

网箱养鱼对葫芦口水库水质的影响

本文通过葫芦口水库水质污染，讨论了网箱养鱼对水库水质的影响。     

桓仁水库水环境质量现状评价及防治对策

桓仁水库是辽宁省重要的饮用水水源地之一,通过对2012—2014年桓仁水库3年水质监测数据进行分析和评价,得出桓仁水库水质总体情况及富营养化水平,并结合实际提出了桓仁水库污染的防治对策。     

基于PCA-WQImin模型的汤河水库水质评价

为克服不同水质评价方法的局限性,本文构建和筛选最优PCA-WQI_min模型评价水环境质量。以汤河水库为研究对象,采用主成分提取法(PCA)对监测因子进行主要污染因子提取,运用WQI_min模型评价汤河水库水质,反映汤河水库水质随季节变化特征及主要污染来源。基于PCA-WQI_min模型确定了高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、总磷、氨氮、总氮、生化需氧量、溶解氧是影响汤河水库水环境质量的主要污染因子。汤河水库WQI_min值夏秋两季相对较低,介于50～70,主要污染物为有机物和营养盐,来源可能为汤河流域内的生活、工业污水和农业面源污染。PCA-WQI_min模型可以准确的识别影响水质的主要因子,以较低的监测成本,较少的监测数据,科学的评价水质,反映水质综合质量。该评价模型既涵盖了各项因子之间的关联性,又避免了大量的监测数据处理的复杂性和冗繁性,并且分析效率高,节约人力资源,减少资源消耗,评价结果客观、科学。根据PCA-WQI_min水质评价结果反映的季节性变化特征,可以科学的...     

黑龙滩水库生态环境及水体富营养化研究

本文以黑龙滩水库１９８９－１９９１年水质实测资料为依据，采用综合污染指数法对水库水质进行了定量分析，同时用卡森指数对水库富营养化程度进行产评价。针对库区特点及周围污染源排放现状，分析了水库水质受到的潜在威胁，提出了水源保护的措施及对策。     

主成分分析法在高州水库水质评价中的应用

根据主成分分析法能够从众多因子中筛选出主要成分,且在保证原始数据信息损失最小的情况下,利用SPSS软件对数据结构进行简化,以少数综合变量取代原有的多个变量,对高州水库汇水流域内主要河流进行水环境质量综合评价,并对各监测断面的水质优劣程度进行了排序。从原始数据中提取占总方差96.425%的3个主成分以反映研究区水质的整体情况,结果表明:流域内水环境质量总体较差,以入库河流上游区域的农业、生活引起的非点源有机污染为主,库区内存在一定程度的富营养化趋势,且在水库自身水动力条件的作用下库区水质优于入库河流。在空间分布上,由于石骨水库库心断面受外源污染影响较小,其水质优于供水口;而入库河流中良德水库黄塘水入口断面水质污染较轻,石骨水库曹江入口断面次之,良德水库大井河入口断面的水质最差。此外,通过对流域水环境质量进行分级综合评价,进一步得出高州水库入库河流是库区污染的主要来源。     

南充市升钟水库水污染治理成效探讨

根据升钟水库近5年的水质监测数据,探讨了库区的水质现状和营养盐变化趋势及污染治理措施成效。数据显示,与2006年相比,升钟水库营养状况由轻度富营养向中营养发展,2014~2018年稳定在中营养状态。2014年起,TP、TN快速下降,受上游输入污染、旅游污染等影响,TP2016年开始上升,TN2017年开始上升;受农业面源污染、地表径流等因素影响,CODMn2015年起呈持续上升趋势。升钟水库的水污染治理成效显著,但仍需采取有力控制措施,防止水体向富营养化发展。     

化成水库饮用水源地富营养化状况的分析与评价

根据2014~2016年对化成水库的水质监测,采用综合营养状态指数法和模糊综合评价法对水库富营养化现状进行了评价。结果表明两种评价方法得出的结果一致,该水库在此三年间持续处于中营养状态。对该点位水质富营养化变量指标(COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N、TN和TP)进行特征分析,TN和TP均为Ⅲ类,COD_(Mn)处于Ⅱ—Ⅲ类,NH_3-N达到Ⅱ类。分析该区域水质各指标为NH_3-N和TN污染主要来源是点源污染,而TP和COD_(Mn)主要来自非点源污染。根据分析结果对化成水库富营养化进行成因分析并提出科学建议。     

Desertification around Hirakud reservoir

Summary A comparative study of Survey of India topo-maps of 1929 and land satellite imageries in False Colour Combination (FCC) of 1975 indicates a loss of 43% and 46% of the reserved forest around Sambalpur and Jharsuguda respectively, besides other forest types in a radius of twenty miles. Deforestation is found to be an accelerating process where the rate of loss is estimated to be more during 1970–75 and 1960–70 in comparison to 1950–60 from a semilogarithmic trend curve between 1929 and 1975. This curve also fits to a hypothesis that the rate of deforestation is faster after 1950 (after developmental plan periods came into force). An analysis of the climatic data indicates a decrease in rainfall and number of rainy days, and morning relative humidity. The mean minimum and maximum temperature, evening relative humidity and atmospheric pressure show increasing trends. Relationships between forest loss and climatic parameters are significant for morning relative humidity, rainy days, maximum temperature and atmospheric pressure. Considering the loss of storage capacity of the Hirakud reservoir due to severe deforestation in the catchment area, suggestions are given for natural forest preservation. Arttabandhu Mishra graduated in Science (Zoology Honours) and Education from Utkal University; postgraduated from Berhampur University, India. At present he is a Lecturer in School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University and Secretary of Orissa Environmental Consciousness Society. His fields of interests are Productivity and Energetics of Forest Ecosystems, Environmental Education and Community Education. He has published seven papers on the above fields and a number bf popular articles. He tries to use folk literature as media to carry scientific messages. Madhab C. Dash, obtained his B.Sc. (Hens), M.Sc. from Utkal University, India and Ph.D. from University of Calgary, Canada. At present he is Professor and Head, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, a fellow of the Zoological Society of India, the National Institute of Ecology and the National Academy of Sciences, India. His major areas of research and writing are on the functional role of soil organisms in the decomposer subsystem of ecosystems, He has published seventy-five papers on taxonomy, biology, population ecology, metabolic functions, energy flow modelling, role in soft fertility and waste conditioning ability of Oligochaetes, nematodes, protozoa and soil microorganisms. Professor Dash has contributed specialised chapters in major treaties published by Cambridge University Press, UK; John Wiley and Sons, USA; and Academic Press, New York, USA.     

Water quality in a non-traditional off-stream polyethylene-lined reservoir

Annual water storage in a 5.3 ha, polyethylene-lined, off-stream irrigation reservoir in northern Alabama, USA, resulted in marked improvement in water quality. Results of three-year monitoring from June 1999 to May 2002 indicate that the relatively static conditions of the reservoir enhanced settling of suspended particles by 85% (from 14.4 to 2.1 mg TSS/L) that cleared the water and increased sunlight penetration. The organic and inorganic particles that settled to the bottom removed up to 88% of the nutrients and other chemical substances from the water. Nutrients remaining in the water column were rapidly assimilated by phytoplankton algae. With the basin sealed at the bottom and no runoff input there was limited opportunity for nutrients or other substances to enter the reservoir in quantities that would adversely affect water quality. Consequently, reservoir water was found to be of high quality and suitable as a raw water supply. Non-traditional, off-stream storage reservoirs such as described in this paper may be uniquely suited for agricultural irrigation and public water supply in regions such as southeastern US that experience relatively frequent drought conditions but have relatively abundant long-term annual rainfall.     

Rainwater conservation and recycling by optimal size on-farm reservoir

Hydrologic and economic analysis of the on-farm reservoir (OFR) was carried out in rainfed rice–mustard cropping systems in Eastern India followed by 2 years of field experiments in 1999 and 2000. The average contribution (average of 2 years) of direct rainfall and surface runoff from the diked crop fields contributed, respectively, about 79.5 and 20.5% to the total OFR inflow. The average contribution of evaporation loss, seepage and percolation loss and supplemental irrigation from the OFR contributed, respectively, about 10.0, 31.2 and 58.8% to the total OFR outflow. There was an average increase of rice yield of 44.0% over the rainfed rice because of application of 8.4 cm supplemental irrigation from the OFR. Thus, with an application of 4.5 cm supplemental irrigation from the OFR, 15.40% increase of mustard yield was recorded in 1999. Economic analysis indicated average net profit of Rs. 700 (US$ 1 = Rupees (Rs.) 44.75 in Indian currency) from a farm area of 800 m². Average values of benefit–cost ratio, internal rate of return and pay back period of the OFR irrigation system were evaluated as 1.17, 14.8%, and 16 years, respectively. The study reveals that the OFR irrigation in small landholders is economically feasible system for rainwater harvesting and providing supplemental irrigation in rainfed farming system.     

Effect of reservoir flushing on downstream river water quality

The effect of short-term reservoir flushing on downstream water quality in the Geum River, Korea was studied using field experiments and computer simulations. The reservoir release was increased from 30 to 200 m(3)/s within 6 h for the purpose of this experiment. The flushing discharge decreased the concentrations of soluble nitrogen and phosphorus species considerably, but the experimental results revealed a negative impact on organic forms of nutrients and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). A dynamic river water quality model was applied to simulate the river hydraulics and water quality variations during the event. The model showed very good performance in predicting the travel time of flushing flow and the variations of dissolved forms of nitrogen and phosphorus constituents. However, it revealed a limited capability in simulating organic forms of nutrients and BOD because it does not consider the re-suspension mechanism of these constituents from sediment during the wave front passage.     

Economics of reservoir sedimentation and sustainable management of dams

Accepted practice has been to design and operate reservoirs to fill with sediment, generating benefits from remaining storage over a finite period of time. The consequences of sedimentation and project abandonment are left to the future. This 'future' has already arrived for many existing reservoirs and most others will eventually experience a similar fate, thereby imposing substantial costs on society. Such costs could be avoided if sedimentation was minimized and dams were allowed to live forever. The fact that the world's inventory of suitable reservoir sites is limited provides an additional reason for encouraging the sustainable management of dams. This paper provides a framework for assessing the economic feasibility of sediment management strategies that would allow the life of dams to be prolonged indefinitely. Even if reduced accumulation or removal of sediment is technically possible, its economic viability is likely to depend on physical, hydrological and financial parameters. The model presented incorporates such factors and allows a characterization of conditions under which sustainable management would be desirable. The empirical implementation of the model draws upon the substantial amount of technical information available. We analyze the sustainability of reservoirs, with a focus on the trade-off between such sustainability and the short to medium term benefits which a reservoir is expected to produce. The results show that, for a very wide range of realistic parameter values, sustainable management of reservoirs is economically more desirable than the prevailing practice of forcing a finite reservoir life through excessive sediment accumulation.     

From insight to action in reservoir management—lessons from Asia

The World Commission on Dams (WCD) has now presented its final report on the problems with large dams. Many dam projects were found to be underperforming, especially those built for irrigation purposes. WCD also reports that many projects fail to meet current standards of social equity. A reallocation of costs and benefits is needed, but entrenched interests make this a difficult task. This article identifies shortcomings in large Asian irrigation projects: why the problems emerged, and what could be done to improve the performance of existing projects. The article argues that Asian irrigation agencies take mainly an engineering perspective, focusing on the dam itself. In a large number of cases, it takes over 10 years for the infrastructure to be installed and for the water to be delivered to the fields of the command area. Agencies need to improve their competence in dealing with social and environmental issues. This article argues that social and economic infrastructure is often inadequate; there is a need for an integrated view of the role of agriculture in development. Furthermore, adaptive management practices and water user participation can often be critical elements. To be successful, participation needs to be gender sensitive, and stakeholders at all income levels need to be consulted. To bridge the gulf between rhetoric and action, there is also a need for independent evaluation of dam projects.     

Effects of drawdown scenario on retrogressive lateral erosion in a reservoir

The drawdown of reservoirs behind dams is an important management strategy (e.g., for removal of aging infrastructure, flushing of sediment), and an opportunity to study erosional processes. A numerical model was developed to examine retrogressive bank erosion across reservoir drawdown scenarios and to evaluate factors controlling the rate, volume, and mechanisms of lateral erosion. Modeled processes included dynamic drawdown of groundwater, sequential slope failures via limit equilibrium analysis, and retrogression considering stress interaction between failing blocks. Field measurements were coupled with Staged, Slow, and Rapid drawdown scenarios. Results highlight the importance of including retrogression as an avenue for lateral erosion, as sequential block failures were found to occur in all scenarios except Slow drawdown. This result indicates that bank stability models without some means of characterizing the evolution of slope failure during drawdown are likely underestimating bank failure rates and volumes. In contrast, dynamic groundwater was not found to be a dominant control for any drawdown scenario. Model results also demonstrate that the drawdown increment is a first-order control on slope instability via the development of drained or undrained conditions. A majority of failures occurred under undrained conditions. To maximize slope stability, using slow drawdown to activate internal friction under drained conditions is essential. The design of the drawdown rate created a tradeoff between the amount of impact created and when the impact is produced. The study also articulated the need for coupling models and field observations for rapidly changing systems.     

Variation of reservoir fluid property during the high pressure air injection process

This research aimed at determining the variation of reservoir fluid property during the high-pressure air injection process. For this purpose, the forward multiple contact experiment was employed by pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) system to investigate the physical property variation of the crude oil and the complex oxidation reactions. The results show: under the relative low temperature and pressure condition, instead of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide dominates the products in the air phase. The gas/oil ratio and volume ratio increased due to the generated gas while the viscosity and density achieved a descending trend. The colloid and bitumen in the oil phase reduced by half but the amount of wax achieved a small increase. The low-temperature oxidation and pyrolysis reactions caused the fluctuated change of the different compounds. The amount of light compounds decreased at the beginning and then increased while that of heavy compounds showed the opposite trend. But at last, due to the H/C ratio, the light compounds increased to more than their initial value.     

Optimal nonpoint source pollution control strategies for a reservoir watershed in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for optimal nonpoint source pollution control for the Fei-Tsui Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan. Several structural best management practices (BMPs) are selected to treat stormwater runoff. The complete model consists of two interacting components: an optimization model based on discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) and a zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model. A predefined procedure is used to locate suitable sites for construction of various selected BMPs in the watershed. In the optimization model, the objective function is to find the best combination of BMP type and placement, which minimizes the total construction and operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs of the BMPs. The constraints are the water quality standards for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the reservoir. A zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model of the Vollenweider type is embedded in the optimization framework to simulate pollutant concentrations in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The resulting optimal cost and benefit of water quality improvement are depicted by the model-derived trade-off curves. The modeling framework developed in the present study could be used as an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of BMPs for mitigating stormwater pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.     

Characterizing land surface erosion from cesium-137 profiles in lake and reservoir sediments

Recognition of the threat to the sustainable use of the earth's resources posed by soil erosion and associated off-site sedimentation has generated an increasing need for reliable information on global rates of soil loss. Existing methods of assessing rates of soil loss across large areas possess many limitations and there is a need to explore alternative approaches to characterizing land surface erosion at the regional and global scale. The downcore profiles of 137Cs activity available for numerous lakes and reservoirs located in different areas of the world can be used to provide information on land surface erosion within the upstream catchments. The rate of decline of 137Cs activity toward the surface of the sediment deposited in a lake or reservoir can be used to estimate the rate of surface lowering associated with eroding areas within the upstream catchment, and the concentration of 137Cs in recently deposited sediment provides a basis for estimating the relative importance of surface and channel, gully, and/or subsurface erosion as a source of the deposited sediment. The approach has been tested using 137Cs data from several lakes and reservoirs in southern England and China, spanning a wide range of specific suspended sediment yield. The results obtained are consistent with other independent evidence of erosion rates and sediment sources within the lake and reservoir catchments and confirm the validity of the overall approach. The approach appears to offer valuable potential for characterizing land surface erosion, particularly in terms of its ability to provide information on the rate of surface lowering associated with the eroding areas, rather than an average rate of lowering for the entire catchment surface.