生物膜法处理硫化铅锌矿尾矿库外排废水

研究了生物膜法对广东省某硫化铅锌矿尾矿库外排废水的处理效果,探索不同载体,不同COD浓度对生物膜法降解COD的影响。结果表明,高浓度的COD对生物膜法处理选矿废水有影响,在6~13℃的条件下,水力停留时间为2 d时,以50 cm×25 cm×0.4 cm的黏胶材料生物载体作为挂膜载体,处理50 L硫化铅锌矿尾矿库外排废水取得了良好效果,出水COD浓度稳定在40 mg/L左右,出水达到《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》(GB25466-2010)的要求。     

竹丝生物膜法和生态床组合工艺废水处理的试验研究

研究了竹丝生物膜法和生态床组合工艺处理模拟废水,讨论了该组合工艺对模拟废水中COD、氨氮和浊度的去除效果,着重讨论了生态床处理效果的影响因子。试验结果表明,竹丝生物膜法能很好地去除COD、氨氮和浊度等,在水温为9.0～10.5℃、水力停留时间为5.0h、进水COD为98.78～222.69mg/L、氨氮为5.46～12.97mg/L、浊度为26.42～59.84NTU时,出水COD为11.53～20.38mg/L,氨氮为0.42～0.86mg/L,浊度为12.38～17.30NTU。竹丝生物膜法出水再经过简易的生态床工艺,生态床出水COD为9.59～18.84mg/L,氨氮为0.43～0.90mg/L,浊度为6.77～14.15NTU;在此过程中发现,生态床中的鱼类对浊度和COD的去除均有明显效果,而光合作用对生态床COD的去除有促进作用,但是生态床对氨氮浓度却有升高作用。     

含松醇油实际选矿废水的COD生物降解

从广东省某铅锌矿尾矿库周边的土壤中分离并纯化出3株能有效降解松醇油的菌株，分别命名为KS-1、KS-2和KS-3，实验表明KS-1菌株对含松醇油的模拟选矿废水化学需氧量（COD）降解效果最好，鉴定结果表明该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。在此基础上，重点研究了KS-1菌株对尾矿库实际外排选矿废水的处理效果，探索了不同接种量、pH和温度对COD降解效果的影响。结果表明，在接种量为5％、pH为6．0、温度为25℃的条件下，菌株KS-1降解实际废水COD的效果最佳，且搅拌有利于菌株对废水COD的降解。该工艺参数下，48h内COD降低到12．87mg／L，达到了国家新的《铅锌工业污染物排放标准》（GB25466．2010）的要求。     

MBBR处理猪场废水厌氧消化液的研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理猪场废水厌氧消化液,考察了水力停留时间(HRT),进水COD和NH3-N浓度对反应器处理效果的影响.结果表明,在温度为20～30℃,填料填充比为50%,进水COD和NH3-N浓度分别为1016 mg/L和496 mg/L条件下,当HRT为12.5 h时,COD和NH3-N去除率可分别达到62%和77%,猪场废水厌氧消化液中可生物降解性有机物基本得到去除,当HRT增至23.8 h时,COD和NH3-N去除率分别为64%和86%,出水COD和NH3-N浓度分别为368 mg/L和70 ms/L,均达到了<畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准>(GB18596-2001)的要求.     

特异性移动床生物膜反应器处理赖氨酸发酵废水

选用SDC-04特殊填料作为载体,构建特异性移动床生物膜反应器(SMBBR)进行实际赖氨酸发酵废水处理的中试研究。结果表明:SDC-04单个填生物膜量可达0.461 3g。经过45d挂膜成功后,对进水COD质量浓度在1 208~2 887mg/L的实际赖氨酸发酵废水进行处理,出水COD质量浓度可下降到60mg/L左右,满足《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084—2005)的要求;出水氨氮平均去除率为99%,TN平均去除率为76%;通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序发现,生物膜中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度之和达到70.5%,是优势种群。     

加压活性污泥法处理有机中间体废水的研究

对加压活性污泥法处理有机中间体废水进行了研究,主要考察了停留时间(HRT)、污泥浓度(MLSS)和反应压力等条件对COD去除率的影响.有机中间体废水经铁炭预处理后,COD从原来的8 000 mg/L降到5 000 mg/L左右,BOD5/COD由原来的0.20升高到0.40左右.当反应器内废水混合后COD 2 000 mg/L时,在反应压力0.10 MPa、污泥质量浓度3～5 g/L、停留时间8～10 h条件下,出水COD小于600 mg/L,COD去除率大于70%;出水经混凝沉淀处理后COD小于400 mg/L,可以达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)三级标准.与常规的活性污泥处理方法相比,加压活性污泥法具有处理速度快、降解效率高和容积负荷大等优点.     

混凝-生物接触氧化-臭氧氧化工艺对印染废水处理特性评价

评价了大塘污水处理厂混凝-生物接触氧化-臭氧氧化工艺对印染废水的处理特性,分析处理过程中COD、色度的去除规律。结果表明:混凝-生物接触氧化-臭氧氧化工艺出水COD浓度最优水平值(TPSs-3.84%)为18.7 mg/L,中间水平浓度(TPSs-50%)为45 mg/L,COD浓度保证值(TPSs-95%)为62.7 mg/L,优于排放标准;工艺出水色度最优水平值(TPSs-3.84%)为10倍,中间水平浓度(TPSs-50%)为40倍,出水保证值(TPSs-95%)为45倍。其中,臭氧氧化在印染废水出水COD和色度的深度处理中发挥重要作用,将出水COD达标保障率由原来的91%提高到100%、出水色度的达标保障率由0%提高到90%。     

活性炭纤维载体生物膜法处理洗车废水研究

为了实现洗车废水的循环使用,进行了以聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)为生物膜载体处理洗车废水的实验研究。以LAS、COD和NH3-N等指标考察了活性炭纤维生物膜反应器对洗车废水的处理效果。结果表明:在常温下、pH=6.5~7,当进水流量在30 mL/min时,反应器达到最佳运行参数,活性炭纤维载体生物膜法对LAS、COD和NH3-N等的去除率分别达到了97%、80%和60%。出水水质完全达到《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ/T48-99)中洗车用水主要水质指标的规定。此外,实验表明PAN-ACF作为生物膜载体具有很好的生物亲和性和再生性。     

基于HPLC的厌氧 好氧生物降解工艺处理模拟苯胺废水的研究

采用改进的好氧-厌氧方法处理苯胺废水,研究了各个操作变量梯度包括苯胺浓度、硝基苯浓度等对苯胺废水处理的影响,并加入硝基苯作为影响参数。实验结果表明,各个变量均在不同程度上影响苯胺废水的处理。经过厌氧-好氧处理后,COD降到200 mg/L以下;提高苯胺浓度时,COD值增大;进水TOC浓度为167.80 mg/L,去除率为79.6%;加入硝基苯与苯胺的降解具有协同作用。在厌氧温度35～40℃,好氧温度28～32℃条件下,进水COD在4 000～6 000 mg/L,苯胺浓度180～250 mg/L左右,处理后出水COD值达到200～500 mg/L,苯胺4.5～6.5 mg/L左右,去除率约85%以上。出水水质可达到《污水综合排放标准（》GB 8978-1996）的排放标准。     

ASBBR处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

研究以超高盐榨菜腌制废水为对象，考察填料种类、负荷和温度对ASBBR启动及处理效能的影响。研究结果表明，在温度为30℃，盐度为7%（NaCl计），负荷为1 kg COD/（m³·d）的条件下，采用聚氨酯泡沫填料的反应器经67 d可成功构建超高盐榨菜腌制废水厌氧生物处理系统，较未设置填料、投加半软性组合填料、球形组合填料和聚苯乙烯泡沫填料的反应器分别缩短了26、6、24和18 d，且运行至第79天，可使出水COD降至375 mg/L，COD去除率为92.86%；通过对负荷的阶段逐步提高，可提升反应器有机负荷至15 kg COD/（m³·d），使进水COD为（27 000±2 000）mg/L的超高盐废水，出水COD均值降至2 200 mg/L ，平均去除率达到92.03%；温度对反应器处理效能影响显著，温度分别为30、25、20、15和10℃时，反应器COD去除率分别为92.63%、84.07%、67.13%、54.61%和44.19%。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.