甲霜灵在土壤—烟草系统中的残留与归宿

在田间生态箱中研究了＾１４Ｃ－甲霜灵在土壤－烟草系统中的迁移与归宿。实验结果表明，甲霜灵在实验土壤中的移动，主要受水分运动影响，在土体中甲霜灵甲醇提取残留的半衰期为２－３周，总残留的半衰期为５周，结合残留占总残留的百分比随时间的延长而延增，到第６周时可达到２３．１％。烟草可以通过根系吸收土壤中的甲霜灵，并表现出一定的富集作用，甲醇提取残留浓度从第２周开始下降，半衰期为１－２周，到第６周时为５．３５     

含铬(Ⅵ)污水对地下水、土壤污染的研究

通过模拟含铬（Ⅵ）污水的土壤淋滤过程，结合受污染区域土壤垂直含铬分布分析，研究了含铬污水渗漏对地下水、土壤的污染。结果表明：含铬污水在亚粘土、亚砂土、砂土中的平均渗透系数分别为６．０２×１０－６ｃｍ／ｓ、３．８７×１０－４ｃｍ／ｓ、５．３２×１０－４ｃｍ／ｓ。含铬污水排放会在土壤中沉积铬，引起土壤污染，并污染地下水。     

垃圾堆肥对铬污染土壤的修复机理研究

运用二次通用旋转组合试验设计,通过模拟土培试验,研究垃圾堆肥对铬污染土壤中有效铬含量的影响、铬的形态变化.结果表明,垃圾堆肥可显著减少铬污染土壤中有效铬含量,垃圾堆肥主要是促进水溶态铬向结晶形沉淀态铬转化;垃圾堆肥用于修复铬污染土壤是安全的.     

催化极谱法测定茶叶中的总铬

铬(Ⅵ)在邻二氮菲-亚硝酸钠体系中(pH=9.3),有一灵敏的极谱催化波,检测下限为0.05ppb,线性范围为0.05-2.5ppb,铬(Ⅲ)氧化为铬(Ⅵ)后,可测得总铬量.     

磷钼酸-磷钨酸盐比色法测定土壤中总酚酸含量

酚酸是土壤中存在的一类重要的化感物质。本文建立了磷钼酸－磷钼酸盐比色法测定土壤中总酚酸含量的方法。并用此方法测定了翻埋小麦秸秆３周和１３周后土壤中总酚酸含量，为每克土０．０３０－０．１４３μｍｏｌ之间。     

海南岛土壤铬含量的分布特性研究

根据实验分析结果，探讨了成土母质条件、淋溶作用、地貌类型、有机质含量、（游离）氧化铁含量、土壤质地和pH值等因素对土壤含铬量的影响，并指出了海南岛土壤中铬含量的分布特征。     

聚合氯化铝对水中微量铬（Ⅳ）的富集

本文研究了聚合氯化铝作为一种新的无机吸附共沉淀剂对水中微量铬（Ⅵ）的富集和测定，实验表明，它能有效地富集水中微量铬（Ⅵ），１．５ｇ聚合氯化铝在１０００ｍｌ溶液中（ｐＨ７－８，铬（Ⅵ）浓度０－５００μｇ／ｌ），搅拌速度在３００ｒ／ｍｉｎ左右，搅拌时间１０ｍｉｎ时，铬（Ⅵ）的吸附率在９５％以上，用分光光度法满意地实现了对河水中微量铬（Ⅵ）的测定。结果表明：铬（Ⅵ）的加入回收率≥９４％，测定的相对标准偏     

水中痕量二乙三胺的气相色谱分析

本文提出水中痕星二乙三胺（ＤＥＴＡ）的气相色谱分析方法,应用甲基化试剂,将水中的二乙三胺直接转化成Ｎ,Ｎ,Ｎ‘,Ｎ’,Ｎ“－五甲基二乙三胺（ＭＤＥＴＱＡ）,萃取后经ＦＩＤ检测,最低检测限可达１ｐｐｍ,以１,６－已胺ＨＤＡ为内标物对二乙三胺进行定量,相对偏差小于１０％。     

CrO42-对两种可变电荷土壤吸附钾的影响

用一次平衡法研究了CrO4^2-对两种可变电荷土壤吸附钾的影响，用火焰光度法测定平衡溶液中的钾，根据差减法计算土壤对钾的吸附量。结果表明，加入铬酸根能增加土壤对钾的吸附量。铬酸根对钾吸附的影响程度与土壤游离氧化铁含量和土壤对铬酸根的吸附量的大小有关。砖红壤游离氧化铁含量高于红壤，它对铬酸根的吸附量也大于红壤，因此，铬酸根对砖红壤吸附钾的影响程度大于红壤。CrO4^2-主要通过自身的吸附增加土壤的表面净负电荷，并从而增加土壤对钾的吸附量。     

干旱区绿洲耕层土壤重金属铬含量的高光谱估测

土壤重金属铬含量的高光谱估测技术较传统测量方法具有无污染、方便快捷进行动态监测的优势。对新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲耕层土壤98个样品的原始光谱反射率R分别进行倒数1/R、对数lg(R)、倒数对数lg(1/R)以及微分变换。不同处理结果与实测土壤重金属铬含量进行相关分析从而筛选出具有极显著相关的特征波段(P0.001)。以不同变换处理下的特征波段反射率作为自变量,土壤铬含量为因变量,采用多元线性逐步回归、偏最小二乘回归、BP神经网络和随机森林回归方法构建土壤重金属铬含量的高光谱估测模型,并对最优估测结果进行克里格空间插值。结果表明,(1)原始光谱反射率的微分变换处理可有效提升光谱与土壤重金属铬含量之间的敏感性,其中经微分变换后的土壤光谱反射率与铬含量的相关系数由0.487显著提高到0.669(P0.001)。(2)综合比较各模型的训练集和验证集估测结果,经倒数对数一阶微分[lg(1/R)]′处理后的BP神经网络模型具有较高的估测精度和很强的稳定性,可作为研究区土壤重金属铬含量的最优估测模型,其决定系数(Rd~2)在0.8以上,均方根误差(RMSE)小于6.5,相对分析误差(RPD)大于2。(3)研究区土壤重金属铬含量具有中等空间变异性,低含量区域主要分布在新和县和沙雅县的外缘地带,而位于库车市东北部区域的耕层土壤铬含量达到最高水平。受人类活动影响该绿洲的土壤污染问题日趋严重,耕层土壤重金属铬含量呈现出较高含量的空间分布。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.