Some observations on the environmental impact of the UK flue gas desulphurisation programme

Summary Concern about the environmental damage caused by acid deposition has lead to national programmes to reduce acid precursor emissions. In the UK, a retrofit programme of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) to three 2,000 MW coal-fired power stations has been announced, with up to four new stations equipped with FGD likely to follow by the year 2000. Whilst the positive effects of acid deposition abatement are recognised there has been considerable concern over the negative aspects of the programme arising, particularly, from the raw material requirements of an FGD plant and the need to dispose of waste products. A careful choice of the most appropriate technology can significantly reduce the negative impacts but such a choice can only be made after an environmental assessment of the national FGD programme.Dr James Longhurst is the Director of the Acid Rain Information Centre at Manchester Polytechnic. The centre is supported by the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities and the Department of the Environment.     

The establishment of an urban acid deposition monitoring network

Summary Studies into acid rain were first initiated in North-West England and this paper describes the establishment and operation of the Acid Rain Information Centre in Manchester. The urban monitoring surveys conducted by the Centre provide a valuable educational link with local schools. Simple testing and sampling techniques undertaken by pupils support a valuable and comprehensive, local, urban acid deposition study.Dr. James Longhurst is Director of the Acid Rain Information Centre in the Department of Environmental and Geographical Studies at Manchester Polytechnic, where Mr David Lee and Miss Susan Green are Project Officers. Dr. D.R. Gee is Chief Scientist with the Greater Manchester Scientific Services Laboratory, Wilmslow Road, Didsbury, Manchester. The Acid Rain Information Centre (ARIC) is supported by Tameside M.B.C. on behalf of the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities.     

UK electricity requirements and the environmental and economic aspects of the development of the combined cycle power station

In the space of three to four years, gas has changed from being a premium fuel, not to be utilized in power stations, to virtually the only fuel being considered for future electricity generation in the UK. This paper reviews the growth in the use of gas for electricity generation within the UK, with particular regard to the adoption of the gas-fired combined cycle power station. The environmental, economic and strategic issues associated with the proposed development of approximately 27 GW of new gas-fired plant are analysed and the resulting effects on existing base load power plant within the UK are considered.Dr James W.S. Longhurst is Director of the Atmospheric Research and Information Centre, ARIC, at Manchester Metropolitan University He is an environmental scientist who has specialized in the air quality impacts of transport and energy. He holds a BSc, MSc and PhD in Environmental Science from, Plymouth Polytechnic, Aston University and Birmingham University, respectively. He has written numerous papers, consultancy reports, books and technical reports since 1986.Jane Bantock joined ARIC in 1992 with a degree in Environmental Studies from Manchester Polytechnic. She jointly manages ARIC's information and education programmes. Her research interests include the inter-relationship of UK energy policy and emission control in the electricity generating sector, the subject of her part time PhD, and urban air quality issues.     

Oxides of nitrogen in the greater Manchester conurbation,UK

Summary This paper reviews the emission sources of oxides of nitrogen and provides an estimate of the contribution from the Greater Manchester conurbation. The uncertainty attached to the estimate is large. Atmospheric and rainwater concentrations of oxides of nitrogen are reported from the Greater Manchester Acid Deposition Survey network. The health and ecological implications of these concentrations are commented upon and the measured values compared to a number of environmental guidelines, including recently formulated critical load and critical level estimates. Control technologies applicable to both mobile and large combustion sources are briefly reviewed.Dr James Longhurst is Director of the Acid Rain Information Centre which is based at Manchester Polytechnic.     

A study of rainwater acidity in Greater Manchester and Greater lisbon

Summary This paper presents data from an educational study of acid rain in Greater Manchester, UK, and Greater Lisbon and Setúbal, Portugal, which was carried out between October and December, 1989. A simple, specified methodology was employed by ten schools in each of the two countries to generate reliable, comparative rainfall acidity data. The results have been described and related to emission sources and meteorological conditions over the three-month experimental period. It is apparent that there are considerable differences in rainfall quantity and quality in the two contrasting areas, and the results are broadly consistent with those derived from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme. The paper concludes with a short review of rainfall acidity in the UK and Portugal.Sue Hare and Dr James W.S. Longhurst are respectively Education Officer and Director of the Acid Rain Information Centre, Department of Environmental and Geographical Studies at Manchester Polytechnic. Mr A. Marques da Costa is a teacher in the Chemistry Department at the Colégio Militar, Largo da Luz, 1600 Lisboa, Portugal.     

炭法烟气脱硫机理的研究现状

炭法烟气脱硫技术是一种污染治理与资源回收利用相结合的脱硫技术，本文在对活性炭吸附催化转化SO2过程、H2O和O2的存在对脱硫过程的影响，以及改性活性炭脱硫性能提高影响因素等方面分析基础上，论述了炭法脱硫机理研究现状，并提出了以后的发展方向。     

浅谈火电厂烟气脱硫的特许经营模式

介绍了火电厂烟气脱硫特许经营模式（BOOM）发展的必要性和特点,该方式可使国家、火电厂、脱硫公司三方受益。文章还介绍了烟气海水脱硫在国内外的技术进展,列举了火电厂烟气海水脱硫采用BOOM模式的实例。     

氨法烟气脱硫工艺在燃煤锅炉的应用

介绍了氨法脱硫技术在国内外的应用情况以及氨法烟气脱硫工艺的工作原理和工程应用难点;分析了热电厂煤粉锅炉烟气脱硫的工艺路线特点及新型氨法脱硫工艺应用后取得了的显著效果;提出了氨法脱硫工艺存在的问题和发展前景。     

Sustainable development and environmental technology: a comparison of policy in Japan and the European Union

Summary The concept of sustainable development, is increasingly being proposed as a means to avoid the impasse between economic development and environmental protection. In this paper, the incorporation of the concept of sustainable development into policy-making in both Japan and the European Union is examined. A particular variation in response between the two has been in relation to encouraging the development of environmental or clean technologies, a key element in achieving sustainable development. The benefits of an early lead in environmental technology may result in gains to the economy. In this paper, the potential commercial gains from the integration of environmental policy with industrial, development are also examined.Dr David Gibbs is a Reader and Dr James Longhurst is Director of the Atmospheric Research and Information Centre within the Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences at Manchester Metropolitan University.     

石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术研究进展

石油炼化企业由于烟气特点、排放特征和减排设施的差别,导致了各炼化企业所采用的烟气脱硫技术的差别较大,尚无成熟、有效、经济的烟气脱硫技术,各炼化企业需要采用的二氧化硫减排技术差别也较大,选用适合炼化企业烟气脱硫的可行工艺技术具有重要现实意义。综合分析了目前国内外已工业化应用的主要烟气脱硫工艺、原理、技术的优缺点以及石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术的发展趋势,为石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术研究提供了借鉴和参考依据,并对石油炼化企业未来烟气脱硫技术的研究和选用提出了建议。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术综合评价研究

应用模糊数学原理和层次分析法，从经济、技术和环境三方面综合评价烟气脱硫技术，使烟气脱硫技术的选择更科学。以五种典型烟气脱硫技术为评价对象，应用该综合评价方法得出石灰石-石膏法较优的结论。     

极端严寒地区湿法烟气脱硫系统的设计

通过实例,介绍了如何通过设计优化,使湿法烟气脱硫系统(FGD)在我国北方极端严寒地区的脱硫工程中得到稳定、可靠的运行.     

Towards sustainable airport development

Summary This paper considers the application of the principles of sustainable development to an airport situation. If sustainable development is to be enshrined as the global development pathway which reconciles economic and environmental issues then it must be applicable to a range of spatial scales. Airports will interact at a variety of levels with this multi-level decision making and enactment structure. The requirements imposed upon an airport may differ according to whether decisions are being taken by local, regional or national decision makers. Conflicts and uncertainties will inevitably result. Definitions of sustainable development are considered and policy guidance from the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU) and the nation State level evaluated for its relevance to airport decision making. An attempt is made to reconcile definitions and interpretations before an idealized representation of a sustainable airport is presented. Mechanisms by which this may be actualized are then suggested. A need for improved theoretical knowledge is identified but research is also necessary on application and localization procedures for sustainable development.Professor James Longhurst is Head of Department of Environmental Health and Science at UWE, Bristol. Until recently he was the Director of the Atmospheric Research and Information Centre. David Gibbs is Professor of Human Geography at the University of Hull, UK. David Raper is Deputy Director and D.E. Conlan Environmental Projects Manager in the Atmospheric Research and Information Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.     

钢铁行业烧结烟气脱硫技术的发展

烧结烟气脱硫是钢铁行业减排的重点，减排形势日趋严峻。本文比较了各种烧结烟气脱硫方法的优劣势、适用范围，分析了目前烧结烟气脱硫技术的发展动态，指出了未来烧结烟气脱硫技术的发展方向。     

Study of boron behaviour in two Spanish coal combustion power plants

A full-scale field study was carried out at two Spanish coal-fired power plants equipped with electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and wet flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) systems to investigate the distribution of boron in coals, solid by-products, wastewater streams and flue gases. The results were obtained from the simultaneous sampling of solid, liquid and gaseous streams and their subsequent analysis in two different laboratories for purposes of comparison. Although the final aim of this study was to evaluate the partitioning of boron in a (co-)combustion power plant, special attention was paid to the analytical procedure for boron determination. A sample preparation procedure was optimised for coal and combustion by-products to overcome some specific shortcomings of the currently used acid digestion methods. In addition boron mass balances and removal efficiencies in ESP and FGD devices were calculated. Mass balance closures between 83 and 149% were obtained. During coal combustion, 95% of the incoming boron was collected in the fly ashes. The use of petroleum coke as co-combustible produced a decrease in the removal efficiency of the ESP (87%). Nevertheless, more than 90% of the remaining gaseous boron was eliminated via the FGD in the wastewater discharged from the scrubber, thereby causing environmental problems.     

规流塔技术在钢铁行业烧结烟气脱硫中的应用

烧结烟气脱硫是钢铁行业减排的重点,减排形势日趋严峻。本文介绍了一种新型的烧结烟气脱硫技术及其特点与优势,指出FS-04脱硫塔技术在烧结烟气脱硫排放控制方面具有较好的应用前景。     

无烟气旁路脱硫系统在锅炉投油运行时的措施

无烟气旁路的脱硫装置与锅炉串联为一体,成为锅炉烟风道的一部分,是烟气排放的唯一通道,脱硫装置的高投运率是确保锅炉主机安全稳定运行的关键。本文分析了锅炉启动及低负荷稳燃运行时锅炉投油对脱硫装置的影响因素,从设计和运行的角度,提出了相应的解决措施。     

烟气脱硫与循环经济

针对当前烟气脱硫存在的问题,根据循环经济的理论与方法,从烟气脱硫技术特点、工艺和脱硫副产物出路等方面探讨了我国烟气脱硫技术的现状及发展前景,认为基于循环经济下的烟气脱硫技术更加符合资源与环境协调发展的要求.     

Assessing Health Benefits of Controlling Air Pollution from Power Generation: The Case of a Lignite-Fired Power Plant in Thailand

The impact pathway approach (IPA) is used to estimate quantitatively the level of health effects caused by particulate matter (PM₁₀) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission from a lignite-fired power plant located in the Mae Moh area in northern region of Thailand. Health benefits are then assessed by comparing the levels of estimated health impacts without and with the installation of the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment. The US EPA industrial source complex model is used to model air pollution dispersion at the local scale, and the sector average limited mixing meso-scale model is used to model air pollution transport at the regional scale. The quantification of the health end points in physical terms is carried out using the dose–response functions established recently for the population in Bangkok, Thailand. Monetarization of these effects is based on the benefit transfer method with appropriate adjustment. Finally, it has been found that the installation of the FGD to control SO₂ emission at Mae Moh significantly reduces adverse health effects not only on the population living near the power plant but also all over the country. A FGD unit installed at the 300-MW power unit can result, on average, in 16 fewer cases of acute mortality, 12 fewer cases of respiratory and cardiac hospital admissions, and almost 354,000 fewer days with acute respiratory symptoms annually. In monetary terms this benefit is equivalent to US $18.2 million (1995 prices) per annum. This benefit is much higher than the annualized investment and operation costs of FGD (US $7.4 million/yr).     

解析电除尘烟温与粉尘特性的最佳结合点

分析了电除尘烟温对粉尘特性的影响,以及烟温对电除尘器效率的影响,从中找出烟温调节与粉尘特性的最佳结合点。利用烟温调节的理念,应用余热利用节能电除尘技术对电除尘器进行提效改造,通过实例证明,这既可扩大电除尘器适应性和提高电除尘效率、满足低排放要求,又可节省电煤消耗和降低电耗,具有环保与经济的双重效益。