浅谈生态系统满意度在区域开发生态环境影响评价中的应用

区域开发活动的生态环境影响评价在整个环境影响评价中 ,占有很大的比重。由于多种因素的限制 ,当前的生态环境影响评价存在着许多不足和缺陷。文章通过一个环境影响评价实例 ,介绍了生态系统满意度在区域开发活动中生态环境影响评价中的应用。     

生态环境行政处罚与生态环境损害赔偿衔接问题分析与路径探究

生态环境行政处罚是应对环境违法问题的基础方式,而生态环境损害赔偿进一步考虑了环境污染救济,实现两者的衔接十分必要。分析发现,两者衔接主要面临着政策规范不完善、办案主体不协调、办案环节不畅通和鉴定力量不充足的困境。针对这些关键性问题,提出了强化法律制度保障、协调和监督办案主体、优化畅通办案环节、鉴定评估提前介入等4方面的衔接要点与路径,以期为国家及地方相关制度设计和案例实践提供参考。     

宝应县生态环境问题及其对策建议

介绍了宝应县生态环境的概况和现状,指出了该县生态环境存在的问题,着重分析了造成生态环境问题的主要成因,并在此基础上提出了当地生态环境综合整治的对策及建议。     

河北坝上地区人类活动与生态环境变化研究

河北坝上地区位于内蒙古高原－燕山山地－华北平原,是最典型的脆弱生态环境区。坝上地区长期以牧为主,由于人类的活动,逐渐演变为以牧为主,间有少量的农业区;农区不断扩大,农牧区各占一半;并逐渐过渡为目前以农区为主,牧区为次。由于人类活动强度加大,不合理的开发利用资源,生态环境严重的恶化,各主要自然环境要素的变化有利于生态环境的演变。因此,当前坝上地区生态环境的严重恶化主要是人类不合理活动造成的     

千岛湖生态环境主要问题及保护对策

1998—2000年的研究结果表明,千岛湖的富营养化进程明显加速。千岛湖上游安徽境内输入的大量营养盐、周边地区的生态环境变化、农田地表径流及水土流失是引起湖水水体质量变化的主要原因。控制上游安徽境内的入湖水质、减少农业面源污染和水土流失对水体的影响、恢复与重建湖滨植被保护带、改善整个周边地区的生态环境等是保护千岛湖生态环境的主要对策。     

我国海岸带生态环境问题及其调控对策

海岸带是陆海交互作用的地带 ,是全球变化研究的重要组成部分 ;同时人类活动对海岸带的环境变迁又有着举足轻重的影响。本文综述了影响我国海岸带生态环境变迁的 10个重要的环境问题 ,并提出了应对海岸带生态环境退化的 6种调控对策 ,其中实行一体化的海岸带综合管理体制是实现海岸带可持续发展的最重要的对策之一     

我国南部地区城市水生态环境问题解析及综合整治对策：以深圳市为例

从水环境质量、水资源和水生态 (“三水”) 的角度对我国南部地区城市水生态环境进行了现状调研与问题解析,结果表明：该区域内城市普遍存在管网建设滞后的问题,近五成的城市排水管网密度低于全国平均水平;40%的城市污水处理厂运行负荷落后于全国平均水平;工业污染源以电子、汽车制造、化工和有色金属等重污染行业为主;区域内城市季节性面源污染严重;四分之一的城市属于重度缺水,水量型与水质型缺水并存以及水生态功能脆弱等。结合国家和城市相关规划要求,以深圳市为例构建水环境目标,并采用系统动力学模型对其水环境进行了模拟预测,分析了不同方案策略下目标的可达性。以此得出具体的分阶段治理措施：近期阶段 (到2025年) 重点进行控源减排、加大管网建设力度、污水处理厂提质增效、重污染企业产业升级和清洁生产、加强海绵城市的建设、构建节水型城市,并进行水生态的治理;中期阶段 (到2030年) 在控源减排的基础上重点进行水资源合理利用、建成完整的节水型城市体系、修复水生态系统;远期阶段 (到2035年) 重点进行水生态恢复,通过增加生物多样性等措施提高城市水生态系统功能。本研究可为南部地区同类城市解决水生态环境问题提供参考。     

靖江市沿江开发中的生态建设和保护问题思考

沿江开发中必须加强生态建设和保护。作者通过对靖江市沿江开发中的生态建设和保护问题思考，提出了基本原则和基本模式。     

浙江省农村生态环境的主要问题及其保护对策

浙江是经济大省,农业大省,但长期以来由于经济的压力和各种人为破坏,农村生态环境日益突出,成为制约区域经济可持续发展的重要因素之一,在概述当前浙江省农村生态环境主要问题的基础上,着重分析了导致其恶化的主要原因,并提出了一些具体的对策和建议。     

石家庄市生态环境建设存在的主要问题及对策

石家庄市目前存在大气污染严重、水资源短缺、滹沱河断流、沙化逐年加剧等生态环境问题,根据城市生态学原理和指导思想以及基本原则,结合21世纪初该市的城市生态建设、经济发展和城市化目标,提出了生态环境建设的对策.     

基于脱贫和环境改善目标的寒旱地区农村庭院生态工程

我国寒旱地区具有农牧交错、村落相对分散、农民贫困、地方政府财力不足等特点,农民增收和环境治理压力较大,需要提高厕所、垃圾、污水等设施水平并推进村庄和庭院整治。以典型寒旱地区库伦旗为例,针对当地寒冷、半干旱等气候特点以及目前农村院落的基本要素构成现状,设计并示范应用了基于脱贫和人居环境改善双目标的农村庭院生态工程模式,以“种植-养殖-厕所-清洗-水窖”为主线,包括温室大棚种植及设施中心、改水改厕、庭院有机废弃物微生态循环、微型水处理与循环利用等单元技术,在农村庭院尺度上实现系统整合。结果表明,本生态工程每年可以实现6.6 t的畜禽粪便（含0.14 t氮）、23.4 t中水、38.5 t雨水重新回到大棚种植系统,可突破寒旱地区气温较低、土壤水肥资源缺乏等瓶颈;构建生态环境良好、资源能源集约利用、农民增收的生产生活一体化复合生态庭院。本研究结果可为我国寒旱地区人居环境治理和乡村振兴战略实施提供参考。     

渤海西岸微量元素表生地球化学特征

本文讨论了有关:1)痕量元素地球化学背景值;2)痕量元素地球化学表征;及3)我国某些地区若干痕量元素的背景值。     

Spatial and Geographical Variations of Urban, Suburban and Rural Atmospheric Concentrations of Phenols and Nitrophenols (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Atmospheric sampling (gas and particles) of 5 phenols (phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, pentachlorophenol) and 15 nitrophenols (3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, bromoxynil, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ioxynil, DNOC, 3,4-dinitrophenol, dinoseb) on XAD-2 resin (20 gr) and glass fibre filters, respectively, were performed in 2002 by using 'Digitel DA80' high volume samplers. These measurements were undertaken in order to show spatial and geographical variations of concentrations and the role of traffic in the emissions of these compounds to the atmosphere. Methods Sampling were performed in Strasbourg (eastern France), in its vicinity (Schiltigheim) and in Erstein. Sites were chosen to be representative of urban (Strasbourg), suburban (Schiltigheim) and rural (Erstein) conditions. Field campaigns were undertaken simultaneously in urban and suburban sites during all the seasons during 4 hours at a flow rate of 60 m3.h-1, which gives a total of 240 m3 of air per sample. Period of sampling varied between 06h00 to 10h00, 11h00 to 15h00 and 18h00 to 22h00 in order to evaluate a variation of concentration during automobile traffic between urban, suburban and rural areas. Gas and particle samples were separately Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with a mixture of CH2Cl2 / n-hexane (50:50 v/v), concentrated to about 1 mL with a rotary evaporated and finally dried under nitrogen. Dry extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of CH3CN. Before analysis, extracts were sylilated by using MTBSTFA. Analysis was performed by GC/MSD in the SIM mode. Results and Discussion Partitioning of phenolic compounds between gas and particle phases seems to be mainly correlated with vapour pressure. Among phenolic compounds analysed, phenol, p-cresol, pentachlorophenol and 2.4-dinitrophenol were detected in all samples and emissions from traffic seems to be the major source for the presence of these compounds to the atmosphere. No increase of concentrations in autumn tend to confirm this hypothesis since, with the use of domestic heating in colder months, increases of PAHs concentrations were observed and these compounds are known to be emitted by all combustion processes. Pentachlorophenol is a special case since this molecule is only used as wood preservative. Its presence in all atmospheric samples, whatever the locations and the period of time is the consequence of its persistence. Conclusions and Perspectives These measurements demonstrate that phenols and nitrophenols are emitted to the atmosphere and further measurements, in order to confirm their sources, their behaviour and their potential impact to the air quality and to human health should be undertaken especially since the literature collected is relatively old. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol measured are very low and, due to its toxicity, further investigations should be undertaken. - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

分散式污水再生水回用工程的经济性分析

分散式污水再生回用工程是为缓解水危机及改善水环境而进行投资建设的准公益性项目,具有较大外部效益。为准确评价该类项目的经济性,把环境会计理论应用到项目的经济评价中,使得项目的经济效益得以体现。通过对西安某高校分散式污水再生回用工程分析,表明对分散式污水再生回用项目进行投资建设不仅可以改善水环境,又可以获得较好的经济效益。随着可持续发展战略及循环理论的深入贯彻,人们对改善环境的支付意愿的提升将进一步提升该类项目的经济性。     

2种磷酸盐生长环境对同步去除与富集磷酸盐工艺的影响

针对同步去除与富集磷酸盐溶液的问题,研究了在低磷环境和低磷高磷交替环境下悬浮填料生物膜反应器的除磷能力和释磷能力,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高通量测序对第0、45和95天的污泥进行了表征。结果表明：低磷环境下好氧出水磷酸盐浓度稳定在0.5 mg·L⁻¹以下,厌氧阶段的最大释磷量为6.05 mg·L⁻¹;在低磷高磷交替环境中,好氧出水磷酸盐浓度基本在0.5 mg·L⁻¹以下,富磷溶液浓度最高可达63 mg·L⁻¹。SEM结果表明,同步去除与富集磷酸盐的悬浮填料生物膜反应器中的主要微生物是杆状菌。高通量测序结果表明：第0、45和95天的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度分别为48.3%、57.1%和89.1%,占主导地位;而红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)的相对丰度分别为18.1%、19.0%和30.8%,是反应器中的优势菌科;动胶菌属(Zoogloea)是同步去除与富集磷酸盐的悬浮填料生物膜工艺中的主要功能菌。在悬浮填料生物膜工艺中,低磷高磷交替的生长环境下培养的聚磷生物膜能够使好氧出水的磷酸盐浓度达到国家排放标准,并在厌氧阶段得到高浓度的磷酸盐富集溶液,且这种生长环境更适合聚磷微生物的生长。     

基于异构载体的海产品暂养水的协同处理

针对海产品暂养水盐度高、低温环境下靶向菌难驯化、难富集等问题,构建了微生物驯化富集装置,采用玉米芯作为异构载体与碳源,在低温条件下,通过检测水质与微生物群落结构等指标,探究了海产品暂养水对优势菌种演替的推动作用以及微生物群落结构与异构载体的相关性,并对污染物降解与水处理效果进行了分析评价。结果表明：在低温条件下,海产品暂养水对微生物的驯化富集效果较佳;以属水平为例,经过驯化富集培养的菌液主要以假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)为主,同时异构碳源的构造也对微生物的生长起到一定的促进作用;挂膜后的异构碳源对高盐暂养水的处理效果较佳,脱氮率达到(73.46±0.55)%,除磷率为(40.03±0.55)%,除沫率为(82.14±0.23)%。该装置在投入靶向菌与异构碳源后,提高了对高盐暂养水的处理能力;同时,玉米芯作为碳源供给,其缓释效果能够克服能量的过释并减少能耗,保证微生物的存活与运行。研究探讨了微生物与异构载体协同处理高盐暂养水的效果及其耦合效应,为高盐暂养水处理技术的创新与农用废弃物的回收利用提供了参考。     

Concentration of some heavy metals in organically grown primitive,old and modern wheat genotypes: Implications for human health

The concentration of six HMs (Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Hg and Ni) was analysed in 321 organically grown winter and spring wheat genotypes from six genotype groups, i.e. selections, old landraces, primitive wheat, spelt, old cultivars and cultivars. Also the potential risk of individual toxic HM to human health was estimated by using the Hazard Quotient (HQ). Significantly the lowest grain concentration of Cd was found in primitive wheat as compared to all other investigated genotype groups. Intake of HM by consumption of whole wheat grain was not found to pose a health risk to human for any of the investigated genotype groups. The bio-concentration factor of Cd for the different genotype groups indicated a lower ability to accumulate Cd for primitive wheat as compared to other genotype groups. The primitive wheat was found the most promising and might be of interest in future wheat breeding programs to develop wheat genotypes with low HMs concentration in the grain.     

The U.S. Experience in Promoting Sustainable Chemistry (9 pp)

- Sustainable chemistry - Section editors: Klaus Günter Steinhäuser, Steffi Richter, Petra Greiner, Jutta Penning, Michael AngrickBackground, Aim and Scope Recent developments in European chemicals policy, including the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) proposal, provide a unique opportunity to examine the U.S. experience in promoting sustainable chemistry as well as the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies. Indeed, the problems of industrial chemicals and limitations in current regulatory approaches to address chemical risks are strikingly similar on both sides of the Atlantic. We provide an overview of the U.S. regulatory system for chemicals management and its relationship to efforts promoting sustainable chemistry. We examine federal and state and examine lessons learned from this system that can be applied to developing more integrated, sustainable approaches to chemicals management.Main Features There is truly no one U.S. chemicals policy, but rather a series of different un-integrated policies at the federal, regional, state and local levels. While centerpiece U.S. Chemicals Policy, the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, has resulted in the development of a comprehensive, efficient rapid screening process for new chemicals, agency action to manage existing chemicals has been very limited. The agency, however, has engaged in a number of successful, though highly underfunded, voluntary data collection, pollution prevention, and sustainable design programs that have been important motivators for sustainable chemistry. Policy innovation in the establishment of numerous state level initiatives on persistent and bioaccumulative toxics, chemical restrictions and toxics use reduction have resulted in pressure on the federal government to augment its efforts.Results and Conclusions It is clear that data collection on chemical risks and phase-outs of the most egregious chemicals alone will not achieve the goals of sustainable chemistry. These alone will also not internalize the cultural and institutional changes needed to ensure that design and implementation of safer chemicals, processes, and products are the focus of the future. Thus, a more holistic approach of ‘carrots and sticks’ – that involves not just chemical producers but those who use and purchase chemicals is necessary. Some important lessons of the US experience in chemicals management include: (1) the need for good information on chemicals flows, toxic risks, and safer substances.; (2) the need for comprehensive planning processes for chemical substitution and reduction to avoid risk trade-offs and ensure product quality; (3) the need for technical and research support to firms for innovation in safer chemistry; and (4) the need for rapid screening processes and tools for comparison of alternative chemicals, materials, and products.