高饱和黏土垫层污染物运移数值模拟与分析

针对城市固废堆场底部黏土垫层的高饱和状态,将液相与气相视作混合流体,建立了污染物运移的水力-力学-化学全耦合模型。采用有限元软件COMSOL 5. 0对控制方程进行数值求解,分析饱和度、力学荷载和化学渗透系数对高饱和土体污染物运移规律的影响,并对其作用机理进行探讨。结果表明,高饱和土体中气泡的存在会增加分子扩散时的弯曲因子,减少渗流量,从而延迟溶质击穿黏土垫层时间。随荷载增加,土壤趋于密实,孔隙通道减小,导致流体流速降低,从而减慢污染物运移速度。随化学渗透系数增大,负孔隙压力也相应增大,导致化学渗透效应增强,显著降低溶质的运移速率,从而延长溶质击穿时间。在进行填埋场防渗隔污屏障设计时,应充分考虑黏土垫层中气泡、力学荷载及化学渗透系数的变化。     

氯离子浓度对硝酸基复合肥水溶液热安全性影响研究

为了研究复合肥洗涤液中氯离子浓度对硝酸基复合肥水溶液热稳定性影响,利用自行研制的临界爆炸测试装置对硝酸基复合肥水溶液的热安全性进行测试。结果表明,不同浓度氯离子对硝酸基复合肥水溶液临界爆炸温度影响较大,复合肥水溶液的分解温度随着氯离子浓度的增大呈先降低后升高的趋势。研究结果对硝酸基复合肥的安全生产具有指导意义。     

瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性及传播规律研究进展

概要介绍国内外的瓦斯爆炸和瓦斯煤尘混合物爆炸特性及传播规律研究进展,瓦斯爆炸研究主要集中在瓦斯爆炸压力、火焰、温度等特征参数、不同障碍物对瓦斯爆炸压力、火焰传播的影响以及分岔、拐弯等不同形状管道内的传播规律,而瓦斯煤尘混合物爆炸研究主要集中在瓦斯对煤尘爆炸的最小点火能、爆炸下限、最大爆炸压力等爆炸特性及传播规律的影响。对不同研究人员采用的主要研究指标、手段、方法和研究结论进行综合评述,同时也对爆炸事故人员伤害模型在国内外的研究状况进行讨论,最后指出目前存在的主要问题和下一步的研究方向。     

交通荷载作用下饱和软基的模型试验及变形分析

采用自行研制的油压式循环加载系统室内模拟交通荷载的作用 ,对饱和软粘土地基的变形性状进行了大比尺的室内模型试验 ;考虑了饱和软基的固结状态、循环应力比的大小对竖向永久变形的影响 ;得出了饱和软粘土地基的临界循环应力比和竖向永久变形及孔隙水压力随加荷周数和固结状态的变化规律 ;模型试验及变形分析研究 ,对交通荷载下饱和软基的工后沉降计算具有重要参考价值。     

高压旋喷加固珠海电厂泵房含石渣软基

高压旋喷注浆,是７０ 年代在我国发展起来的地基处理新技术,在砂性和粘性土等软基加固工程中得到广泛应用。但在含有石渣的淤泥以及穿过它对其下淤泥的加固尚属少见。本文简要介绍了该工程采用钻、灌分开的双管法施工工艺,园满完成了加固任务。     

管道内置障条件下瓦斯爆炸传播规律的综述及展望

对矿井瓦斯爆炸传播机理进行了分析,同时对不同障碍物数量、形状、阻塞率、位置、间距、结构条件下管道内瓦斯爆炸传播规律的研究现状进行综合评述,得出一些结论:障碍物的存在对瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度具有显著的激励作用;不同的障碍物环境对瓦斯爆炸传播激励效应的影响程度是不同的;并提出了目前该研究存在的问题和未来发展方向。     

基于FLACS的地下暗厨房燃气爆炸数值模拟

为更好地按抗爆要求设计地下暗厨房,利用FLACS软件建立含地下暗厨房的某民用建筑有限元模型,研究气云尺寸、点火位置、障碍物的形状以及位置和尺寸对燃气爆炸压力的影响,并根据数值模拟结果确定爆炸对暗厨房结构的损伤程度。研究表明：在暗厨房中,随着气云尺寸增大,爆炸对建筑物损坏程度也加大。点火位置在厨房、通风井和客厅时,压力峰值分别为41.9、19.5和3.25 kPa。障碍物的存在会使爆炸产生更大的压力,障碍物截面形状为正方形时的压力峰值远大于圆形和长方形;障碍物越靠近点火位置,压力峰值越大;随着障碍物截面尺寸增加,压力峰值不断升高,电梯区域附近压力峰值上升幅度最大。地下暗厨房燃气爆炸产生的冲击波对地上空间影响大于传统厨房。     

磨料形状对磨料气体射流冲蚀性能的影响研究

为明确磨料形状对高压磨料气体射流冲蚀效果的影响规律,基于LS-DYNA数值分析了磨料冲蚀靶体应力分布,根据横向裂纹和纵向裂纹建立了考虑磨料球形度的磨料射流冲蚀体积计算模型;分析了磨料形状的球形度,通过高压磨料气体射流破岩实验得出了磨料形状对冲蚀体积影响规律;对比分析理论计算结果和实验数据,验证计算模型吻合度较高,模型数学形式简单,且具有较好的工程适用性;结合理论分析和实验结果得出,磨料形状对冲蚀效果具有显著影响,随磨料球形度的增大,冲蚀体积呈指数增加;在相同冲蚀粒子数以及冲击动能情况下,磨料粒子球形度越高,棱角越尖锐,冲蚀体积越大。为高压磨料气体射流的磨料优选提供理论依据,冲蚀性能预测提供简易算法。     

爆炸箔起爆器用高压开关研究进展

爆炸箔起爆器由高压开关、桥箔、电容器和负载等部件组成,高压开关是控制其可靠工作的关键元器件.为研究体积更小,成本更低,易于集成的高压开关,综述了国内外爆炸箔起爆器用高压开关发展概况.简述了气体开关、真空开关、半导体开关、平面开关及最新研制的单触发开关的工作原理,并在平面开关中介绍了其与桥箔组合的集成平面开关装置及这种装置的优点.最后对这5种高压开关的主要性能进行对比分析,得出结论: 平面开关和单触发开关将成为现阶段我国爆炸箔起爆器用高压开关的研究趋势,集成平面开关装置将是爆炸箔起爆装置的发展方向.     

高压储氢系统泄漏爆炸事故的动力学演化

为研究燃料氢气泄漏、爆炸的特性和规律,预防高压储氢系统中氢气泄漏爆炸事故发生,以加氢站为背景,数值仿真45 MPa高压储罐氢气泄漏并引发爆炸事故,分析泄漏爆炸动力学性质以及爆炸波在非均匀氢气浓度中的传播机制。同时,基于泄漏爆炸事故演化的力学机理,开展氢气泄漏爆炸动态风险分析,针对氢气不同泄漏量,建立泄漏扩散形成的气云体积、气云爆炸产生的冲击波与空间x,z方向上危害距离之间关系。研究结果表明：氢气泄漏过程中,气云氢气浓度变化与流场雷诺数具有较好一致性;氢气扩散受到高压储氢罐周围装置影响,流场中氢气浓度分布不均匀;当发生燃烧爆炸事故时,冲击波参数和湍动能变化梯度大;得到复杂布局区域冲击波超压峰值与比例距离之间关系式,其相比于理论方法更精细、计算结果更准确。研究结果可为降低高压储氢系统泄漏爆炸事故后果、采取有效防护措施提供一定依据。     

Modeling of detonation processes in chemically active bubble systems at normal and elevated initial pressures

The detonation processes in chemically active bubble liquids under elevated initial pressures are investigated theoretically. It is shown, that supersonic regimes of wave propagation can exist, if the initial pressure is relatively high and the volume fraction of the bubbles is relatively small. Characteristic values of the bubble detonation wave pressure at sub- and supersonic regimes differ by an order of magnitude.The principal possibility of detonation wave structure transformation in the case of propagation in the mixture with high initial pressure and longitudinal gradient of bubble volume fraction is predicted. The leading shock may transform into a smooth wave of compression.The Chapman-Jouguet conditions for self-sustaining supersonic bubble detonation wave is obtained.A model of shock induced single bubble dynamics and ignition taking into account the real properties of the liquid, inter-phase transition processes, mechanical mixing of phases, ignition delay and continuous shift of chemical equilibrium have been described. Calculations for the oxygen containing bubble in liquid cyclohexane have been performed.     

Effect of bubble generation on hot zone formation in tank fires

Boilover is a phenomenon that both stakeholders and fire-fighters in the petrochemical industry try to avoid. This phenomenon results in an explosion of liquid hydrocarbon materials (e.g., crude oil) due to prolonged oil tank fires. The elevated temperature provides energy to vaporize the water sub-layer, which commonly resides at bottom of storage tanks, leading to tremendous fire enlargement as fuel tends to spill over around the tank. Boilover follows the formation of an isothermal layer called ‘hot zone’, and is typically accompanied by continuing bubble appearance in the hot zone. Previous studies have suggested that bubble generation could be a driving force for boilover, as it accelerates heat mixing. However, the effect of bubble generation on the mechanism of hot zone formation has not yet been systematically studied. This work investigates the effect of bubble formation on hot zone formation by installing a metal mesh in a burning fuel container. The size of the mesh grid and the position of the mesh are varied to generate bubbles with different volumes from different depths from the fuel surface. Experimental results demonstrate that the metal mesh definitely increases the volume of bubbles, and significantly reduces the time to form a hot zone. The mesh with small grids generates more bubbles than that with large grids. Additionally, bubbles start to generate earlier when the mesh is fixed nearer the fuel surface. Experimental results provide direct evidence of the bubble effect on hot zone formation.     

低压下高温导线电流过载喷射着火研究

以聚全氟乙丙烯(FEP)高温阻燃材料为绝缘层的电缆电线,在航天器中有着较广泛的应用,但是关于它们短路过载引起的着火却少有研究。通过低压实验舱模拟微重力下的弱浮力环境,对过载电流下的FEP高温导线的着火现象进行了研究。实验结果表明,由于FEP导线热容高,热解过程中,会在绝缘层与线芯之间积聚热解气体,形成气泡,随后气泡破裂发生喷射着火现象;随着环境压力的增大,FEP热解气泡的宽度逐渐增加,而气泡高度逐渐减小;实验段导线中间位置所受拉伸应力最大,喷射着火发生在中间位置的概率最高;相同氧气浓度下,着火能量随着压力的增加而逐渐降低,而增加氧气浓度则会使着火能量降低。     

Assessment of the hazard due to fragment projection: A case study

Fragment projection following vessel burst is a possible cause of domino effects in industrial accidents. The projection of fragments from stationary equipment usually follows the catastrophic rupture of process equipment due to internal pressure exceeding design values. In recent years, a detailed model was developed to assess fragment impact probability. The model, based on the use of fragmentation patterns and of a simplified analysis of fragment trajectory, allows the calculation of impact probabilities considering different scenarios leading to vessel burst and fragment projection. In the present study a case-study was analyzed to assess model performance and to test the credibility of the model predictions for fragment number, shape and impact probability. The cumulative probability of fragment impact was found to be in good agreement with the actual distribution of the landing points experienced for the fragments formed in the accident. The maximum projection distance predicted by the model resulted comparable to the maximum landing distance experienced in the accident. The model tested thus seems to yield significant results, well in the range of those experienced in the case-study analyzed.     

LPG站内集合管空化区数值模拟

由集合管流入各支管的液化石油气(LPG),因局部压力降的存在会产生空化现象,产生微小气泡.当气泡溃灭时形成极大的冲击压强和微射流,形成气蚀极易对管线造成损害剥蚀.针对液化石油气通过各个支管空化的影响因素进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明:在外部条件不变的条件下,随着管内压力降的增大,焊缝处的湍动能变大,空化数变小,空化范围变大,空化效应增强;管道的管径越大,空化强度越高,空化数越小,汽含率越高;模拟结果符合现场实际,为集合管的维护提供了一定的理论指导.     

疏松砂岩油气藏出砂风险及机理离散元分析*

为了进一步了解疏松砂岩储层开发过程中的出砂机理，基于PFC3D平台构建离散元模型用于分析疏松砂岩储层出砂风险，探究生产压差等因素对地层出砂的影响。结果表明:较高生产压差下地层流体流速较快，流体对砂粒的拖曳力较大，出砂较严重，生产压差为4.5 MPa时出砂量比3.0，1.5 MPa分别高34.86%和75.45%；地层流体黏度的升高会降低其对砂粒的拖曳，一定程度上减弱出砂程度，流体黏度在1 000 mPa·s时出砂量比100，10 mPa·s下分别低42.50%和54.27%；较大地应力差异条件下砂粒间相互作用较强，砂粒更易脱离岩石骨架而出砂，地应力差异系数为1.75时出砂量是1.25时的2.51倍；另外，内聚力较低的储层砂粒间黏聚力较低，相同生产条件下更易出砂。研究结果可用于预测疏松砂岩储层出砂及定制防砂方案。     

Experimental study on the characteristics of the strong boiling induced by pressure relief at the top of vertical vessels

In this study, the strong boiling process of a superheated liquid induced by pressure relief at the top of a vertical vessel was experimentally investigated. Through monitoring the response of the pressure at the top of the vessel and the full field morphology of the two-phase flow, the correlations between the pressure rise and the two-phase flow as well as the trend of the characteristic pressure values under different discharge areas and filling rates were analyzed. The results indicated that the expansion of the mist-like two-phase flow, which was generated due to the strong boiling and bubble collapse, was the direct reason for the two pressure rebounds at the top of the vessel. And under the effect of the intermittent expansion of the two-phase flow, the pressure rising rate in the second rebound stage fluctuated. When the discharge area changed, the characteristic pressure values presented different relativeness under different filling rates. In addition, the average pressure rising rate during the second pressure rebound process presented an exponential growth with the increase of the discharge area, and the exponent coefficient decreased with the increase of the liquid filling rate.     

Experimental studies of ignition and explosions in cyclohexane liquid under oxygen oxidation conditions

The safe operation of hydrocarbon liquid-phase oxidation by air or oxygen requires the knowledge on the flammability of hydrocarbon/oxygen mixtures in both the vapor space and vapor bubbles. The latter is of particular importance in situation where pure oxygen is used as the oxidant as most bubbles are expected to be flammable and explosive. New experimental findings are presented for ignition and explosion in cyclohexane liquid under oxygen oxidation conditions. A bubble column is constructed and fitted with multiple igniters. Experiments were performed at liquid temperatures between 373.15 and 423.15 K under various flow rates of pure oxygen. Two drastic different ignition and explosion behaviors were observed. The first is a typical bubble explosion from the direct ignition of the flammable bubbles in the liquid. The explosion occurs immediate following the ignition and do not produce significant energy that endanger the system. The other is a remote, delayed ignition and explosion in the vapor space that can produce significant overpressure and endanger the system. The explosion is attributed to the ignition of flammable vapor space by active free radicals from cyclohexyl hydroperoxide decomposition. A mechanism is proposed for the remote, delayed ignition to occur in the oxidation system. It is concluded that explosion in an oxidizing, bubbly liquid is not only a likely scenario but also a severe scenario, and cyclohexane oxidation should not be carried out directly with pure oxygen and without any inerting.     

黄土与砂土液化特性的对比──土液化与减灾防灾

基于系统的试验 ,总结已有成果 ,研究了饱和黄土和砂土液化在液化机理、液化判别标准、影响液化的因素、孔压和应变的发展等方面的异同之处。研究表明 ,由于在液化机理上存在差异 ,导致二者动荷载下的孔压和应变发展特点有显著差别 ;同一因素对二者液化性状的影响可能相似 ,也可能不同 ;在动三轴液化试验中 ,黄土和砂土均可采用初始液化作为液化的判别标准。