铁锰矿类Fenton异相光催化降解有毒有机染料

选取6种天然铁锰矿石为光催化剂,以可见光(λ420nm)照射下活化H2O2降解有机染料罗丹明B(RhodamineB,RhB)为探针反应,筛选出活性较高的天然矿石(磁赤铁矿)催化降解RhB及2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-Dichlorophenol,DCP).实验表明,可见光下磁赤铁矿在pH=7.0的介质体系,H2O2浓度为3×10-3mol·l-1条件下可有效降解RhB.通过反射紫外光谱、原子吸收分光光度法、XRD初步表征了磁赤铁矿组成结构;采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)、红外光谱(IR)、总有机碳(TOC)测定等方法,研究了其可见光照射下对RhB光催化降解特性.结果表明,在实验条件下RhB矿化率达60%,DCP矿化率达到63.93%.利用电子自旋捕捉技术(ESR)跟踪测定RhB降解过程中氧化物种,表明催化降解过程涉及羟基自由基(·OH)氧化过程.拟定异相矿石类Fenton体系与传统均相Fenton体系相比,具有反应介质pH范围宽(3.0—7.0)、可见光激发及催化剂易得廉价等优势。     

Fe_3O_4@Graphite电极中性条件下电Fenton降解有机污染物

制备了Fe3O4复合石墨电极(Fe3O4@graphite),通过循环伏安测定,对自制电极的电化学特性进行了表征.在外加电压无隔膜反应池中,基于Fe3O4@graphite为阴极,铂网为阳极,在pH7.0中性条件下,探讨了降解有机染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)及无色小分子2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)的电Fenton反应特性,结果表明,对1.0×10-5mol.l-1RhB在外加电压6 V和支持电解质Na2SO410 g.l-1条件下,电Fenton反应120 min,RhB降解率达100%.采用过氧化物酶催化反应吸光光度法和苯甲酸荧光分析法跟踪测定RhB降解反应过程中H2O2和羟基自由基(.OH)的变化,表明RhB降解过程涉及.OH历程.采用红外光谱分析和TOC测定RhB降解过程中深度氧化变化,表明电Fenton反应条件下,RhB反应过程中其分子结构被破坏,生成羧酸或者胺类小分子化合物,同时180 min矿化率达59.2%,对2,4-DCP而言,240 min降解率为98.6%,14h矿化率为86.8%.     

FeVO4可见光光催化降解有毒有机污染物

采用液相沉淀法制备了FeVO4光催化剂,以X射线衍射法(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)对其进行了表征.在可见光(λ≥420 nm)照射下,研究了FeVO4活化H2O2降解染料OrangeⅡ及无色小分子2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP)的光催化活性.同时优化了光催化剂FeVO4的制备条件、探讨了光催化降解OrangeⅡ体系中H2O2浓度、FeVO4用量及pH对其降解作用的影响.结果表明,在可见光照射下,H2O2浓度为1.50×10-3 mol.L-1,FeVO4量为0.17 g.L-1,pH值为6.4时,FeVO4对OrangeⅡ光催化降解活性最好,14 h后对OrangeⅡ的矿化率达到51.6%.在光催化反应条件下,12 h后对DCP的降解率达到64.3%,表明FeVO4具有可见光催化特性.运用ESR技术跟踪测定光催化降解过程中氧化物种的变化,发现FeVO4活化H2O2产生羟基自由基(.OH),表明FeVO4的光催化降解过程主要涉及.OH的氧化历程.     

TiO_2纳米管的制备和光催化降解有毒有机污染物

采用水热法制备TiO2纳米管,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对TiO2纳米管进行表征.并以有机染料罗丹明B(RhB)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)进行光催化反应,结果表明,TiO2纳米管催化剂对RhB和2,4-DCP有很好的降解效果.通过紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、红外光谱(FTIR)分析和总有机碳(TOC)测定,发现TiO2纳米管/UV体系能使RhB和2,4-DCP发生有效的降解,反应12h后,RhB和2,4-DCP的矿化率分别达到100%和97.12%.同时,采用辣根过氧化物酶(POD)、N,N-二乙基对苯二胺(DPD)分光光度法和苯甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了降解过程中H202和羟基自由基(·OH)的变化,表明TiO2纳米管光催化机理涉及到·OH历程.     

钼酸铋光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

以表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG6000)为模板剂,调节其用量(0、10、20、30、40 g·L-1)通过水热法制备得到Bi3.64Mo0.36O6.55/Bi2MoO6纳米光催化剂,分别命名为(BMO-0、BMO-1、BMO-2、BMO-3,BMO-4).采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),紫外可见漫反射(DRS UV-Vis)和比表面仪(BET)对其进行表征,结果表明,制备得到的钼酸铋为立方相Bi3.64Mo0.36O6.55和单斜相Bi2MoO6的混合物,形貌为纳米片和纳米颗粒的混合体.在可见光(≥420 nm)照射下,研究了Bi3.64Mo0.36O6.55/Bi2MoO6光催化降解罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)和苯酚(phenol)的催化特性,探讨了在光催化剂制备过程中PEG6000用量对其可见光活性的影响,发现当PEG6000用量为20g·L-1时其光催化活性最好.可见光下照射2.5 h即可使RhB(1.37×10-5mol·L-1)100%脱色,光照12 h后对苯酚(1.48×10-3mol·L-1)的降解率达到35.15%.采用DPD分光光度法测定了体系中产生的双氧水(H2O2),并结合外加叔丁醇(t-butanol)、碘化钾(KI)等捕获剂试验,推测其催化机理主要为空穴氧化和超氧自由基(O·-2)协同氧化历程.     

可见光照射下α-FeOOH光催化降解有机污染物的研究

以α-FeOOH为光催化剂,酸性桃红(SRB)为目标化合物,研究了可见光照射下光催化剂对SRB的降解,结果表明:在可见光(λ＞420nm)照射下, SRB 浓度为1.2×10-5 mol·l-1,H2O2浓度为1.5×10-3 mol·l-1,α-FeOOH 为0.16 g·l-1,pH=7.05时,SRB的降解效果最好,红外光谱分析表明,SRB降解产物为羧酸及胺类化合物.另外,采用苯甲酸荧光分析法间接测定体系中自由基的含量,表明此光催化降解过程主要涉及·OH历程.     

FeVO_4/BiVO_4光-Fenton复合催化剂的制备与催化性能

采用一步水热法制备了FeVO_4/BiVO_4光-Fenton复合催化剂,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis)对样品进行了表征,并以氙灯为照射光源,亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,对该催化剂的催化活性进行了评价.结果表明,与纯FeVO_4和纯BiVO_4比较,FeVO_4/BiVO_4光吸收峰明显向可见光区扩展,光催化活性显著提高.同时作为类Fenton固相催化剂也显现出较高的催化活性,在氙灯照射和H2O2下,亚甲基蓝在p H 3—9范围内均可降解,在p H 3.0时,反应40 min降解率达到90%以上.     

氧化亚钴复合材料催化降解三溴苯酚

本论文利用具有可见光催化性能的氧化亚钴/石墨烯(CoO/石墨烯)复合材料降解2,4,6-三溴苯酚(2,4,6-tribromophenol, TBP),探究其光催化降解效能与反应机理.研究发现,在光催化降解阶段,CoO/石墨烯复合材料光照120 min后,日光比可见光具有更强的降解效率,将TBP总去除率从21.8%提升至51.4%,日光中的紫外部分容易被材料利用来降解TBP.将光催化与高级氧化技术联用,构建CoO/石墨烯复合材料活化两种过硫酸盐PS与PMS的光芬顿体系.研究可知,单独光照活化过硫酸盐效果不佳,CoO/石墨烯-过硫酸盐类芬顿体系较Co~(2+)-过硫酸盐均相体系TBP降解效率更高,反应更彻底.加入光照后,光照-CoO/石墨烯-过硫酸盐光芬顿体系具有较高的污染物降解率和TOC矿化度,反应速率常数进一步提高,在日光照射下,TOC去除率达到98.9%.     

酞菁锌改性介孔分子筛催化降解孔雀石绿

以介孔分子筛MCM-41为载体,采用浸渍法将1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-八环戊氧基酞菁锌(α-CyOPcZn)负载到分子筛上得到了一种新型的催化剂CyOPcZn/MCM-41.并通过氮气吸附、红外光谱扫描及电镜扫描对催化剂的结构进行表征.考察了该催化剂的用量、H2O2浓度对孔雀石绿降解作用的影响.实验结果表明,在模拟可见光照射下,当催化剂用量0.6 g.L-1、H2O2浓度为0.1 mmol.L-1时,60 min后使0.1 mmol.L-1的孔雀石绿水溶液的脱色率达到98.6%,并呈现出一级反应的动力学特征,速率常数k为0.0891 min-1.催化剂重复使用3次后,脱色率可达96%以上.     

半胱氨酸强化针铁矿类芬顿反应降解2,4-二氯苯酚及影响因素

2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)是一种高毒性有机污染物,可对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁,因此,DCP降解是水环境研究关注的重点。以针铁矿为原料,在有氧避光条件下,研究了半胱氨酸强化针铁矿类芬顿反应降解DCP的反应机制,以及体系中半胱氨酸浓度、过氧化氢浓度、不同p H值和有机配体等因素对半胱氨酸强化针铁矿类芬顿反应降解2,4-二氯苯酚的影响。结果表明,半胱氨酸的加入通过促进Fe(Ⅲ)还原为Fe(Ⅱ),强化针铁矿类芬顿反应降解DCP。在半胱氨酸(1 mmol·L~(-1))存在时,针铁矿/过氧化氢体系对DCP的降解率提高了1.9倍,但随着半胱氨酸浓度的增加到5 mmol·L~(-1),过量半胱氨酸与体系中过氧化氢发生反应,导致DCP降解率随着半胱氨酸浓度增加而先升高后下降,其中羟基自由基是氧化降解DCP的主要活性物种。过氧化氢浓度的增加(1—10 mmol·L~(-1))能够促进类芬顿反应,提高DCP降解率,但过量的过氧化氢会消耗体系中的半胱氨酸,使DCP降解率下降。在不同p H(3、4、5、7)条件下,DCP降解率随p H值升高而下降,在p H=3时DCP降解率最大,为80.3%。另外考察了水体中不同有机配体对DCP降解的影响,结果表明腐殖酸和草酸对DCP的降解均起到了促进作用,而柠檬酸则表现出对DCP降解的抑制作用。该研究结果对实现水体高效降解DCP污染具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.