不同干燥处理对城市污泥物理性质和农业利用的影响

城市污泥农用正在成为世界各国处置污泥的主要方式之一,但干燥后的污泥通常结块程度高,硬度大,较难粉碎,对污泥的后续利用产生影响.试验设置了露天、棚内浇水和棚内不浇水等三个不同的污泥干燥处理,试验结果表明,露天状态处理干燥后的污泥要明显松散,结块程度较低;露天状态处理干燥后,粒径在5～10 mm和小于5 mm的污泥颗粒含量要显著高于棚内浇水和棚内不浇水处理,且露天处理干燥后污泥中水稳性团聚体所占比例最大,小于0.001 mm的粒级(粘粒)所占比例最小,不易造成土壤板结.因此,露天处理干燥后的城市污泥对农用较为有利.     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的政策分析

简要介绍了城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术，提出污泥产业发展政策的建议，指出土地利用是符合我国国情的污泥处置的方向之一：污泥处理技术主要有减量化、浓缩、脱水、消化、堆肥等；污泥处置技术主要有焚烧、填埋、土地利用、建材利用等。污泥处理处置应按照减量化、稳定化、无害化原则，鼓励污泥资源化综合利用。合理确定污水处理厂污泥处理处置设施的布局和设计规模；鼓励对污泥处理处置给与税、费优惠政策，明确将污泥处理处置的运营费用列入污水排污收费范围，建立科学的价格补偿机制；政府在污泥产业发展中起着较为重要的作用，主要体现为服务与监督，包括承诺、保障和协调三个方面。     

化学前处理——改善城市污水污泥厌氧消化处理的有效途径

城市污水污泥在厌氧消化时，时间长，且产气量较低，利用化学试剂ＮａｏＨ或Ｃａ（ＯＨ２）对污泥进行前处理，可以促进污泥水解，使之易于消化，从而提高污泥的消化效率，本文介绍了化学前处理方法的基本原理，分析了化学前处理对产气率、甲烷产率、ｐＨ值，基质去除率等方面的有益影响以及化学药剂的投加量。     

城市污泥植物处理系统与污泥中转处理场建设

目前城市污水处理厂污泥处理利用的主要障碍是污泥中过多的水分和重金属,增加运输、处理成本,造成二次污染问题.文章首先回顾了城市污泥的主要处理处置方法及其特点;接着介绍了污泥农用的作用和限制;主要阐述了用污泥干化床同时种植重金属超富集植物、低累积作物或钾高累积植物,通过植物提取降低城市污泥重金属含量,同时生产植物产品,并使污泥干化和稳定化的城市污泥特种植物处理系统;最后,针对一种处理方法难以消化一个大城市全部污泥的现状,提出城市污泥中转处理场的设想,把植物处理系统、堆肥、太阳能干燥、有机肥和复合肥生产、建材制造等多项技术集成,建立城市污泥专用处理和集散基地,解决日益增多的城市污泥的处置问题.其成本应低于目前采用的填埋、焚烧、制砖等处理方法,具有显著的社会、经济和环境效益.     

污泥处理及有效利用

在调研国内外关于污泥处理及有效利用的文献资料的基础上，分析天津开发区污水处理厂污染特性和成份并进行污泥发醇模拟试验，根据污泥特性并结合开发区土壤理化性质特点，提出开发区污泥处理及有效利用的可行方案。     

污泥处理热干燥工艺的研究进展

介绍了国外污泥热干燥工艺的现状和干燥设备的类型,阐述了热干燥方法,包括对撞流干燥、过热蒸汽干燥、燃气红外辐射干燥、间壁式热干燥和流化干燥等,及其在污泥干燥中的应用原理和发展。并分析了污泥干燥处理技术综合利用的几种途径和发展趋势,认为污泥热干燥技术拓展了污泥的处置手段,为污泥的安全、可靠利用与处理提供了保障。     

我国城市污泥的处置与利用

城市污水污泥产量巨大且成分复杂，如何对它进行合理利用已越来越受人们关注，若处置利用不当就不能够充分发挥其消除污染、保护环境的作用，也就明显地削弱了污水处理厂的净化功能。文章系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势，并重点讨论了污泥土地利用的可行性以及我国近年来的研究进展。认为将污泥进行稳定化、无害化、资源化处理并作为有机肥料或土壤改良剂进行土地利用是符合我国国情的，并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

污泥间接干化产生的恶臭及挥发性有机物特征

正随着城市发展,污水处理量大幅提高,城市污水处理厂污泥产量也急剧增加,使污泥的处理处置成为亟待解决的问题.利用水泥厂煅烧设备处理污水处理厂污泥,可实现污泥处置的无害化、减量化以及资源化[1].在焚烧处置之前,须先将污泥进行干化处理,使其含水率达到焚烧要求.湿污泥干化过程中,由于部分有机物的转化与挥发,干化尾气中存在恶臭及挥发性有机污染物.北京水泥厂有限责任公司的处置污水处理厂污泥工程是我国首个利用水泥窑余热干化处置污水     

可控湿法氧化聚沉工艺对城市污泥中重金属的稳定化影响

采集了长沙市污水厂的剩余污泥（S1）和湿法氧化聚沉工艺处理的深度脱水污泥（S2）,对比分析了处理前后污泥的形貌变化及重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的形态分布,初步探讨了重金属稳定化机理,对脱水污泥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As进行了稳定性评估.结果表明,脱水污泥中重金属的总量均低于我国污泥农用标准中的酸性限值,符合B级污泥泥质要求.处理后,污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As主要以硫化物有机结合态和残渣态（稳定态）存在,不稳定态在不同程度上向稳定态发生了转变,Cu、Hg的增幅最大,达21.1%.S2中重金属的生物可利用性较S1都有显著的降低,平均降幅达73.1%,S2中重金属的生物可利用性顺序为：Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd〉As〉Hg.污泥经过湿法氧化聚沉工艺处理后,污泥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As得到了明显的稳定化,为污泥后续资源化、安全化提供了科学依据.     

污泥中水分布形式划分及脱水性能研究

为解决污泥脱水难问题,考虑有机质膜对污泥脱水的影响,重新对水分布形式进行了划分,将其分为重力水、封闭水、包裹水和结合水4种类型。通过自重沉降、离心脱水和盐溶液渗析试验,测定以上4种水分含量,计算污泥中各形式水分占总水分的比例;并与前人研究数据进行对比分析,对污水处理厂处理污泥的方法和技术提出改进建议。研究结果表明,(1)重力水、封闭水、包裹水、结合水占总水分的比例分别为47.6%、31.7%、17.5%和3.2%。(2)自重脱水试验得到的污泥含水率为90%左右,而国内污水处理厂经重力浓缩后污泥含水率仍旧高达98%,说明污水厂在进行浓缩处理后污泥仍保留相当多一部分水分,可以通过自重沉降的方式脱除,因此建议在今后的重力浓缩过程中,适当延长沉降时间,有利于提高排水量,减轻后续脱水处理的机械工作量和能耗。(3)盐溶液渗析法利用渗透压差值,能够脱除污泥中的大量水分。当溶液渗透压超过0.1 MPa,含水率可降低至60%以下,实现污泥深度脱水。利用盐溶液渗析的方式处理污泥,可以免去污泥预处理过程,避免环境的二次污染;稀释后的盐溶液可以浓缩后循环使用,利于降低污泥脱水处理总成本和能耗。该研究解决了现有水分定量手段无法与水分布理论结合的问题,可为今后污泥的脱水研究提供新的方法和思路。     

Inactivation and risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal sludge treatment: A review

• Diversity and detection methods of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. • Control performance of sludge treatment processes on pathogenic microorganisms. • Risk of pathogen exposure in sludge treatment and land application. The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.     

A road-map for energy-neutral wastewater treatment plants of the future based on compact technologies (including MBBR)

In the paper concepts for wastewater treatment of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration. In the paper concepts for domestic wastewater treatment plants of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration.     

Electrochemical removal of nitrate in industrial wastewater

A number of recent studies have demonstrated that electrochemical technologies, including electroreduction (ER), electrocoagulation (EC), and electrodialysis (ED), are effective in nitrate elimination in wastewater due to their high reactivity. To obtain the maximal elimination efficiency and current efficiency, many researchers have conducted experiments to investigate the optimal conditions (i.e., potential, current density, pH value, plate distance, initial nitrate concentration, electrolyte, and other factors) for nitrate elimination. The mechanism of ER, EC and ED for nitrate removal has been fully elucidated. The ER mechanism of nitrate undergoes electron transfer and hydrogenation reduction. The EC pathways of nitrate removal include reduction, coagulation and flotation. The ED pathways of nitrate include redox reaction and dialysis. Although the electrochemical technology can remove nitrate from wastewater efficiently, many problems (such as relatively low selectivity toward nitrogen, sludge production and brine generation) still hinder electrochemical treatment implementation. This paper critically presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art of electrochemical denitrification to enhance the removal efficiency and overcome the shortages, and will significantly improve the understanding of the detailed processes and mechanisms of nitrate removal by electrochemical treatment and provide useful information to scientific research and actual practice.

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Acidogenic sludge fermentation to recover soluble organics as the carbon source for denitrification in wastewater treatment: Comparison of sludge types

For biological nitrogen (N) removal from wastewater, a sufficient organic carbon source is requested for denitrification. However, the organic carbon/nitrogen ratio in municipal wastewater is becoming lower in recent years, which increases the demand for the addition of external organic carbon, e.g. methanol, in wastewater treatment. The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by acidogenic fermentation of sewage sludge can be an attractive alternative for methanol. Chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS) is an effective process that applies chemical coagulants to enhance the removal of organic pollutants and phosphorus from wastewater by sedimentation. In terms of the chemical and biological characteristics, the CEPS sludge is considerably different from the conventional primary and secondary sludge. In the present study, FeCl₃ and PACl (polyaluminum chloride) were used as the coagulants for CEPS treatment of raw sewage. The derived CEPS sludge (Fe-sludge and Al-sludge) was then processed with mesophilic acidogenic fermentation to hydrolyse the solid organics and produce VFAs for organic carbon recovery, and the sludge acidogenesis efficiency was compared with that of the conventional primary sludge and secondary sludge. The results showed that the Fe-sludge exhibited the highest hydrolysis and acidogenesis efficiency, while the Al-sludge and secondary sludge had lower hydrolysis efficiency than that of primary sludge. Utilizing the Fe-sludge fermentation liquid as the carbon source for denitrification, more than 99% of nitrate removal was achieved in the main-stream wastewater treatment without any external carbon addition, instead of 35% obtained from the conventional process of primary sedimentation followed by the oxic/anoxic (O/A) treatment.

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Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

Simple model of sludge thickening process in secondary settlers

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a secondary settler acts as a clarifier, sludge thickener, and sludge storage tank during peak flows and therefore plays an important role in the performance of the activated sludge process. Sludge thickening occurs in the lower portions of secondary clarifiers during their operation. In this study, by detecting the hindered zone from the complete thickening process of activated sludge, a simple model for the sludge thickening velocity, u _s = aX ^b (a = 0.9925SSVI _3.5, b = 3.541ln(SSVI _3.5)+12.973), describing the potential and performance of activated sludge thickening in the hindered zone was developed. However, sludge thickening in the compression zone was not studied because sludge in the compression zone showed limited thickening. This empirical model was developed using batch settling data obtained from four WWTPs and validated using measured data from a fifth WWTP to better study sludge thickening. To explore different sludge settling and thickening mechanisms, the curves of sludge thickening and sludge settling were compared. Finally, it was found that several factors including temperature, stirring, initial depth, and polymer conditioning can lead to highly concentrated return sludge and biomass in a biologic reactor.     

A review on sustainable reuse applications of Fenton sludge during wastewater treatment

• The sustainable approaches related to Fenton sludge reuse systems are summarized. • Degradation mechanism of Fenton sludge heterogeneous catalyst is deeply discussed. • The efficient utilization directions of Fenton sludge are proposed. The classical Fenton oxidation process (CFOP) is a versatile and effective application that is generally applied for recalcitrant pollutant removal. However, excess iron sludge production largely restricts its widespread application. Fenton sludge is a hazardous solid waste, which is a complex heterogeneous mixture with Fe(OH)₃, organic matter, heavy metals, microorganisms, sediment impurities, and moisture. Although studies have aimed to utilize specific Fenton sludge resources based on their iron-rich characteristics, few reports have fully reviewed the utilization of Fenton sludge. As such, this review details current sustainable Fenton sludge reuse systems that are applied during wastewater treatment. Specifically, coagulant preparation, the reuse of Fenton sludge as an iron source in the Fenton process and as a synthetic heterogeneous catalyst/adsorbent, as well as the application of the Fenton sludge reuse system as a heterogeneous catalyst for resource utilization. This is the first review article to comprehensively summarize the utilization of Fenton sludge. In addition, this review suggests future research ideas to enhance the cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and large-scale feasibility of Fenton sludge applications.     

超声波对剩余污泥化学调理的影响

以污泥脱水性能与沉降性能为指标,研究了超声波预处理对剩余污泥经阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（CPAM）进行化学调理时污泥减量效果的影响。试验结果表明,单独采用CPAM对剩余污泥进行化学调理时的ρ（最佳添加量）为120 mg.L-1,污泥滤饼含水率为81.2%;单独采用超声波处理剩余污泥时的最佳声能密度为0.04 W.mL-1,此时的滤饼含水率为80.4%。而当在采用CPAM对剩余污泥进行化学调理前先进行超声波预处理后,污泥滤饼含水率降至72.2%。试验结果表明这种联合处理方式不仅使剩余污泥的脱水性能大为改善,并且最佳CPAM投加量降低至60 mg.L-1,最佳超声声能密度降至0.03 W.mL-1,这表明联合处理方法降低了污泥处理成本。     

Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition. • Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. • Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy. • Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems. • Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable. Shale oil and gas exploitation not only consumes substantial amounts of freshwater but also generates large quantities of hazardous wastewater. Tremendous research efforts have been invested in developing membrane-based technologies for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. Despite their success at the laboratory scale, membrane processes have not been implemented at full scale in the oil and gas fields. In this article, we analyze the growing demands of wastewater treatment in shale oil and gas production, and then critically review the current stage of membrane technologies applied to the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. We focus on the unique niche of those technologies due to their advantages and limitations, and use mechanical vapor compression as the benchmark for comparison. We also highlight the importance of pretreatment as a key component of integrated treatment trains, in order to improve the performance of downstream membrane processes and water product quality. We emphasize the lack of sufficient efforts to scale up existing membrane technologies, and suggest that a stronger collaboration between academia and industry is of paramount importance to translate membrane technologies developed in the laboratory to the practical applications by the shale oil and gas industry.