皮克林乳液法制备ZIF-8@聚苯乙烯中空微球及其吸附阿莫西林性能

研究采用ZIF-8纳米粒子稳定皮克林乳液,制备了ZIF-8@聚苯乙烯中空微球(ZIF-8@PS),并用于溶液中阿莫西林(AMOX)的吸附去除.用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FI-TR)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和氮气吸附脱附(BET)等方法研究了ZIF-8@PS中空微球的理化性质.通过静态吸附实验结合吸附等温线模型和吸附动力学模型等考察了ZIF-8@PS对AMOX的性能.结果表明,ZIF-8@PS具有良好的中空多孔结构,比表面积为380.4 m~2·g~(-1).pH值为7.0、308 K时有最佳吸附效果.ZIF-8@PS对AMOX的吸附过程用Langmuir模型和准一级动力学模型能更好地拟合,对AMOX的吸附倾向为单层吸附.308 K时Langmuir模型计算的最大吸附量为0.6232 mmol·g~(-1).材料具有良好的再生能力,经3次吸附-解吸附后吸附量约损失11.15%.     

氧化石墨烯纳米颗粒对抗生素类污染物吸附特征及影响因素

本文通过吸附动力学和吸附等温线探究了氧化石墨烯(GO)纳米颗粒对3种典型的四环素类抗生素(即四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)和金霉素(CTC))吸附特征.结果表明,伪二级动力学模型可以很好的拟合吸附动力学的结果,吸附速率可能受化学吸附控制.吸附等温线的结果显示GO对3种抗生素均有较高的吸附能力,且吸附能力依次为：CTC>OTC>TC.这主要是由于四环素类抗生素可以通过π-π作用、阳离子-π键、疏水作用以及静电作用等机制与GO产生结合.此外,四环素类抗生素在GO上的吸附行为与背景溶液的水化学条件(如pH、离子强度和二价金属离子)密切相关.总体来讲,由于静电斥力的增强,抗生素在GO上的吸附量随着背景溶液pH值的升高或离子强度(NaCl)的增加而降低,这主要是由于静电引力和吸附点位的减少所致;二价阳离子(Cu²⁺)可以通过表面桥连作用,显著促进抗生素在GO上的吸附.本研究结果清楚地表明抗生素本身的化学性质和背景溶液的水化学条件在GO去除抗生素的过程起着重要作用.     

水热法制备榴莲碳对水体中四环素的去除性能

本文利用榴莲壳和氯化高铁水热法制备具有磁性的榴莲碳,利用XRD、FTIR和SEM对榴莲碳进行结构表征,并研究榴莲碳对水体中四环素的吸附性能,以及水热反应温度、溶液p H和盐浓度等对榴莲碳吸附去除四环素性能的影响.结果表明,在水热温度170℃加热10 h条件下制备的榴莲碳D170具有明显的纳米片状和颗粒状结构,随着温度的升高,制备的榴莲碳XRD衍射峰增强,形成的结晶更好.吸附实验表明,随着水热制备温度的升高,制备的榴莲碳对四环素的吸附去除率呈降低趋势.榴莲碳对四环素的吸附热力学模型拟合表明:D170、D180和D200对水体中四环素的最大吸附容量分别为153.97 mg·g~(-1)、80.26 mg·g~(-1)和34.14 mg·g~(-1),其中D170对四环素的吸附效果最好,最佳吸附溶液p H值约为6.0,吸附热力学过程符合Freundich模型,吸附动力学过程符合假二级动力学模型.溶液中添加Na Cl能促进榴莲碳对四环素的吸附作用,当Na Cl浓度高于0.1 mol·L~(-1),榴莲碳对四环素的去除率达到100%;而添加Ca(NO_3)_2可降低榴莲碳对四环素的吸附能力,当Ca(NO_3)_2浓度从0.1 mol·L~(-1)增加到1.0 mol·L~(-1)时,水溶液中四环素的去除率从93%降低到78%.     

ZIF-67高效吸附去除水中的洛克沙胂

作为一类很有应用前景的金属有机骨架材料(MOFs),沸石咪唑酯骨架(ZIFs)由于具有比表面积大、孔隙可调、易于实现内外位点功能化等优点,广泛受到人们的关注.作为ZIFs材料的一种,具有上述特点的沸石咪唑酯骨架-67(ZIF-67)由Co~(2+)离子和2-甲基咪唑通过配位及自组装形成.ZIF-67拥有高度稳定的结构,在吸附、分子分离、传感、催化等领域有着广泛的应用.本研究利用一种环境友好型的方法合成了ZIF-67,并用来吸附去除水中的洛克沙胂.探究了吸附过程中的吸附动力学、吸附热力学行为和吸附机理.实验结果表明,ZIF-67对水中的洛克沙胂具有优良的吸附性能,在pH=6时最大吸附量可以达到172.45 mg·g~(-1),吸附动力学与热力学行为分别符合准二级动力学和Langmuir吸附等温模型.ZIF-67对洛克沙胂的吸附机理可能是静电吸附和离子交换作用.通过固定床小柱实验表明ZIF-67具有很好的实际应用性能.     

苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物吸附水中Hg(Ⅱ)的动力学和热力学研究

利用化学氧化法合成苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物,通过静态吸附实验研究了该共聚物吸附水中汞离子的动力学和热力学.对实验数据采用准一级和准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程、Freundlich等温线方程进行拟合,并进行相应的热力学分析.研究结果表明,苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物对水中Hg(Ⅱ)具有很好的去除效果,最大吸附容量达800mg·g-1,吸附等温线符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型;吸附焓变化量ΔH=58.51kJ·mol-1,表明该吸附反应为化学吸附且为吸热反应;三种实验温度下吉布斯自由能变化量均为负值,表明该吸附反应能自发进行。     

改性玉米芯对K-2BP染料的吸附性能及动力学研究

利用氨水对预处理过的玉米芯进行改性,研究改性玉米芯对活性艳红(K-2BP)染料的吸附行为。通过傅里叶红外光谱对改性玉米芯进行结构表征,并考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度和初始浓度对活性艳红K-2BP吸附性能的影响及其吸附动力学性质。结果表明,在pH值1.61、温度30℃和吸附时间10 h条件下吸附效果较佳,其饱和吸附量为22.936 mg·g~(-1),吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温线,反应级数符合准二级反应动力学特征,反应活化能为17.655 k J·mol~(-1)。     

四环素在光催化剂TiO_2上的吸附研究

选取四环素作为代表抗生素,考察了溶液的pH值、离子强度（二价阳离子Ca2＋和Mg2＋）、腐殖酸3种环境因子对四环素在光催化剂二氧化钛（TiO2）上吸附的影响.结果表明,在3个不同pH（pH3、6和9）条件下的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,拟合的相关系数R2均大于0.999;四环素在TiO2上的吸附量在p...     

β-环糊精功能化石墨烯对印染废水中酸性大红G和橙黄Ⅱ的吸附

本文合成了β-环糊精功能化的石墨烯纳米材料(β-CD-GNs),考察了其作为一种新型高效吸附剂对水中酸性大红G(ASG)和橙黄Ⅱ(OrangeⅡ)的吸附性能.该材料结合了石墨烯和β-环糊精的特性,表现出对所述两种染料良好的吸附性能,吸附平衡时间小于3 min,吸附率达90%以上,β-CD-GNs对ASG和橙黄Ⅱ的最大吸附量为622.2 mg·g~(-1)和534.7 mg·g~(-1).另外,考察了β-CD-GNs用量、溶液pH、反应温度对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,当溶液pH值为6.0,β-CD-GNs浓度达到25 mg·L~(-1)时,吸附率最大,而且吸附率随反应温度升高而降低.通过对吸附数据进行线性拟合发现,β-CD-GNs对ASG和橙黄Ⅱ的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温式.该材料在印染废水的处理领域有潜在的应用价值.     

牛粪源生物炭对水中甲基紫的吸附动力学和热力学

600℃缺氧热解制得牛粪源生物炭(CBC),采用SEM、FTIR和XRD等分析手段对生物炭理化性质进行表征,并通过静态平衡吸附法研究了CBC对甲基紫的吸附动力学及热力学过程.结果表明,甲基紫的吸附量随着其初始浓度的增加而增大,初始浓度由10 mg·L~(-1)增加到40 mg·L~(-1),平衡吸附量由5 mg·g~(-1)提高到30 mg·g~(-1),吸附过程先快后慢,60 min后吸附达到平衡;甲基紫的吸附量还随溶液pH的增加而增大,随温度的升高而增大;用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、Langmuir吸附等温方程、Freundlich吸附等温方程对试验数据进行拟合,结果表明,准二级动力学模型更准确地反映其吸附动力学过程,Freundlich等温方程与实验数据拟合度更好,即甲基紫在CBC上的吸附以化学吸附为主;吸附热力学参数ΔG~o0、ΔS~o0、ΔH~o0,表明甲基紫在CBC上的吸附是自发进行的吸热过程.     

磁性Fe3O4@Mg(OH)2去除水中络合态三价铬

本实验采用一步水热法合成了Fe_3O_4@Mg(OH)_2材料,并将其用于吸附水中络合态的Cr(Ⅲ)-EDTA,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、比表面积(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重(TGA)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等来表征材料的结构和表面特性.结果表明,Mg(OH)_2已经成功的负载到了Fe_3O_4的表面,对水中络合态Cr(Ⅲ)-EDTA有较好的吸附能力,最大吸附量为15.52 mg·g~(-1),吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线,吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学拟合,随着pH的增加吸附量不断减少,水中高浓度的阳离子对吸附产生促进作用,并且脱附实验证明材料有很好的可循环利用能力.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.