重污染天气应急预警下的固定源“一厂一策”实施机制探讨

大型固定源是重污染天气应急预警管控的重点。2018年,生态环境部发布的《关于推进重污染天气应急预案修订工作的指导意见》要求,工业源应急清单的企业要制定重污染天气应急响应方案,实施"一厂一策"污染管控思路。本研究基于X市的调研和实践,提出"一厂一策"实施机制的设计,应遵循"责任企业预案提交—资质单位预案审核—政府部门依法监管"的思路。企业需基于实际生产排放和技术可行性,聘请有关资质单位重点分析企业应急减排成本,制定符合企业实际、兼顾成本—效益的"一厂一策"应急减排方案(措施);资质单位对企业提交预案的可行性进行审核;政府部门除对资质单位的审核准入以外,还需以排污许可证的监测记录报告为守(违)法依据,三管齐下,严防"一刀切",做好重污染天气的预警工作。     

北京市大气污染防治条例3月1日起施行新增30条罚则

<正>《北京市大气污染防治条例》的正式实施,意味着新增的30条罚则即将生效。重污染日企业拒不停产或限产最高可处50万元罚款,机动车违规排放最高罚3000元。此外,未来屡次违法处罚将"上不封顶"。不停产罚款高限由10万升至50万即将实施的大气条例规定,空气重污染日启动应急预案时,有关排污单位拒不执行市人民政府责令停产、限产决定的,北京市环保行政主管部门可以查封排     

重污染天气应急预警实施机制探讨

随着工业发展水平的逐渐提升,重污染天气发生的概率逐渐增加,不仅对人们健康产生影响,还会增加社会中的不稳定因素。本文对重污染天气应急预警机制现状展开讨论,重点分析重污染天气应急预警机制的实施措施。这种方式能够对我国重污染天气问题展开有效控制,提升我国重污染天气应急预警实施水平。     

浅谈北京市空气重污染应急预案的制定

2013年10月17日,北京市正式颁布实施了《北京市空气重污染应急预案(试行)》,本文分析了《北京市空气重污染应急预案(试行)》发布的背景、注意事项、支撑措施,为我国其他省市开展重污染天气应急预案工作提供了参考借鉴。     

大气重污染应急管理制度建设与展望

《大气污染防治行动计划》第九条明确要求针对重污染天气政府需要制定大气重污染应急预案。文章根据各地已推出的大气重污染应急预案研究发现,我国在应急预案制定、应急预案体系构建以及预案评估方面存在不足,并从提高预案实施效果入手,提出了相应的制度设计完善大气重污染应急预案建设。     

重庆市以“四控一增”新举措强力实施蓝天行动

当前大气污染防治面临的多重压力仍不容小觑,为贯彻落实大气十条,重庆市采取了出台"四控一增"新举措、编制《重庆市重污染天气应急预案》等诸多有力措施。     

2015年12月北京市空气重污染过程分析及污染源排放变化

2015年12月,北京市及周边地区连续多次出现重污染天气.在此期间,北京市空气重污染应急指挥部两次发布红色预警.为厘清该月重污染的发生过程、生消变化,测算了应急措施下的污染源排放变化情况,并采用数值模拟和地面观测相结合的分析方法,对重污染的形成原因进行初步分析,同时对应急措施的环境效果进行评估.结果表明:1虽然2015年12月北京市主要大气污染物排放量较去年同期有所下降,但排放强度仍然较大,是重污染过程的内因;气象扩散条件不利是重要的外因,地面风速弱,大气稳定度高,相对湿度高,边界层高度降低,源排放及气象因素共同导致了此轮重污染过程.2红色预警应急措施可实现污染物日排放强度减少36%左右,PM_2.5浓度下降11%~21%,预警的应急措施不能扭转重污染的态势,但对于缓解PM_2.5污染加重趋势有明显的效果.3在重污染天气下,污染物仍在大气中累积,应急措施最明显的效果发生在实施后的48~72 h后,因此建议在PM_2.5浓度快速上升前36~48 h实施减排措施,从而对空气质量预报准确性提出更高的要求.     

TOP4 中国首次启动空气重污染红色预警

正2015年12月7日18时,北京市应急办发布空气重污染红色预警,全市于12月8日7时至12月10日12时将启动空气重污染红色预警措施,这是北京首次启动空气重污染红色预警,也是中国首次启动重污染红色预警。强制性的应急响应措施通过应急促减排、应急促管理,取得了比较好的效果,是中国在实施《大气污染防治行动计划》和修订《中国人民共和国大气污染防治法》     

上海市空气重污染专项应急预案

正近年来,空气重污染应急工作越来越受到社会各界的广泛关注。针对可能发生的重污染天气,加强应急管理,采取强有力的应急响应措施,保护公众健康,是空气污染防治体系中的重要一环。上海市委、市政府高度重视,始终把妥善应对空气重污染作为环境保护工作的重中之重。为此,2013年3月,市环保局会同市发展改革委、市经济信息化委、市建设交通委等15个相关部门,在世博会高污染日应急减排联动方案的基础上,充分听取各方意见,制定了《上海市环境空气质量重污染应急方案(暂行)》(以下简称《应急方案》)。     

吉林省有效应对重污染天气的实策分析

本文介绍了吉林省如何突出把握建立完善的应急预案体系、构建高效的预警监测体系、严格落实管控措施、实施"冬病夏治"、推动全民参与五个关键环节,以科学有效地应对重污染天气,有效回应群众对环境质量改善的诉求,最大程度保障群众身体健康,以为其他地方应对重污染天气提供参考。     

Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

浅谈如何做好孩子的入学准备

从幼儿园升入小学是孩子迈入知识殿堂的关键一步,也是孩子人生的一大转折。如何协助家长和教师,帮助孩子顺利实现这次转折是非常重要的。基于此目的,结合多年从事幼小教育工作的实际,并根据教育部颁布的《幼儿园教育指导纲要》精神,紧扣学前儿童的心理和学习特点,阐述如何让孩子在各方面得到系统的锻炼和提高,为顺利升入理想的小学、并尽快适应小学阶段的学习和生活做好准备。     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。