强化混凝与超滤组合工艺净化湘江水——采用不同混凝剂的比较

采用强化混凝-超滤组合工艺对湘江水进行了净化研究,通过加入不同的混凝剂[Al₂(SO₄)3·18H2O、FeCl₃]以及粉末活性炭(PAC),比较了三者对于湘江水的处理效果和对膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,混凝剂的选择与用量对水中污染物质的去除和膜过滤性能有很大的影响.经过组合工艺处理后,系统出水的浊度小于0.1NTU,TOC小于2mg/L,铁、锰的含量低于0.1mg/L.     

强化混凝处理滦河水的对比试验研究

采用3种混凝剂(三氯化铁(FeCl3)、高效聚合氯化铝(HPAC)、聚合氯化铝(PAC))对滦河水进行强化混凝中试对比试验研究。试验结果表明:在相同的混凝剂成本条件下,采用常规处理工艺时,PAC和HPAC对浊度的去除效果都很好,HPAC对CODMn和UV254的去除效果最好。在滦河水正常水质期,不同的投加量均能使出水浊度和CODMn达到《城市供水水质标准》(CJ/T206-2005)的要求。     

城市污水二级处理出水用于地下回灌的深度处理技术研究

采用混凝沉降-砂滤-活性炭吸附-消毒工艺,对模拟城市污水处理厂二级处理工艺的SBR中试系统的出水进行了深度处理实验研究。实验结果表明,深度处理后的出水所检测的浊度、pH、COD、NH3-N、细菌总数等5项指标已经达到了《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2006）。     

陶瓷膜组合工艺对自来水厂排泥水的处理效果

研究了陶瓷膜组合工艺对南方某自来水厂排泥水的净化处理效果,主要工艺单元包括混凝、臭氧氧化、超滤陶瓷膜与活性炭过滤,实现排泥水资源回收利用。采用规模为10 m3/d中试装置,陶瓷膜通量为100 L/（m2·h）,跨膜压差TMP<30 kPa。考察了组合工艺对浊度、色度、有机物（COD_Mn）、氨氮、土臭素（GSM）、二甲基三硫醚（DMTS）、2-甲基异莰醇（2-MIB）、药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）和内分泌干扰物（EDCs）等污染物的去除效果。结果表明:经中试工艺处理后,出水指标均达到GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》。中试工艺对浊度、色度、COD_Mn和氨氮的平均去除率分别为99%、100%、75.9%和72.3%,对PPCPs、EDCs、DMTS和2-MIB的平均去除率分别为95.4%、78.3%、90.3%和100%,处理效果显著优于该自来水厂现有排泥水处理工艺。原位臭氧氧化还能够有效缓解膜污染。中试结果表明,臭氧/陶瓷膜和活性炭过滤组合工艺回收处理自来水厂排泥水在技术上稳定可行。     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

石化废水深度处理及脱盐的中试研究

针对石化行业污水回用处理设施很快失效的现状,开发了“集成式悬浮载体生物氧化－砂滤－臭氧活性炭处理－超滤反渗透”的组合工艺对炼油厂外排水进行深度处理.连续7个月的中试结果表明,处理后外排水中COD、NH3-N、BOD5、油和浊度等均优于回用水标准,可作为工业循环冷却水、绿化用水和办公等用水;常规深度处理的出水经过超滤反渗透处理后,电导率稳定在35~40μS/cm,可作为动力车间的新鲜水,不会发生膜污染和堵塞问题.尽管外排水的水质波动很大,但是组合工艺运行稳定、可靠,具有突出的抗冲击性能.     

强化混凝去除微污染湖泊水浊度及TOC的研究

通过烧杯混凝试验和动态连续混凝试验,就混凝剂种类、投药量、pH值、水温等因素,研究强化混凝对水中浊度和TOC去除效果的影响。试验结果表明:PAC最佳投量为30mg/L,浊度去除率为90.19%,TOC去除率为38.2%,水温高于20℃时,聚合氯化铝对浊度和TOC去除率分别高达84.95%、33.18%以上。虽然pH值是影响有机物去除的主要参数,动态连续混凝试验表明,不改变pH值,强化混凝工艺依然能极大地改善出水水质,滤后水质浊度为0.1NTU,TOC为6.23mg/L。     

崇明东滩湿地植被类型和沉积特征对土壤碳、氮分布的影响

滨海湿地碳、氮储量的分布可能受盐沼植被和外源沉积物的综合影响.本文以长江口典型滨海湿地为研究对象,分别在崇明东滩湿地北部、中部和南部设置3条样线,根据外源沉积物的区域特征研究了3种主要盐沼植被(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter))和土壤中的有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的季节变化及空间特征.结果显示,崇明东滩湿地北、中部为淤积型滩涂,南部呈侵蚀态势.盐沼植被中芦苇和互花米草生物量TOC、TN累积量均显著高于海三棱藨草带.北、中样线的相同植被类型中的土壤TOC、TN显著高于南样线.高潮滩的芦苇带土壤TOC储量高于中潮滩的互花米草带,而互花米草带土壤TN储量略高于芦苇带,海三棱藨草带和光滩土壤TOC、TN储量最低.盐沼植被类型显著影响土壤各层次TOC和TN储量的分布,其中,0~10 cm层次储量受植被类型和表层外源沉积物空间特征的交互作用影响.     

Revealing the changes of bacterial community from water source to consumers tap: A full-scale investigation in eastern city of China

This study profiled the bacterial community variations of water from four water treatment systems, including coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation-biological activated carbon filtration (O₃-BAC), disinfection, and the tap water after the distribution process in eastern China. The results showed that different water treatment processes affected the bacterial community structure in different ways. The traditional treatment processes, including coagulation, sedimentation and sand filtration, reduced the total bacterial count, while they had little effect on the bacterial community structure in the treated water (before disinfection). Compared to the traditional treatment process, O₃-BAC reduced the relative abundance of Sphingomonas in the finished water. In addition, ozonation may play a role in reducing the relative abundance of Mycobacterium. NaClO and ClO₂ had different effects on the bacterial community in the finished water. The relative abundance of some bacteria (e.g. Flavobacterium, Phreatobacter and Porphyrobacter) increased in the finished water after ClO₂ disinfection. The relative abundance of Mycobacterium and Legionella, which have been widely reported as waterborne opportunistic pathogens, increased after NaClO disinfection. In addition, some microorganisms proliferated and grew in the distribution system, which could lead to turbidity increases in the tap water. Compared to those in the finished water, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Phreatobacter, Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter increased in the tap water disinfected with NaClO, while the relative abundance of Mycobacterium increased in the tap water disinfected with ClO₂. Overall, this study provided the detailed variation in the bacterial community in the drinking water system.     

改性凹凸棒土及粉末活性炭助凝聚硅硫酸铝消除微污染水中有机氯

以硅酸钠和硫酸铝为原料制备了聚硅硫酸铝絮凝剂(PASS),采用强化混凝的处理方法,对微污染水中有机氯(OCPs)的消除进行了研究.同时,考察了混凝剂投加量、pH值、原水浊度、粉末活性炭和改性凹凸棒土助凝剂等因素对OCPs消除效果的影响.结果表明:PASS投加量为5 mg·L-1时,OCPs的去除率可以达到57%~87%,浊度去除率可以达到99.1%,其效果好于聚合氯化铝(PAC);PASS混凝处理OCPs的最佳pH值范围是6~7;OCPs的去除与浊度的去除具有显著相关性,原水浊度的大小会影响OCPs的去除,低浊条件下OCPs和浊度的去除率明显低于中浊和高浊条件;粉末活性炭和改性凹凸棒土作为助凝剂与PASS复配均可显著提高OCPs的去除率,分别达到78%~100%和72%~95%.相较而言,凹凸棒土储量丰富,廉价易得,因此,以改性凹凸棒土替代粉末活性炭更有优势.     

活性炭-纳滤膜工艺去除饮用水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物

分别以地表水和地下水为水源的水厂出水为研究对象 ,探讨活性炭 纳滤膜工艺对饮用水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物的去除效果及机理 .结果表明 ,活性炭的吸附作用受其本身性质和有机物特性影响较大 ,去除能力有限 ,但它可作为纳滤的预处理 ,确保膜进水符合要求 ;纳滤则可将水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物大部分去除 ,使TA₉₈及TA₁₀₀菌株在各试验剂量下的MR值均小于 2 ,Ames试验结果均完全呈阴性 ,确保了饮用水的安全性 .两者的组合是获得优质饮用水的有效处理工艺 .     

GAC-石英砂生物过滤处理微污染源水的特性

通过试验探讨了颗粒活性炭(GAC)-石英砂生物过滤对湘江微污染源水的处理特性.结果表明,生物过滤具有良好的去浊特性,浊度的去除是传统吸附截留和生物吸附共同作用的结果;生物过滤可有效去除微污染源水中的有机物、NH₄⁺-N、Fe和Mn,提高饮用水生物稳定性;生物过滤对于分子量小于1000和分子量在3000～6000之间的有机物有较好的去除效果.     

饮用水快速砂滤池优势微生物群落的代谢功能解析

快速砂滤池广泛应用于饮用水处理中,其净水效能一直被认为是物理化学作用,而对滤池表面附着微生物的净水作用仍不明晰.为了解析滤池中微生物的群落构成和功能特征,研究对国内8个城市的11座饮用水快滤池的进出水和滤料进行采样分析.进出水水质分析结果表明经过滤池处理,溶解性有机碳(DOC)有少量去除,氨氮(NH_4~+-N)显著降低,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)显著增加,总氮(TN)未发生明显变化.利用宏基因组技术获得了滤池中微生物群落的构成和功能信息,滤池优势菌属(相对丰度占前10%)共14种,包括两类氨氧化细菌Nitrospira和Nitrosomonas.对优势菌属的功能基因信息进行分析,发现优势微生物菌群具有更高的碳水化合物、氮、硫和异生物质代谢功能丰度. Aeromonas的碳水化合物代谢基因相对丰度最高,Bradyrhizobium的氮、硫及异生物质代谢基因的相对丰度最高,说明这两种菌是影响饮用水水质的重要菌属.通过评价各个优势菌属对异生物质的代谢潜能,发现Bradyrhizobium、Sphingomonas、Methyloglobulus、Sphingopyxis和Klebsiella是饮用水快速砂滤池中降解微量有机污染物的关键菌.     

Estrogen-related receptor disruption of source water and drinking water treatment processes extracts

Environmental chemicals in drinking water can impact human health through nuclear receptors. Additionally, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting e ects. To date, however, ERR disruption of drinking water potency has not been reported. We used ERR two-hybrid yeast assay to screen ERR disrupting activities in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in north China and in source water from a reservoir, focusing on agonistic, antagonistic, and inverse agonistic activity to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Water treatment processes in the DWTP consisted of pre-chlorination, coagulation, coal and sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and secondary chlorination processes. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction. Results showed that ERR antagonistic activities were found in all sample extracts, but agonistic and inverse agonistic activity to 4-OHT was not found. When calibrated with the toxic equivalent of 4-OHT, antagonistic e uent e ects ranged from 3.4 to 33.1 g/L. In the treatment processes, secondary chlorination was e ective in removing ERR antagonists, but the coagulation process led to significantly increased ERR antagonistic activity. The drinking water treatment processes removed 73.5% of ERR antagonists. To our knowledge, the occurrence of ERR disruption activities on source and drinking water in vitro had not been reported previously. It is vital, therefore, to increase our understanding of ERR disrupting activities in drinking water.     

金盆水库汛期高浊水径流的潜入及热分层水体水质响应

以西安金盆水库为研究对象,在汛期通过对河流区至库区的水温、浊度、DO和营养盐等水质指标进行连续监测,探究降雨径流的潜入规律及热分层水体水质动态响应特性.结果表明:在外界气温变化条件下,水库出现季节性热分层现象.汛期径流的汇入导致下温跃层消亡,热分层稳定性减弱;汛期径流水体携带大量颗粒态营养盐物质和泥沙以异重流形式潜入,其流态从过渡区的底层潜流向主库区间层流转变,潜入初期间层流厚度达20m.降雨早期异重流的潜入导致中下层水体的TN、TP、TOC显著增加,水体平均TN、TP、TOC、浊度最高分别超出平时0.2,2,0.6,16倍,水质呈现短时高污染负荷.底层潜流水体水温较高,大量沉降于沉积物中的颗粒态污染物分解速率加快,內源污染负荷进一步提高,底层水体中TN、TP、TOC浓度高达1.88,0.05,4.6mg/L;汛期可通过分层取水方案和排放高浊水来保障供水安全.     

修复方式对滩涂贝类养殖底质TN、TP及TOC影响的室内模拟实验

通过室内模拟实验方法,探讨了物理修复方式(翻耕、压沙加翻耕)和投放双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)的生物修复方式下滩涂文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)养殖区底质中TN、TP及TOC含量的变化特征.结果表明,物理修复组中,翻耕20 cm组底质TN、TOC的去除效果及翻耕30cm和翻耕加压沙组底质TN、TP及TOC的去除效果较对照组均达到了显著水平(p0.05),且不同修复组对3种指标的去除率大小顺序一致,均表现为翻耕加压沙组最佳,翻耕30 cm组次之,翻耕20 cm组最差;生物修复组中,双齿围沙蚕对底质修复效果明显,0.28 kg·m-2密度组对TN、TP的去除效果及0.14 kg·m-2、0.21 kg·m-2密度组对TN、TP及TOC的去除效果均较对照组达到了显著水平(p0.05),其中,0.21 kg·m-2密度组对TN、TP及TOC的修复效果均最佳,而较高密度的0.28 kg·m-2组的修复效果反而降低,说明沙蚕总体修复效果并不完全随投放密度的增加而增强.     

高铁酸盐对藻类肝毒素的降解

研究高铁酸盐对悦目颤藻(Oscillatoria amoena)肝毒素(Microcystin-LR)的降解效能及其与pH的关系. 结果表明,处理有机质含量很高的藻类肝毒素粗提液,当高铁投加量增到40mg/L,pH控制在6～10,肝毒素几乎被完全降解.同时高铁的还原产物Fe³⁺、Fe(OH)₃发挥其助凝、絮凝的作用,对水体中有机质吸附沉降去除,TOC去除率达到50%左右,铁几乎无残留.高效液相色谱分析发现,作用机制可能是高铁氧化或异构化Adda基团的共轭双键,使Adda基团的结构发生变化,从而降低其毒性.     

混凝-吸附处理黄河水及对氯消毒中氯衰减的影响

选用2种无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理黄河水,考察了混凝剂的投加量对浊度、UV254、DOC和高锰酸盐指数的去除效果,并结合混凝出水的Zeta电位分析其混凝机制.选择粉末活性炭与混凝联用,研究了混凝剂和吸附剂投加量以及二者的投加顺序对有机物去除效果的影响,并对混凝吸附后出水进行加氯消毒,考察水中残余氯随时间的变化.结果表明,2种混凝剂均有较高的浊度去除率(﹥90%).PAC对UV254、高锰酸盐指数和DOC的去除率分别为29.2%、26.1%和27.9%;PFC对三者的去除率分别为32.3%、23.3%和32.9%.PAC在混凝过程中,电中和作用占主导地位;PFC在混凝过程中,吸附架桥和电中和同时发挥作用.混凝-吸附联用处理黄河水样时,有机物的去除率随混凝剂和吸附剂投加量的增加而升高.先混凝后吸附工艺对UV254和DOC的去除效果优于先吸附后混凝工艺.先使用PAC混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为95.2%和99.9%;对于PFC,先混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为90.1%和99.9%.但是先投加粉末活性炭能提高矾花的沉降性能,且处理出水在保持持续消毒效果方面优于前者.     

三峡库区消落带草本植物碳氮磷释放及影响因素

以三峡库区消落带优势草本植物狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、牛鞭草(Hemarthriaaltissima)、稗草(Echinochloacrusgalli)、狗尾草(Setariaviridis)和马唐(Digitariasanguinalis)为试验植物,在室内进行了为期60 d的淹水模拟试验,并对消落带优势草本植物淹水后TOC、TN和TP的释放特征及影响因素进行了研究. 结果表明:5种优势草本植物淹水后均可导致水中pH降低,TOC、TN和TP的U_max(最大单位累积释放量)分别为21.03~43.65、0.50~3.23和0.54~2.69 mg/g,U_max出现在淹水第15~20天,并且TOC、TN和TP的R(释放速率)差异显著;水体中微生物、水体温度和上覆水中ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)对植物淹水后TOC、TN和TP的释放均有一定影响. 在对消落带植被调查研究的基础上,根据淹水试验植物的U_max,对蓄水后三峡库区消落带植被TOC、TN、TP的释放量进行了估算,在蓄水后20 d内,消落带植被可向水体释放大量的TOC、TN和TP,蓄水初期可能会引起库区局部水域水质恶化,影响水库的水环境安全.