BTEX在乙醇汽油和传统汽油污染地下水中的衰减行为对比

地下燃油储藏罐泄漏造成苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）影响生态环境和公众健康的问题一直备受关注,随着乙醇汽油的推广使用,乙醇对BTEX修复策略的影响成为需要重视的新问题.为揭示乙醇汽油污染地下水中BTEX的衰减行为,本文通过室内两个独立砂槽投注实验和近3年的监测,对比了乙醇汽油和传统汽油中BTEX自然衰减和基于硫酸盐-硝酸盐补充的增强生物修复行为.结果表明,传统汽油BTEX自然衰减较快,乙醇汽油BTEX自然衰减较慢,一级衰减速率常数分别为0.0055~0.0329 d^-1和0.0045~0.0124 d^-1;苯衰减最快,其次为甲苯.补充硫酸盐和硝酸盐能促进生物修复,单独补充硫酸盐时其利用率为89.7%~92.9%,同时补充硝酸盐时硫酸盐利用被抑制,硝酸盐利用率为79.9%~87.2%.水位波动会促进BTEX溶解和迁移,增大质量通量.乙醇汽油不仅能消耗更多电子受体,使得BTEX衰减被抑制,而且可能会扩大水位波动引起的增溶效应.     

黄泥土不同粒径微团聚体对Cd2+的吸附与解吸研究

对采自太湖地区黄泥土进行了低能量超声波分离,采用平衡吸附法研究了不同粒径微团聚体颗粒对重金属Cd²⁺的吸附和解吸特点.结果表明,不同粒径微团聚体对Cd²⁺的吸附特性均符合Freundlich方程,模拟方程得到的K值介于152～503之间,以粘粒级和粗砂级为最大.微团聚体对Cd²⁺的吸附容量与其中游离氧化铁含量、CEC呈显著正相关.不同微团聚体Cd的解吸特点不同,粘粒级的解吸率仅为8.4%,远远低于其它粒径的微团聚体,这些结果有助于了解田间条件下土壤重金属化学行为和微观尺度的化学过程.     

Long-term tillage effects on atrazine and fluometuron sorption in Coastal Plain soils

Conservation tillage (CnT) management practices are known to increase levels of soil organic matter (SOM) in southeastern Coastal Plain soils. Plant residues in CnT systems accumulate at the surface and, with time, will form a layer enriched in SOM. The authors hypothesize that herbicide sorption will be highest in this SOM-enriched zone of CnT systems when compared to sorption at a similar depth in conventional tillage (CT) systems. The objective was to characterize the impact of two different tillage systems, CnT and CT, on sorption of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N′-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea] in plots of Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic Typic Kandiudult). The plots have been under CnT and CT management for 18 yrs. Bulk (0–15 cm) and five equal incremental soil samples to a 15 cm depth were collected from 10 CnT and 10 CT plots, and the atrazine (ATR) and fluometuron (FLMT) sorption coefficients (K_d) were measured using batch equilibration. Significantly higher herbicide K_d values occurred in the CnT 0–3 cm samples, indicating that the highest amount of herbicide sorption occurred in the top few cm of soil. This corresponded to the stratified soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in topsoil of the CnT plots. In addition, analyses of covariance using SOC as the covariant to test for tillage effects indicated complex interactions among SOC, tillage, and depth. Those results confirm that tillage and soil depth will affect SOC contents of a Norfolk loamy sand, which correspondly will influence the magnitude of ATR and FLMT sorption.     

Effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the “soft” carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coe cient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 0.007) g/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

Modeling the influence of ethanol on the adsorption and desorption of selected BTEX compounds on bentonite and kaolin

The study investigated the effects of ethanol on the adsorption properties of bentonite and kaolin for benzene and toluene removal.     

木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料生命周期排放多目标优化研究

建立了木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料生命周期排放单目标和多目标优化模型.以生命周期CO,NO_x,PM,HC,SO_x,CO₂排放为优化目标,对木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料生命周期排放进行了单目标及多目标优化,并进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明:多目标优化后木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料的混合比例为63%.与原始值相比,多目标优化后生命周期CO排放略有升高,NO_x升高15%,PM升高19%;生命周期HC、SO_x和CO₂分别降低8%、50%和21%.     

水溶性有机碳对菲吸附系数测定的影响

以菲为代表性化合物,利用摇瓶吸附实验研究土壤水分配体系中溶解态有机碳(DOC)对有机碳归一化吸附系数测定结果的影响.研究结果表明,在吸附系数测定过程中土壤溶出的DOC会导致水相中菲的浓度显著增加,很大程度上改变了菲在土水两相中的分配平衡,从而导致吸附系数的测定误差.根据文献报道的菲与DOC相互作用常数(K_doc)以及实测体系中DOC浓度可以对实验数据进行校正,以获得更为可靠的结果,本文对线性吸附系数和Freundlich吸附系数分别进行了校正,得到有机碳归一化的吸附系数lgKoc为4.35 ,lgK_Foc为7.01.校正前后的lgK_oc与文献数据的对比从侧面反映出在水土体系的吸附研究中可能普遍包含因不同浓度DOC影响所造成的偏差,考虑这种影响对于准确比较不同研究得到的吸附参数具有重要意义.     

土壤有机质和镉对金霉素吸附-解吸的影响

金霉素已经广泛应用于兽药生产和疾病治疗.由于动物废弃物的土地应用和其它输入来源,重金属与四环素类抗生素往往共存于土壤环境中.基于OECD 106号指导准则,采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了金霉素及其与镉复合后在褐土及去有机质褐土中的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,在单一和复合污染条件下,金霉素在褐土和去有机质褐土中的吸附和解吸等温线都可以用Freundlich模型进行良好地拟合.在金霉素单一污染和金霉素-镉复合污染条件下,去除有机质能够增加金霉素在褐土中的吸附容量(Kf)和吸附强度(1/n).金霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,在单一污染物情况下,金霉素在去有机质褐土的解吸滞后现象增强,其HI从0.81增加到1.06;而加镉后这种现象反而有所减弱,其HI从1.11减低到0.84.本研究为建立更加完善的模型以预测金霉素环境浓度或评价其环境风险,提供了可利用的数据和参数.     

Utilizing surfactants to control the sorption, desorption, and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil-water system

An integrative technology including the surfactant enhanced sorption and subsequentdesorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in the soil-water system was introduced and tested. For slightly contaminated agricultural soils, cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant- enhanced sorption of organic contaminants onto soils could reduce their transfer to plants, therefore safe-guarding agricultural production. After planting, residual surfactants combined with added nonionic surfactant could also promote thedesorption and biodegradation of residual phenanthrene, thus providing a cost-effective pollution remediation technology.0ur results showed that the cationic-nonionic mixed surfactantsdodecylpyridinium bromide (DDPB) and Triton X-100 (TX100) significantly enhanced soil retention of phenanthrene. The maximum sorption coefficient Kd* of phenanthrene for contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants was about24.5 times that of soils without surfactant (Kd ) and higher than the combined effects of DDPB and TX100 individually, which was about 16.7 and 1.5 times Kd , respectively.0n the other hand, TX100 could effectively remove phenanthrene from contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants, improving the bioavailability of organic pollutants. Thedesorption rates of phenanthrene from these treated soils were greater than 85% with TX100 concentration above2000 mg/L and approached 100% with increasing TX100 concentration. The biodegradation rates of phenanthrene in the presence of surfactants reached over 95% in30days. The mixed surfactants promoted the biodegradation of phenanthrene to some extent in 10-22days, and had no obvious impact on phenanthrene biodegradation at the end of the experiment. Results obtained from this study provide some insight for the production of safe agricultural products and a remediation scheme for soils slightly contaminated with organic pollutants.     

Sorption of chlorophenols onto fruit cuticles and potato periderm

To better understand the interaction mechanisms of plant surfaces with polar organic compounds, sorption of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by fruit cuticles (i.e., tomato, apple, and pepper), and potato tuber periderm were investigated. The roles of cuticular components (waxes, cutin, cutan and sugar) on sorption of chlorophenols are quantitatively compared. Cutin and waxes govern the sorption capacity of bulk apple cuticle by hydrophobic interactions. Potato periderm with highest sugar content exhibits the lowest sorption capability for the chlorophenols. With the increase of hydrophobicity (i.e., K_ow ) of sorbate, the relative contribution of lipophilic components (wax, cutin and cutan) on total sorption increases, however, the ratios of K_oc to K_ow decreases due to increasing ionization degree of sorbates.     

汽油车技术发展对尾气排放影响研究进展

近年来,汽油车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.为减少油耗、温室气体和大气污染物的排放,汽油直喷技术(GDI)、醇类燃料替代以及混合动力系统等新兴技术被应用到汽车产品中,该研究对GDI发动机汽车、醇类燃料车和混合动力车的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放研究进行梳理和总结,综合评估先进动力技术和醇类燃料的环境影响.结果表明:GDI汽油车的PM排放因子为进气道喷射(PFI)汽油车的1.2~5倍,加装汽油颗粒物捕集器(GPF)后GDI汽油车的PM排放大幅下降,同时具备催化能力的GPF可减少NO_x和THC排放.与汽油车相比,乙醇燃料车PM排放量减少了35%~56%,尾气THC排放减少了10%~44%,但挥发性有机物(VOCs)蒸发排放增加了20%~41%,其主要来自于日呼吸损失.各类型车辆的NO_x排放差异较小,比较结果存在一定的不确定性.混合动力车相比传统内燃机汽车污染物减排优势明显,可积极推广其在公共交通和私家车队中的应用.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①GDI和混合动力车在实际条件下排放污染物的环境影响;②醇类燃料车VOCs蒸发排放控制技术及相关法规标准的完善;③新兴技术汽油车排放污染物的生成机理及其影响因素.      

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

水稻秸秆主要组分的提取及其对芘的吸附作用

从水稻秸秆中提取主要组分--木质素、纤维素、半纤维素,利用元素分析和红外光谱对其性质进行了表征,并研究了芘在秸秆及其3种组分上的吸附行为.结果表明,各组分性质差异很大,木质素具有较高的芳香性和较低的极性,而纤维素和半纤维素具有较高的极性和脂肪性.不同组分对芘的吸附等温线均符合Freundlich方程,但吸附能力因其结构的差异而不同,木质素对芘的吸附能力最强, 吸附容量KF为5.04×104,比纤维素高100倍左右,而芘在半纤维素上的吸附能力略低于纤维素.低浓度(水相平衡浓度ce=0.01 Sw)下,秸秆对芘的吸附主要受木质素的控制,而且分配系数Kd略低于按照木质素质量分数计算的预测值,可能是由于木质素的烷基和芳香结构被周围的极性结构所覆盖.但在高浓度(ce = 0.5 Sw)时,秸秆对芘的吸附高于各组分的加和,芘向秸秆其他组分的分配作用不能忽略.芘在木质素上的吸附表现为非线性(非线性指数,n = 0.89),而其它3种吸附剂对芘的吸附更趋向于线性(n > 0.96).n值与芳香性呈负相关关系,而与极性呈正相关关系,表明芳香性导致的特殊作用力是造成吸附非线性的主要原因.有机碳标化分配系数Koc随吸附剂芳香性的增强而增大,但随极性的增强而减小.     

Fossil energy,environmental and cost performance of ethanol in Thailand

This study aims to perform a life cycle analysis of the environmental benefits and limitations of using ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel in Thailand. In particular, the analysis compares the life cycle fossil energy use, air emissions and social costs of cassava-based gasohol E10 with those of gasoline. The results of the study show that, along its whole life cycle, E10 consumes less fossil oil (6.3%) and produces lesser amounts of CO₂ (6.4%), CH₄ (6.2%), CO (15.4%) and NO_x (15.8%) than CG. Including externalities substantially changes the cost performance in favor of ethanol. After environmental costs are added, the cost of E10 and of gasoline become equal to each other whilst before that, E10 is more costly.     

Effects of different mixing ratios on emissions from passenger cars fueled with methanol/gasoline blends

The effects of different mixing ratios of methanol/gasoline blends and new three-way catalytic converter on regulated and unregulated emissions, especially VOC and carbonyl compound emissions were investigated.     

生物质炭施用对土壤中氯虫苯甲酰胺吸附及消解行为的影响

分别在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中添加0.5%(质量分数)生物质炭,采用批处理等温吸附实验及室内消解实验测定了CAP的吸附等温线及消解动态,目的是揭示不同类型土壤中施用生物质炭对残留CAP的环境行为影响规律,为评估生物质炭田间施用综合生态效应,评价土壤残留CAP的环境污染风险提供理论依据.结果表明,生物质炭施用可提高土壤对CAP的吸附活性,但提高程度因土壤性质不同而异.有机质含量较高的黑土中添加生物质炭,吸附农药Kd值提高了2.17%,而有机质含量较低的潮土添加等量生物质炭后则提高了139.13%.生物质炭施入土壤后其对农药吸附活性受到不同程度抑制.与施入土壤前比较,生物质炭施入黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中后吸附常数KF,biochar分别降低了96.94%、90.6%、91.31%、68.26%和34.59%.CAP在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中的消解半衰期为115.52、133.30、154.03、144.41和169.06 d,而在添加生物质炭的土壤中消解半衰期分别延长了20.39、35.76、38.51、79.19和119.75 d.与吸附实验结果一致,生物质炭施入黑土对延缓农药土壤消解作用最小,而潮土中施入生物质炭效果最明显.本研究表明生物质炭施入土壤后可增强对农药的吸附作用,延缓农药的土壤消解,但影响程度与土壤性质有关.     

控制车用汽油有害物质降低机动车排放

首先介绍了汽油成分的基本特性,及不同组分对于排放的影响。汽油组成中硫对汽车排放影响较大;芳烃和苯的排放对人体徤康有害;烯烃不仅是影响发动机喷嘴进气阀及燃烧室沉积物生成的重要因素,而且影响光化学烟雾的形成。中国汽油的特点是烯烃含量高,芳烃和苯含量低,硫含量有上升的趋势。还介绍了国外汽油组成的变化趋势和发展动向,根据上述特点,在《车用汽油有害物质控制标准》中对9项指标提出了上限值:苯为2.5%;烯烃为35%;芳烃为40%;锰为18 mg/L;铅为13 mg/L;磷为1.3 mg/L;硫为0.08 % ;铁和铜不得检出。      

车用乙醇汽油和无铅汽油对电喷汽车排放性能的影响

分别对电喷车长时间燃用乙醇汽油、无铅汽油前后的喷油器流量进行了测试,并采用轻型汽车整车排放测试系统对燃用不同油时的主要污染排放物HC、CO和NO_x进行了分析.结果表明:与无铅汽油相比,乙醇汽油能有效降低发动机排放的CO和HC(均约10%)及经过三元催化转化器作用后HC、CO和NO_x的排放,燃用无铅汽油时整车在装有三元催化转化器下的排放达到或接近欧洲1号排放标准,换用乙醇汽油后,CO降低较明显,达30%左右,HC和NO_x分别降低约18%、10%,此时排放在欧洲1号排放标准之上或接近欧洲2号排放标准;乙醇汽油还具有优于无铅汽油的其它性能,如对喷油器有轻微的清净作用,发动机排放的CO和HC恶化趋势较慢,延长三元催化转化器的使用寿命.     

Effect of background electrolytes on the adsorption of nitroaromatic compounds onto bentonite

To further elucidate interaction of nitroaromatic compounds with mineral surface, the sorption of m-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB) and nitrobenzene to original bentonite in aqueous solution containing di erent electrolytes (i.e., KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2 and Tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB)) was studied. The sorption of m-DNB was greatly enhanced with the presence of KCl and NH4Cl, while little influence was observed with CaCl2 and TMAB, following the order of KCl > NH4Cl TMAB, CaCl2, or DI water. For nitrobenzene, sorption enhancement only occurred at high nitrobenzene concentrations in the presence of KCl, and the solute equilibrium concentration at inflexion point was lowered with increasing KCl concentration. These sorption enhancements were significantly promoted with the increase of electrolyte concentration. The salting-out e ect is insu cient to account for the sorption enhancement by original bentonite with increasing KCl or NH4Cl concentration. X-ray di raction patterns of bentonite suspensions indicated that the sorption enhancement of m-DNB was attributed to the intercalation of K+ or NH4 + into bentonite interlayer and then dehydration with m-DNB to form inner-sphere complexes, which caused previously expanded bentonite interlayers to collapse in aqueous suspension, thus further enhanced the interaction of phenyl with siloxane surface. In comparison, the sorption enhancement of NB is attributed to the formation of outer-sphere complexes with K+ at high solute-loadings (> 200–400 mg/kg). The sorption of m-DNB to initially modified TMA+-bentonite and K+-bentonite was almost the same as respective sorption to original bentonite in solution containing TMA+ and K+.     

不同来源土样胶体对氯霉素吸附行为的影响

选取不同来源沉积物或土壤样品（沉积物A1和A2,天然土壤B1和B2,市售营养土B3）,采用切向超滤与多种纳米分析技术相结合的方法,分析了不同土样中胶体的理化特征及其对氯霉素（CAP）吸附行为的影响.荧光区域积分法结果显示,土样胶体的荧光组分以色氨酸类蛋白质、类富里酸和类腐殖酸为主,络氨酸类蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢物质存在较少.吸附实验结果表明,B3胶体对CAP的吸附率最大（36.25%）,在胶体浓缩液和超滤液中的分配比例最高（1.91）,但其有机碳归一化结合系数最低（3.93）.与天然土壤相比,河湖沉积物胶体的吸附率较高,但其与CAP的结合能力却较低.冗余分析结果表明,胶体对CAP的吸附主要与其芳香度、有色溶解性有机质丰度、溶解性有机碳浓度及分子量有关;此外,胶体的腐殖化程度、芳环上羧基、羰基等官能团的比重及荧光物质中溶解性微生物代谢产物和类腐殖酸对CAP的吸附行为也具有较大影响.