Microbial community functional structure in response to micro-aerobic conditions in sulfate-reducing sulfur-producing bioreactor

Limited oxygen supply to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems had been demonstrated as an effective strategy to improve elemental sulfur(S0) recovery, coupling sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation. However, little is known about the impact of dissolved oxygen(DO) on the microbial functional structures in these systems. We used a high throughput tool(GeoChip) to evaluate the microbial community structures in a biological desulfurization reactor under micro-aerobic conditions(DO: 0.02–0.33 mg/L). The results indicated that the microbial community functional compositions and structures were dramatically altered with elevated DO levels. The abundances of dsrA/B genes involved in sulfate reduction processes significantly decreased(p 0.05, LSD test) at relatively high DO concentration(DO: 0.33 mg/L). The abundances of sox and fccA/B genes involved in sulfur/sulfide oxidation processes significantly increased(p 0.05, LSD test) in low DO concentration conditions(DO: 0.09 mg/L) and then gradually decreased with continuously elevated DO levels. Their abundances coincided with the change of sulfate removal efficiencies and elemental sulfur(S0) conversion efficiencies in the bioreactor. In addition, the abundance of carbon degradation genes increased with the raising of DO levels, showing that the heterotrophic microorganisms(e.g., fermentative microorganisms) were thriving under micro-aerobic condition. This study provides new insights into the impacts of micro-aerobic conditions on the microbial functional structure of sulfatereducing sulfur-producing bioreactors, and revealed the potential linkage between functional microbial communities and reactor performance.     

包埋固定化微生物的硫自养反硝化实验研究

采用升流式颗粒污泥床,外加Na<,2>S<,2>O<,3>作为电子供体,在室温下连续运行220 d,结合硫自养反硝化与固定化包埋技术进行脱氮实验,考察包埋颗粒的驯化条件、影响因素和最佳运行条件.进水负荷(以N计)维持0.22 kg/(m<'3>·d),包埋颗粒经23 d驯化成功,NO<'-><,3>-N(100 mg/...     

影响一体式好氧膜生物反应器膜清洗周期的几个因素

一体式好氧中空纤维膜生物反应器不同操作条件下处理生活污水的试验结果表明,在膜通量１０．４Ｌ／ｍ＾２．ｈ）污泥龄２０ｄ,污泥去除负荷（ＣＯＤ／ＶＳＳ）为０．２２ｋｇ（ｋｇ．ｄ）的正常稳定运行条件下,该系统可在整个膜寿命期限内（３－５ａ）不同洗燕得到优质出水;ＣＯＤ〈２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,无色无味透明,未检出大肠杆菌,其中,污泥去除负荷,系统运行稳定状况和反应器流态是影响膜清洗周期     

缺氧附着生长反应器同步脱氮除硫除碳运行效果探讨

在缺氧环境下,应用附着生长反应器,通过降低水力停留时间增加进水底物负荷,对废水中硫化物,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和有机物等污染物质的降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,进水硫化物、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和有机物浓度分别为200、52.5、20和20mg/L,去除率分别达到99%、99%、95.5%和80%,实现了兼养脱硫反硝化氮、硫、碳的同步去除.随着底物负荷的增大,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对冲击负荷的适应性逐渐变小;硝酸盐降解对进水负荷冲击的适应性强于亚硝酸盐;与增加进水负荷对反应器带来的冲击相比,缺氧环境的破坏对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的降解影响大;去除硫化物的60%被生物氧化为单质硫;缺氧反应器中发生了自养反硝化和异养反硝化作用,自养反硝化占主导地位,异养反硝化的发生力度为21.76%.     

Anoxic gas recirculation system for fouling control in anoxic membrane reactor

Anoxic gas recirculation system was applied to control the membrane fouling in pilot-scale 4-stage anoxic membrane bioreactor(MBR). In the anaerobic-anoxic-anoxic-aerobic flow scheme,hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane(0.2 μm, 7.2 m2/module) was submerged in the second anoxic zone. During 8 months operation, the average flux of the membrane was 21.3L/(m2·hr). Chemical cleaning of the membrane was conducted only once with sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration in the second anoxic zone was maintained with an average of 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the headspace gas in the second anoxic reactor was mainly consisted of N2(93.0% ± 2.5%), O2(3.8% ± 0.6%), and CO2(3.0% ± 0.5%), where the saturation DO concentration in liquid phase was 1.57 mg/L. Atmospheric O2 content(20.5% ± 0.8%) was significantly reduced in the anoxic gas. The average pH in the reactor was 7.2 ± 0.4. As a result, the recirculation of the anoxic gas was successfully applied to control the membrane fouling in the anoxic MBR.     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

厌氧膜生物反应器出水生物脱氮技术研究

为解决AnMBR（厌氧膜生物反应器）出水NH₄+脱除的问题,提出利用AnMBR出水中残余COD_Cr、溶解性CH₄以及低价态硫元素,通过构建缺氧滤池和好氧滤池进行生物异养和硫自养脱氮的方法,进一步削减AnMBR出水COD_Cr、去除溶解性CH₄、同时同步生物脱氮.结果表明:①缺氧滤池与好氧滤池经过120 d单独驯化与33 d串联驯化后,在HRT（hydraulic retention time,水力停留时间）为6 h、进水为实际AnMBR出水的工况条件下,出水ρ（TN）为17.93 mg/L,去除率为52.7%;出水ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.78 mg/L,去除率为92.3%,达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B标准.在HRT为8 h工况条件下,出水ρ（TN）为14.60 mg/L,去除率为59.0%;出水ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.22 mg/L,去除率为93.7%,达到GB 18918-2002一级A标准.②脱氮滤池中氮脱除路径主要包括残余COD_Cr异养反硝化、溶解性CH₄异养反硝化和硫自养反硝化,并通过物料衡算评价了三者对于氮脱除的贡献,在HRT为6 h的工况条件下,脱氮滤池脱氮过程中残余COD_Cr异养反硝化、溶解性CH₄异养反硝化和硫自养反硝化三者占比分别为54.1%、24.3%和21.5%;在HRT为8 h的工况条件下,脱氮滤池脱氮过程中3种途径占比分别为70.4%、13.8%和15.8%.研究显示,脱氮滤池可以实现对AnMBR出水的低耗生物脱氮以及整体水质的达标排放.      

控制低溶解氧实现亚硝化的稳定性

以A/O除磷工艺的二级出水为进水,通过低溶解氧控制,实现了亚硝酸盐的稳定积累.为研究系统的稳定性,从3个方面分别研究了总氮损失、水力停留时间(HRT)和回流比(R)对稳定亚硝化的影响.结果表明,系统的表观亚硝化率受COD浓度影响,COD≤50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率降低,COD50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率会增加;延长和缩短HRT都对稳定亚硝化存在正反两方面影响,应根据实际情况进行动态控制;提高回流比会增加破坏稳定亚硝化的风险,以较低回流比0.5为宜.另外,低溶解氧浓度不会降低系统的亚硝化效率,在HRT=6h,R=0.5,t为22～24℃条件下,平均氨氮去除率达83%,氨氮去除负荷为0.28kg/(kg·d),亚硝酸盐积累率接近100%.     

微压流化式复合生物反应器处理含酚废水效能的研究

通过连续动态试验,对新型微压流化式复合生物反应器(MP-FHBR)处理模拟苯酚废水的效能进行研究.结果表明,MP-FHBR的COD容积负荷可达4.86kg/(m3·d)、苯酚容积负荷可达1.96kg/(m3·d),出水COD低于200mg/L、出水苯酚浓度低于1mg/L,COD和苯酚去除率分别达到90%和99%以上.当苯酚容积负荷达到2.04kg/(m3·d),苯酚在反应器中逐渐累积,反应器内微生物的TTC-比脱氢酶活性下降.当MP-FHBR进水苯酚浓度为800mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为9～10h.水力负荷对反应器沉淀池的泥水分离效果影响较大,限制了反应器的进水量,所以MP-FHBR主要适用于处理较高浓度的含酚废水.     

无排泥运行下膜生物反应器的硝化代谢产物及细菌活性

采用膜生物反应器处理人工配制的无机NH₄⁺-N废水,在NH₄⁺-N浓度为500mg/L、无排泥条件下运行200d(HRT从30h逐步降至7h),系统内污泥浓度从最初的4 500mg/L上升至10 500mg/L.但是,单位污泥中以INTF吸光值表达的活性硝化菌数并未增加,从最初的23×10^-3降至1×10^-3;总NH₄⁺-N转化速率也从2.1kg/(L·d)降至1.5kg/(L·d).同时,反应器中胞外分泌产物(ECP)(糖和蛋白之和反应)从300 mg/L升至600mg/L. 利用上清液以及ECP提取液进行的批量试验结果表明,ECP过多抑制了硝化细菌活性.     

Performance of a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process for treating wastewater with different substrates at ambient temperature

The stability and parameters of a bio-ceramic filter for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal were investigated.The completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) reactor was fed with different concentrations of ammonia(400,300,and 200mg N/L) but constant influent ammonia load.The results showed that the CANON system can achieve good treatment performance at ambient temperature(15-23°C).The average removal rate and removal loading of NH4+-N and TN was 83.90%,1.26kg N/(m3·day),and 70.14%,1.09kg N/(m3·day),respectively.Among the influencing factors like pH,dissolved oxygen and alkalinity,it was indicated that the pH was the key parameter of the performance of the CANON system.Observing the variation of pH would contribute to better control of the CANON system in an intuitive and fast way.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of microorganisms further revealed that there were some significant changes in the community structure of ammonium oxidizing bacteria,which had low diversity in different stages,while the species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing(anammox) bacteria were fewer and the community composition was relatively stable.These observations showed that anaerobic ammonia oxidation was more stable than the aerobic ammonia oxidation,which could explain that why the CANON system maintained a good removal efficiency under the changing substrate conditions.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物颗粒化及其脱氮性能的研究

利用厌氧颗粒污泥作为种泥,启动SBR反应器,旨在培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥以及研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)是富集厌氧氨氧化微生物的1个重要控制因素,以HRT为30 d,第58 d时,SBR反应器就出现厌氧氨氧化现象,与此同时,颗粒污泥由灰黑色变为棕褐色,粒径减小.到第90 d时,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N同时被去除,最大去除速率分别达到14.6 g/(m³·d)和6.67 g/(m³·d).从第110　d开始,逐步降低HRT,以提高基质负荷促进厌氧氨氧化菌生长.到目前t＝156　d,HRT降到5　d,氨氮和亚硝酸氮的去除率分别达到60.6%和62.5%,亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.12.污泥也由棕褐色变为红棕色,形成红棕色的具有高厌氧氨氧化活性颗粒污泥,总氮负荷达到34.3 g/(m³·d).     

Performance study and kinetic modeling of hybrid bioreactor for treatment of bi-substrate mixture of phenol-m-cresol in wastewater: Process optimization with response surface methodology

Performance of a hybrid reactor comprising of trickling filter(TF) and aeration tank(AT) unit was studied for biological treatment of wastewater containing mixture of phenol and m-cresol,using mixed microbial culture.The reactor was operated with hydraulic loading rates(HLR) and phenolics loading rates(PLR) between 0.222-1.078m3/(m2·day) and 0.900-3.456kg/(m3·day),respectively.The efficiency of substrate removal varied between 71%-100% for the range of HLR and PLR studied.The fixed film unit showed better substrate removal efficiency than the aeration tank and was more resistant to substrate inhibition.The kinetic parameters related to both units of the reactor were evaluated and their variation with HLR and PLR were monitored.It revealed the presence of substrate inhibition at high PLR both in TF and AT unit.The biofilm model established the substrate concentration profile within the film by solving differential equation of substrate mass transfer using boundary problem solver tool ’bvp4c’ of MATLAB 7.1 software.Response surface methodology was used to design and optimize the biodegradation process using Design Expert 8 software,where phenol and m-cresol concentrations,residence time were chosen as input variables and percentage of removal was the response.The design of experiment showed that a quadratic model could be fitted best for the present experimental study.Significant interaction of the residence time with the substrate concentrations was observed.The optimized condition for operating the reactor as predicted by the model was 230mg/L of phenol,190mg/L of m-cresol with residence time of 24.82 hr to achieve 99.92% substrate removal.     

GeoChip-based analysis of the microbial community functional structures in simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification process

The elemental sulfur （S^0） recover）, was evaluated in the presence of hi,ate in two development models of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification （SDD） process. At the loading rates of 0.9 kg S/（m^3.day） for sulfide and 0.4 kg N/（m^3.day） for nitrate, SO conversion rate was 91.1% in denitrifying sulfide removal （DSR） model which was higher than in integrated simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification （ISDD） model （25.6%）. A comprehensive analysis of functional diversity, structure and metabolic potential of microbial communities was examined in two models by using functional gene array （GeoChip 2.0）. GeoChip data indicated that diversity indices, community structure, and abundance of functional genes were distinct between two models. Diversity indices （Simpson＇s diversity index （1/D） and Shannon-Weaver index （H′）） of all detected genes showed that with elevated infiuent loading rate, the functional diversity decreased in ISDD model but increased in DSR model. In contrast to ISDD model, the overall abundance of dsr genes was lower in DSR model, while some functional genes targeting from nitrate-reducing sulfide-oxidizingbacteria {NR-SOB）, such as Thiobacillus denitrficans, Sulfurimonas denitrificans, and Paracoccus pantotrophus were more abundant in DSR model which were highly associated with the change of SO conversion rate obtained in two models. The results obtained in this study provide additional insights into the microbial metabolic mechanisms involved in ISDD and DSR models, which in turn will improve the overall performance of SDD process.     

上流式多级厌氧反应器（UMAR）处理木薯淀粉废水的研究

对自行研制的上流式多级厌氧反应器（UMAR）处理木薯淀粉废水的启动和运行特性进行了研究.结果表明,UMAR反应器启动周期短,易培养出活性高的颗粒污泥,经过40 d的运行,COD去除率可达84%,VSS/TSS由78%增加到90.4%.UMAR处理效率高,水力停留时间（HRT）为4 h,进水COD为6 250 mg/L,容积负荷为24 kg/(m³·d)时, COD去除率在75%以上.UMAR反应器对负荷提高、低pH冲击、进水水质的改变表现出良好的耐受能力.     

不同工况耦合生物反应器处理低C/N比生活污水试验

在全程好氧工况或低氧+厌氧+好氧工况下,采用耦合生物反应器处理低CN生活污水和污泥减量的试验结果表明:在进水CODCr负荷0.80～1.20kg(m3·d)、NH+4N浓度70～90mgL、TN浓度75～110mgL、HRT=8h、温度约25℃条件下,CODCr和NH4N去除率均可达85%和90%以上;采用低氧+厌氧+好氧工况较全程好氧工况具有更高的TN去除率和更低的污泥产率,其TN去除率高达81.1%,污泥产率为0.065kgkg。     

内循环移动床生物膜反应器的研究与应用

对传统移动床生物膜反应器进行改进,开发了内循环移动床生物膜反应器,通过处理模拟生活污水的研究,考察了反应器去除有机物和脱氮的能力。结果表明,在填料投加率为35%、进水COD为200～800mg/L、HRT为6h、有机负荷为0.8～3.2kg/(m.3d)的条件下,系统COD的去除率在89%以上;同时反应器具有良好的同步硝化反硝化脱氮能力,在DO为2.0mg/L、C/N为25、HRT为6h的条件下,NH4-N和TN的平均去除率分别可以达到98%和93%。另外,内循环移动床生物膜反应器与移动床生物膜反应器的对比实验结果表明,前者对COD和氮的去除效果都优于后者。     

高效填料塔生物反应器处理制药废水处理厂含硫臭气

采用装有特制ZX01型填料的生物反应器,对某药厂废水处理厂产生的含硫臭气进行了近4个月的连续脱臭试验.结果表明:该填料塔生物反应器的最大容积负荷N_v≤204g/(m³·h)时,H₂S去除率接近100%,H₂S代谢产物主要以SO₄^2-为主.采用少量含N、P等营养物的二次沉淀池出水为喷淋水,其最适喷淋率为3.56L/(L·d).该填料塔有较强的抗负荷冲击能力,塔内阻抗低,无堵塞现象,无需经常进行反冲洗,可长期稳定运行.     

厌氧过程在厌氧－好氧工艺处理染料工业废水中的作用

采用厌氧－好氧工艺处理一种染料工业废水,在进水COD为1200mg／L,色度为500倍时,厌氧段有机负荷(COD)小于5．3kg／(m-3·d),水力停留时间6～10h,好氧段水力停留时间6．5h的条件下,出水COD＜200mg／L,色度＜50倍,达到了排放标准。同时,还着重讨论了厌氧段在去除COD、色度以及提高废水在好氧条件下的可生化性方面的独特作用。      

Petro-chemical wastewater treatment by biological process

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