工业循环冷却水处理技术研究动态

目前工业循环水处理技术主要有药剂处理、磁化处理和臭氧处理,其中药剂处理最为常用。近年来,药剂作用机理研究日趋深化,药剂合成、检验与复配技术也得到较大发展;同时,水处理技术的发展为循环水水质稳定技术注入了新的活力,磁化处理、臭氧处理技术也相继运用到工业循环水处理技术中来,并取得了较好效果。     

反应气耦合等离子体降解沙林模拟剂

采用水蒸气、氨气、过氧化氢气雾和臭氧4种气体对沙林模拟剂氟磷酸二异丙酯(DFP)进行降解研究,发现臭氧对DFP具有较好的降解作用,在流量200 L/h,DFP初始浓度50 mg/m3时,降解率最高可达56.1%。对高浓度DFP(大于80 mg/m3)进行降解研究时,等离子体单独作用最高降解率为89%,而添加臭氧后的降解率都在95%以上。计算得到臭氧作用的能量利用率为0.05 mg/(W·h),等离子体的能量利用率为0.55 mg/(W·h),而添加臭氧后的等离子体能量利用率为0.68 mg/(W·h)明显高于臭氧和等离子体能量利用率之和,因此对高浓度DFP进行处理时,臭氧与等离子体存在耦合作用。对等离子体和臭氧耦合等离子体降解DFP反应进行了产物分析,发现主要的降解产物基本一致,但是臭氧的存在能使降解更加彻底。     

电化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液

实验利用电化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,以提高废水的可生化性。研究考察了水力停留时间、进水流量、循环流量、电流强度和原水氯离子浓度对有机物去除的影响。研究结果表明,电化学氧化法的最佳运行条件如下:水力停留时间为3 h,进水流量为1 m3/h,循环流量为15 m3/h,电流强度为420 A。在上述条件下,原水COD浓度从3 100mg/L降到1 311.3 mg/L,去除率达到57.7%,BOD/COD值由0.03提升至0.31。氯离子对电解有促进作用,但原水氯离子浓度超过5 000 mg/L,不需要外加工业盐。     

新型内循环生物流化床处理豆制品废水研究

对采用射流曝气的新型内循环三相生物流化床处理豆制品废水进行了研究。结果表明 :间歇运行时 ,当循环水浓度在 30 0 0～ 4 0 0 0mg/L、循环流量在 10 0～ 2 0 0L/h之间 ,曝气量在 4 0～ 6 0L/h时 ,COD去除率可达到 95 %以上 ,去除容积负荷达到 10kg/m3 ·d以上 ;连续运行时 ,在进水流量 10 0L/h、COD <4 0 0mg/L时 ,出水COD可以达标     

山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域城市污水处理厂运行效果及费用分析

对山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域内某具有代表性的县级城市污水处理厂的进水特征、运行效果和处理费用进行了分析。结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂进水污染物浓度远低于设计指标。(2)该污水处理厂2012年单位水处理平均耗电量为0.267kW·h/m3,略低于国内单位水处理平均耗电量水平,略高于发达国家单位水处理平均耗电量水平,仍具有节能潜力。该污水处理厂单位水处理耗电量与单位水处理COD削减量呈线性相关,可通过COD进出水浓度及耗电量—污染物削减量线性关系式近似估算污水处理的耗电量。(3)该污水处理厂单位水处理总费用约0.58元/m3,其中电费和设备折旧费分别占单位水处理总费用的53.99%和33.67%,为污水处理厂运行费用的主要构成部分。     

一种缺氧型生物滴滤塔对硫化氢去除的最佳反应条件

取自污水处理厂二沉池活性污泥载入生物滴滤塔中,与传统生物滴滤塔对比,考察了在缺氧条件下微生物对H2S的去除效率,最适工艺运行条件及影响因素,实验结果表明,最佳工艺运行条件:温度为30℃,pH 6.0,H2S入口浓度C1=1 000 mg/m3、C2=2 000 mg/m3、C3=3 000 mg/m3,对应的最适气体流量和循环液喷淋量分别为35～55 L/h、45 L/h、55L/h和20 L/h、40 L/h、50 L/h,该生物滴滤塔最高H2S负荷率可达6.9 g/(m3.h),具有较高的H2S去除效率,最适工艺运行条件的确定对实际大中型沼气发酵池净化配套系统具有一定的指导意义。     

封闭式循环水养殖系统水处理效率及半滑舌鳎养殖效果分析

测定了封闭式循环水生产性半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)养殖系统和流水养殖系统各水处理单元水质指标以及鱼的生长、免疫和消化指标.结果表明,封闭式循环水养殖系统经过25 d的运行,生物滤池出水NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO34--P、COD及SS浓度显著低于养鱼池中NH4+-N、...     

循环水养殖系统中流化床水处理性能及硝化动力学分析

为综合评价流化床生物滤器的水处理性能,选用玻璃珠和石英砂为生物填料,将两滤器应用于罗非鱼循环水养殖系统,探讨了其对养殖水体中营养盐和有机物的去除效果。结果表明,两滤器经过4周的流水挂膜后,生物膜稳定成熟,通过扫描电镜观察填料表面,发现挂膜前后载体表面发生了显著的变化。在优化工况下,以玻璃珠为填料的滤器对TAN的平均去除负荷达到了(346.8±150.5)g/(m3·d),显著高于以石英砂为填料的滤器,但两滤器对COD、BOD5和PO3-4-P的去除率无显著差别,去除率稳定于20%~21.4%、50.1%~58.4%和7.9%~31.9%之间,显示出较好的水处理性能,出水水质符合罗非鱼生长要求。最后,基于Monod方程,拟合了实际工况下以玻璃珠为填料流化床生物滤器的硝化动力学方程,为该滤器在循环水养殖系统中的高效运行和应用提供一定的技术支撑。     

温度对臭氧氧化再生水的影响

以再生水厂进水、混凝沉淀出水和微滤出水作为实验对象,对比研究了温度对臭氧氧化效果的影响。结果表明,对于3种不同水质的再生水而言,臭氧对色度、UV_(254)和UV_(410)的去除存在最佳温度。在臭氧投加量为5 mg·L~(-1)及停留时间为20 min的条件下,原水水质越好,臭氧氧化处理的最佳温度越低,并且臭氧灭菌效果越好。24℃以下时臭氧再生水的灭菌率均为100%。随水温升高,臭氧灭菌效果稍有减弱,但都高于98%。     

用于气溶胶采样预分离的直流式旋风分离器

频繁的滤材堵塞是大气气溶胶采样器(流量大于500 m3/h)运行中常见的问题,安装预分离器是缓解这一问题的有效途径之一。研究了可用于这种气溶胶取样器预分离的旋风分离器,确定了使用轴流进气直流式的结构。在惯性分离理论的基础上,提出了切割粒径的计算方法。建立了流量为700～800 m3/h的预分离器性能测试装置和方法,并对3个旋风分离器性能进行了测试。实验结果表明:3个旋风分离器的切割粒径在12～14.5μm,与计算较好地符合;性能最佳的旋风分离器的切割粒径为14.5μm,10μm颗粒的透过率为73%,符合技术要求。     

臭氧-氯联合灭活饮用水中枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢的研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢为模型微生物,研究了实际水体中单独氯消毒、单独臭氧消毒和臭氧-自由氯联合作用的灭菌效果.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢对单独氯消毒的抗性很大,6 mg/L氯作用240 min后灭活率仅为0.84个对数级;臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢有较好的灭活效果,臭氧作用5 min,对其有4.68个对数级的灭活率.与单独氯消...     

The potential of statistical state space models in urban ozone forecasting

State space models for tropospheric urban ozone prediction are introduced and compared with linear regression models. The linear and non-linear state space models make accurate short-term predictions of the ozone dynamics. The average prediction error one hour in advance is 7 μg/m³ and increases logarithmically with time until it reaches 26 μg/m³ after 30 days. For a given sequence of solar radiation inputs, predictions converge exponentially with a time scale of 8 hours, so that the model is insensitive to perturbations of more than 150 μg/m³ O₃. The slow increase of the prediction error in addition to the uniqueness of the prediction are encouraging for applications of state space models in forecasting ozone levels when coupled with a model that predicts total radiation. Since a radiation prediction model will be more accurate during cloud-free conditions, in addition to the fact that the state space models perform better during the summer months, state space models are suitable for applications in sunny environments.     

A2/O-MBR工艺处理低负荷污水并回用

将A²/O生物处理单元与MBR相结合构建了的处理能力为2 000 m³/d的A²/O-MBR工艺,并应用于缺水地区校园生活污水的处理与回用。该系统运行稳定,运行阶段的实验结果表明,在进水COD为100~200 mg/L、NH₄⁺-N为19~33 mg/L、TN为25~43 mg/L、TP为3~5 mg/L和低碳氮比的情况下,出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》 (GB/T 18920-2002) 的要求,且全部用于杂用及校园绿化等。经分析该工艺运行成本为0.96 元/m³,每年可节省自来水73万t,获得较好的环境效益与经济效益。     

Ozone reactions with indoor materials during building disinfection

There is scant information related to heterogeneous indoor chemistry at ozone concentrations necessary for the effective disinfection of buildings, i.e., hundreds to thousands of ppm. In the present study, 24 materials were exposed for 16 h to ozone concentrations of 1000–1200 ppm in the inlet streams of test chambers. Initial ozone deposition velocities were similar to those reported in the published literature for much lower ozone concentrations, but decayed rapidly as reaction sites on material surfaces were consumed. For every material, deposition velocities converged to a relatively constant, and typically low, value after approximately 11 h. The four materials with the highest sustained deposition velocities were ceiling tile, office partition, medium density fiberboard and gypsum wallboard backing. Analysis of ozone reaction probabilities indicated that throughout each experiment, and particularly after several hours of disinfection, surface reaction resistance dominated the overall resistance to ozone deposition for nearly all materials. Total building disinfection by-products (all carbonyls) were quantified per unit area of each material for the experimental period. Paper, office partition, and medium density fiberboard each released greater than 38 mg m⁻² of by-products.     

Identification of new ozonation disinfection byproducts of 17β-estradiol and estrone in water

Estrogens are a class of micro-pollutants found in water at low concentrations (in the ng L⁻¹ range), but often sufficient to exert estrogenic effects due to their high estrogenic potency. Disinfection of waters containing estrogens through oxidative processes has been shown to lead to the formation of disinfection byproducts, which may also be estrogenic. The present work investigates the formation of disinfection byproducts of 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in the treatment of water with ozone. Experiments have been carried out at two different concentrations of the estrogens in ground water (100 ng L⁻¹ and 100 μg L⁻¹) and at varying ozone dosages (0-30 mg L⁻¹). Detection of the estrogens and their disinfection byproducts in the water samples has been performed by means of ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) and a quadrupole-time of flight (QqTOF) instrument. Both E2 and E1 have been found to form two main byproducts, with molecular mass (MM) 288 and 278 in the case of E2, and 286 and 276 in the case of E1, following presumably the same reaction pathways. The E2 byproduct with MM 288 has been identified as 10epsilon-17beta-dihydroxy-1,4-estradieno-3-one (DEO), in agreement with previously published results. The molecular structures and the formation pathways of the other three newly identified byproducts have been suggested. These byproducts have been found to be formed at both high and low concentrations of the estrogens and to be persistent even after application of high ozone dosages.     

Long term remediation of highly polluted acid mine drainage: a sustainable approach to restore the environmental quality of the Odiel river basin

During 20 months of proper operation the full scale passive treatment in Mina Esperanza (SW Spain) produced around 100 mg/L of ferric iron in the aeration cascades, removing an average net acidity up to 1500 mg/L as CaCO₃ and not having any significant clogging problem. Complete Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ti and V removal from the water was accomplished through almost the entire operation time while Fe removal ranged between 170 and 620 mg/L. The system operated at a mean inflow rate of 43 m³/day achieving an acid load reduction of 597 g·(m² day)⁻¹, more than 10 times higher than the generally accepted 40 g·(m² day)⁻¹ value commonly used as a passive treatment system designing criteria. The high performance achieved by the passive treatment system at Mina Esperanza demonstrates that this innovative treatment design is a simple, efficient and long lasting remediation option to treat highly polluted acid mine drainage.     

丝光废碱液净化处理工艺研究

为了循环利用牛仔布丝光加工工艺过程产生的废碱液,实验采用臭氧、双氧水以及二氧化锰为净化脱色剂对废碱液进行了脱色净化的研究,结果表明选用的3种脱色剂均有效果,以臭氧效果最佳。因此,重点探讨了臭氧的净化脱色工艺及条件,对于碱浓度为80 g/L的丝光废碱液,当臭氧曝气量为0.25 m3/h、接触反应时间为4 h时,脱色率可达到99.3%,经臭氧净化的废碱液能在牛仔布丝光工艺中循环使用。     

Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in soil by microwave treatment compared to UV and ozone treatment

This study reports on the effect of microwave radiation for inactivation of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in 25 g of soil compared to ultraviolet irradiation and ozone expose. Microwave radiation at 700 W with 14% water content (w/w) achieved approximately 2.5 log inactivation of eggs in soil within 60 s. On the other hand, UV irradiation at 3 mW cm⁻² with and without shaking soil for 3600 s achieved approximately 0.32 and 0.01 log inactivation of eggs, respectively. In ozone treatment, 0.13 log inactivation of eggs was achieved with 5.8 ± 0.7 mg L⁻¹ of dissolved ozone dose for 30 min in a continuous diffusion reactor. In addition, the inactivation of eggs by three disinfection techniques was conducted in water in order to compare the inactivation efficiency of eggs in soil. The inactivation efficiency of microwave radiation was found to be no significant difference between in soil and water. However, the inactivation efficiency of UV irradiation was significantly increased in water while in ozone expose there was no significant difference between in soil and water. Microwave treatment thus proved to be the most efficient method in controlling A. lumbricoides eggs in soil.