环境中微(纳米)塑料的来源及毒理学研究进展

微(纳米)塑料是环境中分布广泛的微小颗粒污染物,不同环境介质中微(纳米)塑料的污染状况及其对生物体的毒害效应受到越来越多研究者的关注.本文系统的综述了环境中微(纳米)塑料的来源和微(纳米)塑料对海洋生物的毒性效应,从转运吸收和毒性评价两个方面重点论述了微(纳米)塑料对人体健康潜在的影响,并介绍了由微(纳米)塑料带来的典型污染物毒性效应.研究结果表明,陆地环境中微纳米塑料的来源主要包括污泥的使用、农业上使用的塑料制品、被微纳米塑料污染的灌溉水以及大气沉降,海洋环境中微纳米塑料的来源主要包括陆源的输入、滨海旅游业、船舶运输业、海上养殖捕捞业以及大气沉降;微(纳米)塑料可被很多海洋生物摄取、并在生物体中积累,且可通过食物链层层富集到更高等的生物体中,从而对生物体正常的新陈代谢及繁殖造成影响;微(纳米)塑料的对人体的毒性,与其表面性质、尺寸大小息息相关,通常情况下,尺寸较小的纳米塑料颗粒更容易进入并积累到细胞和组织,而表面带正面的纳米塑料颗粒对细胞生理活动有较为明显的影响;微(纳米)塑料添加剂及表面吸附的污染物在生物体内的释放,对生物体造成的伤害远远超过微(纳米)塑料本身的影响.本研究结果将为系统地和进一步地开展微(纳米)塑料的风险评估及全面深入地研究其毒理学效应提供支持.     

不同粒径塑料微颗粒在斑马鱼腮组织中的积累及其对蒽毒性的影响

水环境微塑料颗粒污染非常严重,为了解其对水生动物的毒害效应和生态风险,应用荧光标记聚苯乙烯微球和激光扫描共聚焦荧光显微镜,研究不同粒径(10 nm-1μm)的聚苯乙烯塑料颗粒在斑马鱼(Danio rerio)腮部的积累差异,以及微塑料颗粒存在时对多环芳烃蒽的腮细胞毒性的影响.结果表明,20和50 nm的聚苯乙烯塑料易积累在鱼鳃上,而更大粒径(200,500,1 000 nm)的微塑料颗粒不会滞留在腮部.将染毒后的斑马鱼进行清水实验,鱼鳃上积累的微塑料颗粒也会被清除掉.单独暴露于各种粒径的聚苯乙烯颗粒48 h可导致腮细胞DNA轻微损伤,导致彗星拖尾长度、拖尾DNA比例等轻微增加,单独暴露于200μg/L蒽48 h可严重损伤腮细胞的DNA,彗星拖尾长度、尾DNA比例及尾矩分别从单独塑料颗粒处理的7.1、2.4%和0.65增加到了43.6、44.2%和12.9.当斑马鱼同时暴露于500 nm聚苯乙烯颗粒和蒽时,聚苯乙烯颗粒可以显著降低蒽对DNA的损伤.上述结果表明斑马鱼积累微塑料与粒径相关,但微塑料颗粒对有毒有机污染物毒性的影响较复杂,值得进一步深入研究.     

天津近岸海域微塑料污染现状分析

微塑料(microplastics,MPs)已成为继气候变化、臭氧问题、海洋酸化之后新的全球重大环境问题,为揭示天津近岸海域微塑料分布规律和影响因素,利用表层现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、光学显微镜相结合的方法,研究了天津开阔海域的3个断面微塑料的丰度分布,分析了微塑料的粒径范围、形状类型和化学成分.结果表明,所监测开阔海域的3个断面中,海水样品微塑料丰度在210—1170个·m~(-3)之间,均值为612个·m~(-3);微塑料类型包括细长形的纤维、不规则状的碎片和薄膜,纤维和碎片占到绝大多数,分别占到52.1%和46.8%;而检出微塑料颗粒粒径同大多数研究相同,粒径越小,含量越多,其中55.3%的微塑料颗粒粒径是小于0.5 mm;通过Mphunter软件分析出表层海水中微塑料的颜色以深色系(如:蓝色、黑色、红色)居多,少数有黄色、绿色、白色;利用Bio-Rad Knowltall光谱分析出海水中微塑料主要成分有PP-PE(聚丙烯-聚乙烯)、ABS(苯乙烯-丁二烯-丙烯共聚物)、CE(纤维素塑料)、EP(环氧树脂)、PA(聚酰胺)、PE(聚乙烯)、PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙酸脂)、PP(聚丙烯)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)9种塑料类型,含量由高到低依次为:PETPP-PEEPCEABSPEPAPVCPP.结果分析表明,天津近岸海域微塑料污染受到海洋产业发展的影响,如海洋渔业、港口运输等,同时由于天津属于工业化城市,人口密度也较大,因此海洋微塑料污染也受到陆源污水排放的影响.     

海洋中微塑料的环境行为和生态影响

微塑料一般指直径小于5 mm的微小型塑料颗粒或碎片,海洋中常见的微塑料类型主要包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯等。由于形状、颜色多变,分子量大,结构稳定,粒径范围与浮游植物相近,海洋中的微塑料很容易对浮游植物、浮游动物和其他海洋动物等产生影响。微塑料还可以为病毒、细菌提供附着载体,影响浮游植物分布,进入海洋生物消化道或进一步转移到组织中对机体产生毒性效应,甚至通过捕食作用沿食物链传递,对高等动物及人类健康造成威胁。此外,微塑料可以作为海水中痕量化学物质的吸附载体,对生物产生联合毒性。根据目前对微塑料的研究进展情况,未来应加强对海洋微塑料分离、鉴定技术的研发以及海洋微塑料的生物毒性效应和生物传递效应机制等问题的研究。     

海洋中微塑料的环境行为和生态影响

微塑料一般指直径小于5 mm的微小型塑料颗粒或碎片,海洋中常见的微塑料类型主要包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯等。由于形状、颜色多变,分子量大,结构稳定,粒径范围与浮游植物相近,海洋中的微塑料很容易被对浮游植物、浮游动物和其他海洋动物等产生影响。微塑料还可以为病毒、细菌提供附着载体,影响浮游植物分布,进入海洋生物消化道或进一步转移到组织中对机体产生毒性效应,甚至通过捕食作用沿食物链传递,对高等动物及人类健康造成威胁。此外,微塑料可以作为海水中痕量化学物质的吸附载体,对生物产生联合毒性。根据目前对微塑料的研究进展情况,未来应加强对海洋微塑料分离、鉴定技术的研发以及海洋微塑料的生物毒性效应和生物传递效应机制等问题的研究。     

土壤中微塑料污染现状与检测技术研究进展

微塑料一般是指粒径小于5 mm的塑料碎片,作为一种新污染物已经成为全球环境领域的研究热点.土壤作为环境中微塑料的最大储库,土壤中微塑料的污染逐渐引起重视并取得了一定的研究进展.本文系统了梳理了国内外土壤中微塑料的污染现状和污染特征,介绍了土壤中微塑料检测技术研究进展,重点探讨各类样品采集、前处理和和定性定量方法的优缺点以及对土壤中微塑料检测的适用性,分析了土壤中微塑料检测技术研究面临的主要挑战,提出未来土壤中微塑料污染调查与检测技术的研究方向,以期为科学开展土壤中微塑料污染风险治理与管控提供技术支撑.     

淡水环境中微塑料的赋存、来源和生态毒理效应研究进展

塑料制品在当今社会中被大量生产和使用,导致其不断进入水环境。环境中的塑料垃圾会进一步分解为很多粒径小于5 mm的塑料残片,即微塑料。微塑料作为一类新型污染物,已受到国内外学者和公众的广泛关注。然而,现阶段有关微塑料污染的研究主要集中在海洋环境,而内陆淡水环境与人类接触频繁,其微塑料污染应受到更多重视。为全面了解淡水环境中微塑料污染现状,加强对微塑料污染的风险监控,文章总结了近些年的相关研究,综述了淡水环境中微塑料的赋存、来源和生态毒理效应。有关研究表明,微塑料污染可能在全世界淡水环境中普遍存在,其在淡水水体、沉积物和淡水生物中均有赋存;而中国内陆淡水环境中微塑料的污染可能尤为严重。淡水环境中微塑料的来源尚不明确,主要直接来源可能包括污水处理厂的尾水排放、水环境中塑料垃圾的风化降解以及水土流失或地表径流形成的陆源输入;而初始源头可能包括了个人护理品、合成纺织品、工业原料以及城镇、农业、旅游、工业区塑料垃圾的不当处置。另外,微塑料会对淡水生物造成物理性损伤和生化水平胁迫,并有可能与其他污染物形成复合污染,对淡水生物产生交互效应。因此,对淡水环境中微塑料污染的深入研究已刻不容缓。今后可在环境因素对微塑料污染特征的影响、微塑料污染的源解析、微塑料与污染物的生态交互效应这三方面加强研究。文章可为淡水环境中微塑料的污染和生态风险研究提供理论参考。     

聚苯乙烯微塑料长期暴露对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastig-ma)亲代生长、繁殖及子代发育的影响

微塑料污染是近年来受到国际社会广泛关注的海洋环境问题之一,由微塑料造成的生态和人类健康风险不容小觑,但微塑料对鱼类的长期危害目前尚无定论.为评估微塑料颗粒对海洋鱼类的长期影响,选取塑料生产和环境中常见的聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)为研究对象,对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)60 dph(days post hatching,dph)幼鱼进行了为期50 d的长期暴露,系统研究PS暴露对海水青鳉亲代的生长、繁殖和子代胚胎发育等的影响.结果显示,在粒径为10μm、浓度为1×104 parti-cles·L-1和1×105 particles·L-1暴露条件下,PS处理组亲代体长和体质量的改变与对照组相比无显著差异,PS暴露未显著影响亲代性成熟进程和受精过程;PS暴露未显著影响子代胚胎心率和孵化时间,但能显著降低子代孵化率,造成胚胎发育畸形.上述结果表明,PS长期暴露对亲代生长和繁殖未产生明显影响,但对子代的胚胎发育具有不利影响,研究结果为科学评估海洋微塑料污染的生态风险提供了重要参考.     

(可降解)微塑料颗粒吸附有机污染物及对其生物有效性的影响

微塑料是环境中一类不断增加的新兴污染物,工业生产活动以及日常生活是环境中微塑料的主要来源,同时农用塑料薄膜的残留对其也有贡献.鉴于不可降解塑料在环境中的持久性,作为传统塑料的替代品,可降解塑料的应用越来越多.然而,当前针对陆地系统微塑料的研究主要集中于不可降解材质的微塑料,针对可降解塑料作为微塑料来源的研究则十分匮乏.由于微塑料的憎水性和较大比表面积,进入环境中的微塑料能够通过分配作用和表面吸附作用大量吸附环境中的有机污染物从而改变被吸附物质的生物有效性;同时随着塑料的风化,生产过程中添加的大量助剂也会逐渐进入环境中.与不可降解微塑料相比,可降解微塑料的性质有很大不同,可降解微塑料与污染物的相互作用及对其生物有效性的影响也与不可降解微塑料不同.另外,可降解微塑料进入环境后,粒径及表面性质可在较短时间内产生变化,这些变化对可降解微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用及对所吸附有机污染物的生物有效性的影响有待研究.     

微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性效应和毒性机制浅述

微塑料广泛存在于大气、土壤和水体环境中,其对人体的危害正受到广泛关注.本文阐述了当前对微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性作用和毒性机制的认识.空气-呼吸系统、食物/饮水-消化系统以及洗漱/护肤产品-皮肤等都是目前最常见的微塑料人体暴露途径,其中消化系统暴露是最主要的方式.目前的研究显示肠道、肝脏和肾脏是主要的微塑料富集部...     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响，受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别，包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示，腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性，并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷，这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触，使毒性降低；2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出，而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

Understanding and addressing the environmental risk of microplastics

Over the past decades, the plastic production has been dramatically increased. Indeed, a category of small plastic particles mainly with the shapes of fragments, fibers, or spheres, called microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) and nanoplastics (particles smaller than 1 μm) have attracted particular attention. Because of its wide distribution in the environment and potential adverse effects to animal and human, microplastic pollution has been reported as a serious environment problem receiving increased attention in recent years. As one of the commonly detected emerging contaminants in the environment, recent evidence indicates that the concentration of microplastics show an increasing trend, for the reason that up to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic litter is released into aquatic environment from land-based sources each year. Furthermore, microplastic exposure levels of model organisms in laboratory studies are usually several orders of magnitude higher than those found in environment, and the microplastics exposure conditions are also different with those observed in the environment. Additionally, the detection of microplastics in feces indicates that they can be excreted out of the bodies of animal and human. Hence, great uncertainties might exist in microplastics exposure and health risk assessment based on current studies, which might be exaggerated. Policies reduce microplastic emission sources and hence minimize their environmental risks are determined. To promote the above policies, we must first overcome the technical obstacles of detecting microplastics in various samples.     

Patterns of Oil-Sediment rejection in corals

The patterns of oil-sediment rejection of 19 Caribbean hermatypic corals are identical to theri patterns of rejection of clean sediments. The rejection pattern is typical for coral species, and displays maximum and minimum rates dependent on the size and density of the oil-sediment particles. The viscosity of the oil determines the size of the oil-sediment particles. A coral's efficiency of rejection of sediment depends on the size and amount of the sediment particles. Oil drops 0.06 mm are removed by the coral's tissues. Physical contact with oil-sediment particles appears to be less harmful to corals than the toxic effects of oils.     

Composition,dispersion, and health risks of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants: A review

• Bioaerosols are produced in the process of wastewater biological treatment. • The concentration of bioaerosol indoor is higher than outdoor. • Bioaerosols contain large amounts of potentially pathogenic biomass and chemicals. • Inhalation is the main route of exposure of bioaerosol. • Both the workers and the surrounding residents will be affected by the bioaerosol. Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles (0.05–100 mm in size) of biological origin. They are considered potentially harmful to human health as they can contain pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review summarizes the most recent research on the health risks of bioaerosols emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in order to improve the control of such bioaerosols. The concentration and size distribution of WWTP bioaerosols; their major emission sources, composition, and health risks; and considerations for future research are discussed. The major themes and findings in the literature are as follows: the major emission sources of WWTP bioaerosols include screen rooms, sludge-dewatering rooms, and aeration tanks; the bioaerosol concentrations in screen and sludge-dewatering rooms are higher than those outdoors. WWTP bioaerosols contain a variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria, fungi, antibiotic resistance genes, viruses, endotoxins, and toxic metal(loid)s. These potentially pathogenic substances spread with the bioaerosols, thereby posing health risks to workers and residents in and around the WWTP. Inhalation has been identified as the main exposure route, and children are at a higher risk of this than adults. Future studies should identify emerging contaminants, establish health risk assessments, and develop prevention and control systems.     

Food selection capabilities of the estuarine copepod Acartia clausi

Existing viewpoints and theories of selective grazing by copepods are briefly reviewed in order to formulate explicit hypotheses to be tested experimentally. Based on these hypotheses, a series of grazing experiments was run to determine (1) the extent of the selective ingestion capabilities of Acartia clausi and (2) how these capabilities were affected by previous feeding histories. Groups of copepods were separately preconditioned on a small diatom (Thalassiosira pseudonana), a large diatom (T. fluviatilis), or a plastic sphere. The ingestive behavior was then examined on various combinations of spheres and food particles. Spheres offered alone were not ingested. In mixtures of diatoms and spheres, the copepods avoided ingesting spheres intermediate in size between the sizes of the diatoms. The copepods either ingested particles on either side of the spheres, or ignored all particles less than the size of the largest spheres. The pattern observed depended upon the size of the preconditioning food. However, if the spheres were larger than the largest food particles, the copepods still selectively ingested the food particles. The above results demonstrate that A. clausi has a complex grazing behavior consisting of (1) more efficient grazing on larger particles within its particle-size ingestion range; (2) the ability to alter effective setal spacing to optimize feeding behavior (i.e., the ability to increase efficiency of capture of food particles, and to avoid non-food particles); and (3) the ability for post-capture rejection of non-food particles when they interfere with the ingestion of food particles on which the copepod has been preconditioned. The behavioral patterns observed depend heavily on the food preconditioning and the presence or absence of non-food particles. These results clearly indicate that a simple mechanistic explanation of selective grazing is insufficient.