Ecological Zoning of Forests in Areas Exposed to Industrial Air Pollution

Morphometric characteristics of the growth of forest stands located at different distances from a large copper-smelting plant were estimated. The set of diagnostic parameters obtained was used for calculating summary parameters of the state (SPSs) of the forest stands and to grade their values for zoning the forests. The results of using semivariance analysis demonstrated the appropriateness of kriging, a method of spatial interpolation, for mapping the surfaces of the state of forests. The map-scheme of the zones differing in the state of forest stands (made on the basis of summary parameters) was compared with the topographic map of the area, which made it possible to estimate the effect of large forms of relief on the location and configuration of the zones.     

Statistical analysis of the results of multivariate ordination as exemplified by data on river benthic communities

The use of different methods of multivariate ordination for the analysis of the distribution pattern of benthic habitats along the gradient of a river ecosystem is considered. Problems of determination of homogenous segments of a stream are discussed using macrozoobenthos communities of small rivers of the lower Volga Basin as examples. A method for estimating the ordination quality criterion based on comparison with the null model and the use of bootstrap procedures is described. The dependence of statistical inferences on the level of detail of the original data, hydrobiological survey parameters, and similarity metric equations is analyzed.     

中国旅游业碳排放效率及其空间关联特征

科学测度与分析中国旅游业碳排放效率及其空间关联特征,对于推动旅游业可持续发展具有重要意义。借助SBM模型测算2000~2015年中国省际旅游业碳排放效率,并运用Kernel密度估计法刻画其动态演进过程。结果发现：中国旅游业碳排放效率存在显著的区域差异性,东高西低是发展常态,且目前多数省区仍处于非效率水平;核密度曲线显示我国旅游业碳排放效率处于增长态势,随着时间推进呈现由“单峰”到“三峰”再到“双峰”分布的动态演进过程,面临着发展不协调的问题。最后,构建空间Durbin模型探讨中国省域旅游业碳排放效率的空间关联特征,结果表明各省旅游业碳排放效率存在显著的空间溢出效应,一省的旅游业碳排放效率不仅受本省自身特点的影响,还与其邻近省区的发展情况相关联,具体表现为：各省旅游业技术水平、经济发展水平、产业结构和对外开放程度显著促进本省及邻近省的旅游业碳排放效率;旅游业产权结构对本省的旅游业碳排放效率有显著负向影响,但对邻近省的影响不明显;旅游业经济规模和城市化水平对邻近省旅游业碳排放效率产生负外部性;受教育程度对旅游业碳排放效率的作用不显著。 关键词： 旅游业碳排放效率;SBM模型;Kernel密度估计;空间Durbin模型;中国     

Relationship between Habitat Properties and Composition of Communities in Conifer–Broadleaf Forest

Ecological and phytocenotic features of forest communities were studied in the southwest of Moscow oblast. Based on the ecomorphological groups of species prevalent in the herb–dwarf shrub and moss layers, five groups of communities typical of the conifer–broadleaf forest zone were distinguished (small-herb, small herb-large herb, large-herb, moist-herb, and mixed-herb communities), and their composition was analyzed. Discriminant analysis of the species composition of lower vegetation layers revealed significant differences between the syntaxa, with the percentage of correct classification being 89.8%. To evaluate ecological determination of the above groups of communities, a hypothesis was tested concerning the correlation of their composition with ecotope properties. This hypothesis was verified by means of (1) ordination by ecological indicator values and interpretation of the axes, (2) revealing differences in ecological regimes between habitats of the syntaxa, and (3) combined analysis of on-ground and remote sensing data, particularly spectral brightness of satellite images and morphometric characteristics of the terrain surface. The results confirmed the informativeness of the syntaxa distinguished based on the species composition of the ground vegetation layer and mapping of the ecological regimes of habitats.     

环境规制影响产业结构的路径与机制——基于湘鄂赣皖地区城市的实证研究

产业结构的转型升级是服务国家发展战略全局的重大议题。合理产业布局、走绿色发展之路是国家深入推进生态文明建设的重中之重。该研究构建了环境规制对产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化影响的双对数模型,以长江经济带湘鄂赣皖四省51个城市2003~2017年的数据为样本,研究环境规制对产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化的影响。为了研究不同经济发展水平下环境规制对产业结构影响的异质性,在模型中引入经济发展水平和环境规制的交互项。研究发现,经济发展水平在环境规制对产业结构转型升级的作用过程中存在替代效应和互补效应,且替代效应大于互补效应。即从长期来看,经济发展水平的提升能推动湘鄂赣皖地区城市整体产业结构转型升级。在城市的异质性方面,环境规制对上述地区二线城市的产业结构存在显著的优化作用。同时,环境规制对三线城市产业结构优化的积极作用大于三线以下城市。     

基于模糊综合评价的太仓市村镇土地规模利用

长三角地区面临着村镇土地资源无序利用和产出低下等土地利用问题，实现土地规模利用对于促进区域经济可持续发展、更好地保护土地资源意义重大。在创新土地规模利用概念的基础上，将农用地和村镇建设用地纳入村镇土地范围，从村镇土地“集中、集聚、集约、集效”4个方面构建村镇土地规模利用评价的指标体系，采用模糊综合评价方法对太仓市2010年村镇土地规模利用情况进行评价。得出太仓市村镇土地利用已初具基本规模利用状态，但农地破碎化和居民点散乱依然严重，农用地规模利用有待加强，村镇建设用地规模利用水平需进一步提高，建成区和港区周边村镇需加强农地破碎化整治，而面积较大村镇则需加强农村居民点的集中整理，并提出土地规模利用调控对策     

地方政府生态环境治理注意力研究——基于30个省市政府工作报告(2006—2015)文本分析

注意力代表着政府决策者对特定事务的关注,注意力的变化是政府决策选择变化的直接原因。环境治理注意力是环境治理进入议程设置,进而出台政策、实施治理的前提。政府工作报告是政府进行资源配置与精力投入的指挥棒,也是"政府将重视什么、哪些领域得到更多投入资源"的通知书和承诺书,它是政府注意力分配或者变化的重要载体。本文收集了30个省市地方政府自2006年到2015年共300份工作报告,通过文本分析方法,试图发现地方政府生态环境治理注意力的变化规律。分析结果呈现:1从时间轴上看,地方政府对于生态环境的注意力强度逐渐增加;2从地域轴上看,东、中、西部政府生态环境注意力差距并不明显,相比而言,中部处于一个稍低的位次;3从生态环境的范畴看,具体领域得到进一步扩展,中央与地方对环境具体事务保持了较高的一致性,注意力的变化与决策环境和中央宏观政策有重要相关关系。尽管在某些时间点,某些地域存在离散点,但总体而言,在中央政府强调经济发展需要与当地环境资源承载能力相协调的大背景下,地方政府将注意力大幅转向民生事务和生态环境。鉴于地方领导人任期以及注意力本身的"易变性",要保持地方政府环境治理注意力的强度和持续性,1增加制度供给,使环境治理成为法治常项;2将环境治理在公共事务治理的排序中前置,将环境治理放在突出位置;3提升环境事件的信息强度,向地方政府传导积极的环境治理压力。     

墨水湖上覆水与沉积物间隙水中重金属的分布特征

武汉市墨水湖重金属污染严重，在我国内陆城市受污染湖泊中具代表性。应用 ICP MS对墨水湖上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的主要重金属元素进行了定量测试，并分析了其空间分布特征和变化规律。在此基础上，结合微量重金属界面扩散通量的计算，定量评估了其对上覆湖水水质的影响，以期为浅水湖泊的重金属污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明，墨水湖沉积物间隙水中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为：Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb；上覆水和沉积物间隙水中微量重金属浓度剖面均表现出明显相似的峰形分布特征，指示了湖泊沉积物中普遍存在微量重金属的沉积后再迁移现象；Fe和Mn在间隙水中的浓度远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度，其剖面分布特征主要是参与氧化还原反应的结果，Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn等的浓度也因受氧化还原过程及矿物平衡作用的影响而波动；微量重金属元素按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散，并最终影响上覆水.     

基于相对承载力的区域可持续发展研究——以江苏省为例

采用相对承载力的研究思路和计算方法,分析了1996～2005年相对土地资源承载力、相对经济负载力和综合承载力及其演化过程,在此基础上分析了江苏省可持续发展存在的问题,提出了可持续发展的对策。结果表明：①综合承载力从1996～2005年一直处于富余状态,并且有逐年上升的趋势。相对经济负载力一直处于富余状态,而相对土地资源承载力却始终处于超载状态;相对经济负载力对综合承载力的贡献大于相对土地资源承载力,相对经济负载力的提高是综合承载力快速提高的原因。②区域富余状态差异明显,苏南地区处于极度,苏中地区处于轻度,而苏北地区处于超载。③相对土地资源承载力与相对经济负载力的不协调发展是江苏省可持续发展战略中需要重点解决的问题。④大力发展经济、合理利用资源、促进区域协调发展是实现可持续发展的关键。     

Ecological clusters as a tool of improving the environmental safety in developing countries

The article is devoted to the research of ecological clusters as a tool of improving the ecological safety in developing countries. The authors offer to use a specifically developed methodology for determining the level of ecological security in developing countries. Formation of a city skeleton on the basis of ecological clusters, generated on the basis of biologically active natural complex, is offered. We offer the methodology of introduction of the cluster organization of the city environment with introduction models on the example of the city of Volgograd of the Russian Federation.     

从生态位到可持续发展位:概念的演进

生态位概念是生态学的一大基石，它主要有基础生态位、实际生态位和多维生态位三个基本概念。而由生态位概念发展来的生态位理论则是生态学的支柱。由于生态位概念揭示的是生态个体、种群和物种生存与竞争的普遍规律。因此。20世纪80年代以来。它开始被引入社会科学研究的领域。成为研究人类社会巨系统中的一个分析工具。由此也有了从生态位到发展位。再到可持续发展位的演进。由生态位概念发展而来的基于可持续发展理论的可持续发展位概念，是我们研究全球可持续发展体系的一个重要视角。由于构成可持续发展位的可持续发展因子的集合不同，形成了不同的“可持续发展位。概念，主要有可持续发展基本位，可持续发展理想位，可持续发展优势位和可持续发展关键位，它们共同成为“可持续发展位”的不同一性。     

基于生命共同体理念的自然资源法治建设 ——关联的视角

自然资源法治是生态文明建设的重要促进措施和制度保障，而它的实现离不开科学知识尤其是自然和社会科学理论和方法及其同法治理论的有机结合。自然资源法治的科学化是尊重自然规律、经济规律和社会规律的必然要求。在自然资源治理中运用关联理论是践行山水林田湖草生命共同体理念的必要选择，也为自然资源法治科学化提供了一个重要分析路径。运用文献分析和关联研究方法，根据我国自然资源法治建设的实际国情和客观需要，从关联视角，研究如何基于生命共同体理念，建设我国自然资源法治。研究发现，以关联治理路径为视角推动自然资源法治建设，我国需要从3个方面采取切实有效的措施：在部门立法中增加关联性条款；建立自然资源协同治理体制机制；以多元共治保障关联治理的实施效果。     

上海水资源可持续利用与管理对策

上海地处长江三角洲平原河网地区，水资源总量较为丰富，但伴随着区域社会经济快速发展，水体水质污染普遍，水资源的可利用性不高，水质型缺水现象日益严重。分析了上海地区水资源的组成和总量状况，进一步论述了目前上海水资源利用面临水质污染严重、供需矛盾突出和利用效率低下等问题，在此基础上提出了通过强化地表水环境综合整治，提高城市水资源利用效率，构建两江并举的水源格局，完善水资源经济调控手段，加强全民水资源保护意识等对策措施实现上海水资源可持续利用与管理。     

长江中游城市群森林公园空间分布格局及可达性评价

运用空间分析方法,对长江中游城市群森林公园的空间分布及其可达性进行综合分析,并对不同等级森林公园的空间分异进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)长江中游城市群森林公园在空间上表现为聚集分布,且具有"东密西疏"的空间分布格局,国家级和省级森林公园的分布模式分别为随机分布和聚集分布。(2)长江中游城市群森林公园的空间可达性较好,区域内平均可达性时间为38.84 min,且具有明显的交通指向性,省级森林公园的可达性要优于国家级森林公园。(3)基于县级单元的整体可达性在空间上呈聚集格局,森林公园可达性的热点区域分布自东向西表现为热点区、次热区、次冷区和冷点区,省级森林公园可达性与之表现出较强的相似,而国家级森林公园可达性的热点区域分布相对随机。在此基础上提出相应的对策措施,为长江中游城市群森林旅游的发展提供了依据。     

Optimizing Urban Spatial Structure of Lanzhou Based on Geographic Concentration Method of Industries

Geographic concentration of industries is the regionalized distribution of some industries in certain areas, which focuses on the ratio of a certain industry to the whole industries （He and Liu, 2006）. In this paper we explore the improved M function of geographic concentration that adds the parameter of the number of firms according to the definition of geographic concentration of industries. The spatial distribution of the main manufacturing industries of Lanzhou urban area is evaluated based on it. The results of the evaluation imply that the spatial distribution of the main manufacturing industries is more concentrated than that of others in Lanzhou and it can absorb lots of labor forces. But the incidence, competition ability and density of the distribution of enterprises are different for each single sector, and enterprises with different production features are located closely. And three main problems are discovered. Finally, three countermeasures are put forward： locating the industrial enterprises in urban areas in a proper way through planning and policies; adjusting the industrial structure of the inner city; strengthening the local rearrangement of the existing industrial concentration areas.     

基于锡尔指数的区域土地利用时空分布特征——以常州市为例

土地利用时空分布特征研究是土地变化科学在时空过程研究方面的一个重要方面，对于了解区域土地资源状况，制定差别化的区域发展政策具有重要意义。基于土地利用分类统计数据，利用锡尔指数从较宏观的地理空间统计角度研究了区域土地利用时空分布特征。通过地理空间划区和锡尔指数进行分解，不仅从整体上研究区域土地利用时空分布特征，而且根据不同的经济社会发展水平，研究不同划区之间和划区内部的土地利用时空分布差异。分析表明，土地利用分布锡尔指数对研究粒度存在敏感性。研究结果从空间集聚的角度揭示了常州市土地利用的时空分布特征，与实际情况吻合     

Sustainable Development of Export： Theoretical Meaning, Evaluation Model, and Empirical Research

With the effect of the human trade doctrine in the international trade field, almost all the countries have paid more attention to the sustainable development of international trade. This article chose the export sustainable development as the research object. On the basis of the analysis of the theoretical connotation of the export sustainable development, this article tried to establish an evaluation indices system and set up an evaluation model of the export sustainable development level, and finally made some empirical research on China. The result indicates that the comprehensive level of the export sustainable development in China showed a tendency to rise from 1985 to 2003 and the export sustainable development level of China in these years can be divided into four grades： excellent, good, moderate and poor. In most years, the social economic benefits of export was obtained at the cost of the deterioration of environment and the depletion of resources, and the economic profit of export did not increase with the enlargement of the export scale because of the deterioration of the terms of trade. Therefore, China should be careful about the problem of poverty accompanied by the increase of export.     

Changes in the structure of ichthyofauna in water bodies of Kaluga oblast over the past few decades

The structure of the ichthyofauna in water bodies of Kaluga oblast has undergone significant rearrangements over the past 20 years. The abundance of some species has increased, while that of other species has decreased; spontaneous dispersal of some fishes is underway. Synchronous fluctuations of fish abundance (“waves of life”) take place simultaneously in the Western Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga basins. These processes differ in intensity depending on fish species and are conditioned by a number of factors, including changes in hydrological regimes of rivers, improvement of the ecological state of small rivers, and increased poaching pressure. The results of monitoring the ichthyofauna fauna of small rivers are used as an example to trace the routes of fish dispersal and discuss changes in the composition of fish communities.     

Computerised Decision Support Systems for the management of freshwater radioecological emergencies: assessment of the state-of-the-art with respect to the experiences and needs of end-users

Assessment of the environmental and radiological consequences of a nuclear accident requires the management of a great deal of data and information as well as the use of predictive models. Computerised Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are essential tools for this kind of complex assessment and for assisting experts with a rational decision process. The present work focuses on the assessment of the main features of selected state-of-the-art CDSS for off-site management of freshwater ecosystems contaminated by radionuclides. This study involved both developers and end-users of the assessed CDSS and was based on practical customisation exercises, installation and application of the decision systems. Potential end-users can benefit from the availability of several ready-to-use CDSS that allow one to run different kinds of models aimed at predicting the behaviour of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems, evaluating doses to humans, assessing the effectiveness of different kinds of environmental management interventions and ranking these interventions, accounting for their social, economic and environmental impacts. As a result of the present assessment, the importance of CDSS “integration” became apparent: in many circumstances, different CDSS can be used as complementary tools for the decision-making process. The results of this assessment can also be useful for the future development and improvement of the CDSS.     

长江中下游流域农村环境质量变化及影响因素研究

基于长江中下游流域6省17县市467家农户在2005~2010年期间关于农村环境对比变化的调查数据，构建了现代化进程中农村环境质量变化及影响因素的差分方程模型，并对近5年长江流域农村环境变化现状及其影响因素进行深入分析。结果表明，（1）我国长江中下游流域的农村环境质量下降变化出现了明显加快总趋势。其中长江中游流域地区农村环境质量下降变化明显比长江下游流域地区下降的变化幅度大,但长江中下游地区农业生产环境有显著好转。（2）长江中游和下游流域农村环境质量变化影响因素既有同质性也有差异性。其中同质性表现都对自然资源过度开发和人们环保意识弱。差异性体现长江中游地区影响环境变化的主要因素是城市化和农业现代化进程加快造成环境质量快速下降，而长江下游农村地区主要是人口压力大，工业化程度和城乡一体化程度高，农村地区面对生活排放和工业排放的叠加影响，从而造成环境质量的下降。研究结论对实现我国工业化、城市化和农业现代化同步发展的“十二·五”规划目标具有实际意义