一稻两鸭共作对稻田土壤养分动态的影响

鸭稻共作是有效减少化肥和农药施用的重要技术,对稻田土壤养分消耗具有一定的缓冲和调控作用。但在鸭稻共作有机生产模式中,外源性化肥投入的缺乏常常成为水稻高产的限制因素。为更好地解决有机种植中土壤养分供应的问题,对常规鸭稻共作进行了调整,建立了2种＂一稻两鸭＂共作生态农业模式。通过田间试验对常规稻作、常规鸭稻共作、一稻两鸭轮养及一稻两鸭套养4种种植模式下的土壤养分进行定位监测。结果表明：相对于常规稻作,3种鸭稻共作模式均能在一定程度上提高土壤全钾、全氮的含量,同时减小碱解氮的消耗。与比生产前期相比,生产结束后常规水稻种植模式下土壤有机质含量有所下降,而3种鸭稻共作模式下土壤有机质含量比生产前期均有不同程度的增加。4种种植模式下土壤全磷含量在生产结束后均有不同程度的下降,然而一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下土壤全磷含量的降低程度低于常规稻作。早稻生产结束后,一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下的土壤全磷含量比常规稻作分别高出13.53%和11.01%。与常规鸭稻共作模式相比,一稻两鸭轮养和套养模式增加了全氮以及全钾有机物的积累,同时减缓了碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的下降。晚稻生产结束后,一稻两鸭套养模式下土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量分别比常规鸭稻共作模式高出3.7%,10.39%和7.59%。产量测定结果表明,早稻时期一稻两鸭套养模式下的水稻产量比常规鸭稻共作模式高12.90%,晚稻时期则比常规鸭稻共作高12.19%。一稻两鸭共作模式中,由于两批鸭子的存在,其排便和中耕作用几乎贯穿于水稻的整个生长发育过程,因此培肥效果与常规鸭稻共作相比有了进一步的提高,对系统内的养分循环利用起到了更好的促进作用。     

鸭稻共作方式对土壤肥力因素的影响

鸭稻共作是一种较为典型的稻田生态农业模式。鸭子不停地在稻田中日夜活动对土壤肥力会产生一定的影响。通过与常规栽培方式的对比试验研究发现，除土壤速效磷含量外，鸭稻共作稻田的土壤有机质、碱解氮、交换性钾的含量均分别比常规耕作稻田的有所增高，其中某些土壤养分含量在某些生育期存在显著差异。由此初步表明，鸭稻共作生态农业模式可以实现在水稻生产全过程中不使用任何化肥和农药，而基本上可达到保持土壤肥力，生产绿色食品的目的。     

美国生态水产养殖模式与常规混养模式的环境效应比较

在江苏省扬中市开展池塘养殖试验,以草鱼为主养鱼种,比较研究美国80:20生态水产养殖模式(养殖占80%渔获量的单种主养鱼和20%的滤食性鱼类)与传统混养2种模式对池塘水质和底质的影响.试验结果表明,生态养殖池塘鱼类产量和经济效益显著优于传统混养.生态养殖池塘COD、TP、TN、NH3-N和NO2--N等重要水质指标全年平均质量浓度分别为21、0.12、2.06、0.340、0.021 mg·L-1,明显优于传统混养模式的25、0.15、2.56、0.706、0.113 mg·L-1;BOD5、P043--P、NO3-N和叶绿素a含量则无显著差异.生态养殖池塘底泥厚度比传统混养池塘减少了12.5%,底泥中有机质含量较传统混养池塘高11.2%,TP和TN含量分别降低13.5%和5.1%.80:20生态养殖模式较传统混养体现出明显的优势.     

苏打盐碱地养鱼稻田水体微生物区系研究

对松嫩平原苏打盐碱地养鱼稻田水体微生物数量及种类组成进行了初步研究。结果表明,养鱼稻田异养细菌数量为0.280万～30.716万mL-1,高于未养鱼稻田(P<0.05),其平均值的时间分布为水稻生长末期>中期>初期;养鱼稻田和未养鱼稻田放线菌和霉菌数量均较少。养鱼稻田大肠菌群数量为403.6～17934.2L-1,显著高于未养鱼稻田(P<0.01),其平均值的时间分布为水稻生长中期>初期>末期。异养细菌数量与鱼产量、总施肥量和有机肥施用量均呈极显著相关,与化肥施用量相关不显著;大肠菌群数量与鱼产量相关显著,与总施肥量相关不显著,但与有机肥施用量相关极显著。养鱼稻田中检测出10个科(属)异养细菌,优势菌为弧菌属(Vib rion)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。     

稻鸭萍共作复合系统的主要生态效应

对稻鸭萍共作体系的主要生态效应研究结果表明,稻鸭萍共作有利于提高土壤肥力,水稻收获后的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别比对照增加7.95%、7.05%、6.47%和4.46%;稻鸭萍共作对杂草的控制效果达到98.94%,明显削弱了稻田优势杂草的发生与危害,稻田残存杂草为数甚少,P ielou均匀度指数显著提高;稻鸭萍共作对稻田飞虱有显著的控制效应,从而明显抑制主要由灰飞虱传毒危害的水稻条纹叶枯病的发病率;稻鸭萍共作虽然对水稻纹枯病也有明显防治效果,但不能阻止纹枯病的发生;由于绿萍吸附了稻田水体中部分有机物、腐殖质等,稻鸭萍共作区水体的化学需氧量比稻鸭共作区降低8.70%。     

泥鳅对稻田土壤动物的扰动效应

2008年6月至1O月,通过田间试验.设置对照稻田和养鱼稻田2个处理,采用分层取样法和大类群分类法,利用反映土壤动物群落结构数量特征的多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势度指数,研究了泥鳅对稻田土壤动物群落的扰动效应.结果表明,稻田土壤动物群落的优势类群为腹足类、线虫类和线蚓类.稻一鱼复合系统土壤动物类群数高于对照稻田,但土壤动物个体数少于对照稻田.稻一鱼复合系统土壤动物多样性指数和均匀性指数高于对照稻田,但优势度指数低于对照稻田,显示稻一鱼复合系统具有更高的稳定性和抗干扰能力.稻田土壤动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性.     

湿地稻-鸭复合生态系统综合效益研究

2000年3月至2001年10月在湖南长沙进行了湿地稻-鸭复合生态系统综合效益的小区试验。结果表明,实行稻-鸭生态种养显著降低稻田甲烷排放量,与常规稻田相比,甲烷排放总量在早稻田与晚稻田分别降低44.2%和40.7%。各处理晚稻田甲烷排放总量高于早稻田甲烷排放总量。养鸭稻田与常规稻田相比,土壤肥力都有所增加,土壤容重降低,>0.25mm团聚体增加2.65～3.12百分点,土壤结构系数增加2.56～6.63百分点。同时,稻田土壤氧化还原状况也得到明显改善。湿地稻-鸭复合生态系统直接的经济效益也远高于常规稻田。     

我国稻鸭共作生态农业的发展现状与技术展望

综述了目前稻鸭共作技术在我国各地试验研究与示范应用的现状，提出了在今后研究与应用中需要探讨与完善的几个方面，包括：鸭子选用、防护与鸭病防治，水稻栽插方式及配套农机要求，施肥制度与病虫防治，以及稻田生态效应与高效种养模式。     

转Osepsps抗草甘膦水稻不同生境适合度及对稻田杂草的影响北大核心CSCD

携带适合度优势基因的转基因作物如果长期存活于栽培系统之外,抗性基因可能转移到野生近缘种并带来生态问题.以转Osepsps基因水稻EP为材料,以非转基因受体"明恢86"为对照,通过田间定位试验,研究半野生生境下转Osepsps基因水稻的营养生长、繁殖能力以及稻田杂草的种类、频度和密度等指标变化,分析转Osepsps基因在半野生生境中的生态适合度以及对稻田杂草群落的影响.连续2年试验的结果显示:在常规栽培和半野生生境下,转基因稻与非转基因稻的株高、分蘖数、单株穗数、单株总粒数、单株实粒重和千粒重等指标没有显著差异;但结实率显著受环境影响,半野生生境下转基因水稻2年结实率为50.33%和17.72%,相比对照的68.82%和30.27%均显著下降(P<0.05);2012年转基因稻单株实粒数为335粒,显著少于非转基因对照的548粒(P<0.05).转基因稻与非转基因稻稻田的杂草种类均为9科9属9种;栽培稻田杂草密度和频度显著低于半野生稻田;相同生境下转基因稻与非转基因稻稻田杂草频度、密度总体上没有差异.本研究表明,与非转基因对照相比,转epsps基因稻生态适合度没有显著提高,在半野生生境下有所下降,其生态风险不高于栽培稻.     

我国稻鸭共作生态农业的发展现状与技术展望

综述了目前稻鸭共作技术在我国各地试验研究与示范应用的现状,提出了在今后研究与应用中需要探讨与完善的几个方面,包括:鸭子选用、防护与鸭病防治,水稻栽插方式及配套农机要求,施肥制度与病虫防治,以及稻田生态效应与高效种养模式。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.