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1.
Andreas Oberheitmann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(2):137-168
Climate change is one of the most severe global problems in the 21st century. Main drivers are the combustion of fossil fuels,
the emissions of industrial gases, emissions from agricultural sites and animal husbandry as well as deforestation. A new
cooperative climate regime is necessary to meet the World’s energy and environmental problems against the background of China’s
and India’s energy consumption growth. For the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol after 2012, a successor regime
has to be agreed on. The current approaches, however, have a common weakness. They at the same time (a) do not acknowledge
the historical responsibilities of the industrialized countries for the historical greenhouse gas emissions and the responsibility
of developing countries for a large fraction of the current future emissions, and (b) do not provide for a fair distribution
of emission rights. Against this background, this article aims at forecasting China’s and India's CO2-emissions up to 2050 and developing a new suggestion for a post Kyoto climate regime based on a cumulated per capita CO2-emission rights taking the weaknesses of the currently discussed post Kyoto approaches into account. 相似文献
2.
This article analyses the debate associated with the ancillary impacts of climate change mitigation options in developing
countries, with a particular focus upon Africa’s 34 least developed countries. While these countries’ emissions of greenhouse
gases are relatively small (and they do not have emission limitation commitments in the current international regime), inattention
to the mitigation agenda would mean that developing countries both miss potential funding opportunities and fail to ‘climate-proof’
their development strategies. A focus, therefore, upon the short-term, local, developmental impacts that serve to change the
relative attractiveness of different mitigation options from the perspective of the developing country is in these countries’
current strategic interests. In this article, I examine three energy-related climate change mitigation options: improved cookstoves,
carbon-free electricity and improved energy efficiency in industry. Key ancillary impacts are better indoor air quality, better
outdoor air quality and job creation (respectively). Further work to strengthen the evidence base regarding these impacts
needs to be undertaken, potentially drawing upon broader work that has already been completed. Thus, in conclusion, a call
for cross-fertilisation of information between heretofore disparate research communities is made. Additionally, the development
of an integrated research agenda, forging linkages among cookstoves, indoor air quality and climate change mitigation research
communities in Africa’s least developed countries, is identified as a priority. 相似文献
3.
Jennifer Verlaine Lukovich Gordon A. McBean 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(8):697-710
Human security, particularly in the Arctic, is being stressed by climate change and other factors. Science and technology
provide one instrument for the development of strategies that will protect those living in the Arctic from threats to environmental,
social and economic conditions, namely human security, incurred by climate change. This paper explores a public good approach
to Canada’s Science and Technology (S&T) strategy. Investigated in particular is the role of science and technology in addressing
Arctic human security needs, using evolving Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) quality-of-life
indicators to measure the ability of Canada’s S&T strategy to meet these needs. 相似文献
4.
Managing climate change risks in New York City’s water system: assessment and adaptation planning 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Cynthia Rosenzweig David C. Major Kate Demong Christina Stanton Radley Horton Melissa Stults 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1391-1409
Managing risk by adapting long-lived infrastructure to the effects of climate change must become a regular part of planning
for water supply, sewer, wastewater treatment, and other urban infrastructure during this century. The New York City Department
of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), the agency responsible for managing New York City’s (NYC) water supply, sewer, and wastewater
treatment systems, has developed a climate risk management framework through its Climate Change Task Force, a government-university
collaborative effort. Its purpose is to ensure that NYCDEP’s strategic and capital planning take into account the potential
risks of climate change—sea-level rise, higher temperature, increases in extreme events, changes in drought and flood frequency
and intensity, and changing precipitation patterns—on NYC’s water systems. This approach will enable NYCDEP and other agencies
to incorporate adaptations to the risks of climate change into their management, investment, and policy decisions over the
long term as a regular part of their planning activities. The framework includes a 9-step Adaptation Assessment procedure.
Potential climate change adaptations are divided into management, infrastructure, and policy categories, and are assessed
by their relevance in terms of climate change time-frame (immediate, medium, and long term), the capital cycle, costs, and
other risks. The approach focuses on the water supply, sewer, and wastewater treatment systems of NYC, but has wide application
for other urban areas, especially those in coastal locations. 相似文献
5.
It is now widely accepted that climate change is happening and that future changes will impact on many aspects of society,
including agriculture. To maintain food supplies, the agricultural industry must address climate change adaptation. Key to
this is the attitudes of those within the industry likely to have responsibility for adapting. This study investigated stakeholder
attitudes towards adaptation to climate change in the livestock industry. Findings reveal four attitudinal groups. First,
there is a ‘farmer-focused group’ that has a positive attitude about the ability of livestock farmers to adapt to climate
change, but that also has the opinion that they will need additional support to adapt. Second, there is an ‘incentive for
enterprise, anti-GM (genetic modification) group’ with an attitudinal position stressing that the government should have a
role in implementing regulations and providing finance. This group has a negative attitude towards GM technology and does
not think it will be the answer to climate change. Third, there is an ‘information and education group’ whose attitude is
that the provision of information is crucial for ensuring that the livestock industry adapts. Fourth, there is a ‘pro-technology
group’ who have a positive attitude towards GM technology and who are therefore willing to embrace it as the route to adaptation.
Three of these four groups favour soft adaptations that maintain flexibility within the system, and only the fourth is of
the opinion that adaptive capacity is not an issue and that the industry is ready to implement hard adaptations. 相似文献
6.
Synergisms between climate change mitigation and adaptation: an insurance perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evan Mills 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):809-842
As the world’s largest industry, the insurance sector is both an aggregator of the impacts of climate change and a market
actor able to play a material role in decreasing the vulnerability of human and natural systems. This article reviews the
implications of climate change for insurers and provides specific examples of insurance-relevant synergisms between adaptation
and mitigation in the buildings and energy sectors, agriculture, forestry, and land use. Although insurance is far from a
“silver bullet” in addressing climate change, it offers significant capacity and ability to understand, manage, and spread
risks associated with weather-related events, more so today in industrialized countries but increasingly so in developing
countries and economies in transition. Certain measures that integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation also bolster
insurers’ solvency and profitability, thereby increasing their appeal. Promising strategies involve innovative products and
systems for delivering insurance and the use of new technologies and practices that both reduce vulnerability to disaster-related
losses and support sustainable development. However, climate change promises to erode the insurability of many risks, and
insurance responses can be more reactive than proactive, resulting in compromised insurance affordability and/or availability.
Public–private partnerships involving insurers and entities such as the international relief community offer considerable
potential, but have not been adequately explored.
相似文献
Evan MillsEmail: URL: http://insurance.lbl.gov |
7.
Karen Hardee Clive Mutunga 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(2):113-126
As climate change adaptation planning moves beyond short term National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) to longer-term
approaches, it is instructive to review the NAPA process and examine how well it was linked to national development planning.
This paper reviews 41 NAPAs submitted by Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), to assess the NAPA process in terms of NAPAs integration with countries’ national development strategies.
The review outlines the actors involved in developing NAPAs and identifies the range of interventions included in countries’
priority adaptation actions. The paper uses the example of population as an issue related to both climate change and national
development to assess how it is addressed as part of LDCs’ adaptation and national development agendas. The analysis shows
that although countries recognize population pressure as an issue related to the ability to cope with climate change and as
a factor hindering progress in meeting development goals, it is not well incorporated into either adaptation planning or in
national development strategies. Among the 41 NAPAs, 37 link high and rapid population growth to climate change. Moreover,
six NAPAs clearly state that slowing population growth or investments in reproductive health/family planning (RH/FP) should
be considered among the country’s priority adaptation actions. Furthermore, two NAPAs actually propose a project with components
of RH/FP among their priority adaptation interventions, although none of them has yet been funded. The paper points to structural
issues that hamper better alignment between climate change adaptation and national development planning and offers recommendations
for longer-term adaptation strategies that better meet the development needs of countries. 相似文献
8.
Michaelowa Axel Schmidt Holger 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1997,2(1):45-56
Joint Implementation is a theoretically efficient instrument of climate policy at least in the short run. This need not apply
for the long run. Joint Implementation can reduce innovation in the industrialized countries because of reduced incentives
for emission reduction. To realize short run efficiency gains and to avoid long run efficiency losses, we need a ‘strategic’
climate policy. This policy should start with full crediting of Joint Implementation allowing short-run efficiency gains which
can foster technology transfer and thus lead to ‘leapfrogging’ by developing countries. Over time, the crediting ratio should
be gradually reduced while domestic carbon taxes are raised. Experiences from the second oil shock have shown that energy-saving
innovation is positively correlated to energy prices. Both, the reduced crediting and the raising domestic carbon tax, will
therefore lead to long-run innovation. 相似文献
9.
Pytrik Reidsma Alfons Oude Lansink Frank Ewert 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(1):35-59
In order to assess agricultural adaptation to climate impacts, new methodologies are needed. The translog distance function
allows assessing interactions between different factors, and hence the influence of management on climate impacts. The Farm
Accountancy Data Network provides extensive data on farm characteristics of farms throughout the EU15 (i.e. the 15 member
states of the European Union before the extension in 2004). These data on farm inputs and outputs from 1990−2003 are coupled
with climate data. As climate change is not the only change affecting European agriculture, we also include effects of subsidies
and other changes on inputs and outputs of farms throughout Europe. We distinguish several regions and empirically assess
(1) climate impacts on farm inputs and outputs in different regions and (2) interactions between inputs and other factors
that contribute to the adaptation to these impacts. Changes in production can partly be related to climatic variability and
change, but also subsidies and other developments (e.g. technology, markets) are important. Results show that impacts differ
per region, and that ‘actual impacts’ cannot be explicitly separated into ‘potential impacts’ and ‘adaptive capacity’ as often
proposed for vulnerability assessment. Farmers adapt their practices to prevailing conditions and continuously adapt to changing
conditions. Therefore, ‘potential impacts’ will not be observed in practice, leaving it as a mainly theoretical concept. Factors
that contribute to the adaptation also differ per region. In some regions more fertilizers or more irrigation can mitigate
impacts, while in other regions this amplifies impacts. To project impacts of future climate change on agriculture, current
farm management strategies and their influence on current production should be considered. This clearly asks for improved
integration of biophysical and economic models. 相似文献
10.
With growing evidence on how climate change impacts human health, public health agencies should develop adaptation programs
focused on the impacts predicted to affect their jurisdictions. However, recent research indicates that public health agencies
in the United States have done little to prepare the public for predicted climate change impacts, largely due in response
to a lack of resources and priority. This study surveyed Environmental Health (EH) Directors across the United States to determine
the extent to which individual level attitudes and beliefs influence the adoption of climate change adaptation programming
in a department. The results indicate that an EH Director’s perception of the health risk posed by climate change explained
27% of the variance in the number of climate change impacts being addressed. Furthermore, the study found that environmental
attitude and political views made strong, unique contributions in explaining the variance in risk perception. The results
provide evidence that individual-level attitudes and beliefs, as well as organizational-level barriers influence the adoption
of climate change adaptation programs in public health agencies. As a result, increasing EH Directors’ perception of risk
by highlighting the likelihood and severity of localized impacts may increase the adoption of adaptation programming despite
existing organizational barriers (e.g., lack of resources). Given the fact that risk perception has been shown to influence
behavior across cultures, these findings are also useful for understanding the influence of individual decision makers on
public health programming around the world. 相似文献
11.
Colleen Jacob Tim McDaniels Scott Hinch 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(8):859-876
This paper provides a culturally-informed understanding of the impacts of climate change on a highly important subsistence
activity that has been practiced by First Nations of central British Columbia for thousands of years. The paper begins with
a review of the science regarding sockeye salmon and climate change. It discusses harvest patterns, and how the timing of
runs has changed. A survey was conducted by the first author regarding St’át’imc traditional fishing at a historic site on
the Fraser River, in 2005. The results show that the impacts of climate change are apparent to those conducting traditional
fishing practices, in terms of changed timing and abundance of salmon runs. These perceptions fit closely with the information
available from scientists and management agencies. These changes are highly problematic for the St’át’imc, in that the preservation
method (drying) is tied to seasonal weather patterns. The whole cultural setting, and the relevance of salmon for subsistence
would be highly altered by climate change that leads to changes in the timing and abundance of sockeye salmon. The paper discusses
mitigation and adaptation alternatives, but also indicates the scope of these seem limited, given the resource systems and
the context of these activities. 相似文献
12.
13.
Adaptation investments: a resource allocation framework 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rhona Barr Samuel Fankhauser Kirk Hamilton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(8):843-858
Additional finance for adaptation is an important element of the emerging international climate change framework. This paper
discusses how adaptation funding may be allocated among developing countries in a transparent, efficient and equitable way.
We propose an approach based on three criteria: the climate change impacts experienced in a country, a country’s adaptive
capacity and its implementation capacity. Physical impact and adaptive capacity together determine a country’s vulnerability
to climate change. It seems both efficient and fair that countries which are more vulnerable should have a stronger claim
on adaptation resources. The third dimension, implementation capacity, introduces a measure of adaptation effectiveness. Rough
indicators are proposed for each of the three dimensions. The results are indicative only, but they suggest a strong focus
of initial adaptation funding on Africa. African countries are highly vulnerability in part because of the severity of expected
impacts, but also because of their very low adaptive capacity. However, their implementation capacity is also limited, suggesting
a need for technical assistance in project implementation. 相似文献
14.
Michael J. Scott James A. Dirks Katherine A. Cort 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(4):307-339
US residential and commercial buildings were responsible for about 41 exajoules (EJ) of primary energy use per year in 2002,
accounting for approximately 9% of the world fossil-fuel related anthropogenic carbon (C) emissions of 6.7 Gt that contribute
to climate change. US Government-sponsored building energy efficiency research and implementation programs are focused on
reducing energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings and reducing these carbon (C) emissions. Although not
specifically intended for adaptation to a warmer climate and less effective than under today’s cooler climate, these programs
also could help reduce energy demand in a future warmer world. Warming scenarios projected by the United Nations Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 imply net overall decreases in both site energy and primary energy consumption in US
residential and commercial buildings, largely because of the reduced need for heating. However, there would be as much as
a 25% increase in building space cooling demand and a significant part of the increase could be offset by energy-efficiency
improvements in buildings. Overall, in the US, buildings-related energy efficiency programs would reduce site energy consumption
in buildings in the US by more than 2 EJ in 2020 and primary energy by more than 3.5 EJ, more than enough to offset the projected
growth in cooling energy consumption due to climate change and growth in the US building stock. The savings would have an
estimated annual net value at 2005 energy prices of between $45.0 and $47.3 billion to consumers.
相似文献
Michael J. ScottEmail: |
15.
16.
Bamboo in climate change and rural livelihoods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maxim Lobovikov Dieter Schoene Lou Yping 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(3):261-276
Climate change negotiations, assessments, and greenhouse gas inventory guidelines have all but bypassed bamboo. Disallowing
stands of tree-like bamboos as forests disparages their function in the carbon (C) cycle, and disregards pillars of smallholder
livelihoods. Exposing bamboo not as a panacea, but as an overlooked option for C conservation, sequestration, and adaptation,
we screen details of distribution, morphology, growth, physiology, and impacts for pertinence to climate change. Additional
to 40 million hectares of existing bamboo forests, many potential host countries for C projects harbor suitable sites. Definitions,
methods and default values, such as the root/shoot- ratio, biomass conversion factors, allometric equations and sampling variables
need adjusting. Rapid maturation, persistent rhizomes, a rich palette of species, and wind-firmness may mitigate risk. Bamboos
can accommodate agro-and urban forestry, and reign in unsustainable shifting cultivation. Distribution functions of bamboo
biomass stocks and growths do not deviate drastically from those of trees. If anything, bamboo stocks are slightly lower,
and growths slightly higher, with medians of 87 t*ha−1 and 10.5 t*ha−1*yr−1, respectively. However, bamboo’s outstanding socio-economic effects might well determine its future in mitigation and adaptation.
Early, continuous yields, selective harvesting on even small parcels of land, low capital and high labor intensity, virtually
100% conversion efficiency to about 1,500 products, and, typically, 75% of economic returns benefiting rural people are advantageous
attributes. Regional studies on suitability, silviculture, yields, economics, risk, and C assessment would strengthen bamboo’s
function as ‘the poor man’s timber’ and promote its niche as the smallholder’s C sink. 相似文献
17.
S. V. R. K. Prabhakar Ancha Srinivasan Rajib Shaw 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(1):7-33
The field of climate change is full of uncertainties that are limiting strategic disaster risk reduction planning. In this
paper, however, we argued that there is lot to do before we get our hands on reliable estimates of future climate change impacts.
It includes bringing together different stakeholders in a framework suggested in this paper, developing case studies that
reflect long-term local impacts of climate change, capacity building of local stakeholders that enables them to take decisions
under uncertainty etc. We proposed a simple scheme that brings together climate, disaster and policy community together to
start a dialogue in a run-up to understanding wider aspects of long-term risk reduction at local level. Strategic thinking,
which has only been restricted to national and regional planning to date, needs to be inculcated in local level disaster risk
reduction and policy personnel as well. There is a need to move from the attitude of considering local level players as ‘implementers’
to ‘innovators’ for which developing a network of self learning and evolving organizations are required at the local level. 相似文献
18.
M. M. P. B. Fuentes M. R. Fish J. A. Maynard 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(1):51-63
Climate change poses a serious threat to sea turtles (Cheloniidae) as their terrestrial reproductive phase is only successful
within a limited range of environmental and physical conditions. These conditions are likely to become less optimal as climate
change progresses. To date, management and conservation of sea turtles has focused almost entirely on non-climatic stressors,
due at least in part to practitioners not knowing what strategies to take and the feasibility and risks of potential strategies.
To aid the management of sea turtles in a changing environment, we identified management strategies via a focus workshop and
surveys to mitigate the impacts of climate change to the terrestrial reproductive phase of sea turtles. The effectiveness,
ecological risks and potential social and logistical constraints associated with implementing each of the identified management
strategies is discussed. Twenty management strategies were identified; strategies varied from habitat protection to more active
and direct manipulation of nests and the nesting environment. Based on our results, we suggest a three-pronged approach to
sea turtle conservation in light of climate change, where managers and researchers should: 1) enhance sea turtle resilience
to climate change by mitigating other threats; 2) prioritise implementing the ‘no regret’ and ‘reversible’ management strategies
identified here; and 3) fill the knowledge gaps identified to aid the trial and implementation of the potential strategies identified here. By combining these three approaches our collective toolkit of sea turtle management strategies
will expand, giving us an array of viable approaches to implement as climate change impacts become more extreme. 相似文献
19.
Wolfgang Priester (1924–2005) was one of Germany’s most versatile and quixotic astrophysicists, reinventing himself successively
as a radio astronomer, space physicist and cosmologist, and making a lasting impact on each field. We focus in this personal
account on his contributions to cosmology, where he will be most remembered for his association with quasars, his promotion
of the idea of a nonsingular “big bounce” at the beginning of the current expansionary phase, and his recognition of the importance
of dark energy (Einstein’s cosmological constant Λ) well before this became the standard paradigm in cosmology.
In memoriam Wolfgang Priester, 22 April 1924 – 9 July 2005 相似文献