铁氧体工艺处理含重金属污水研究现状及展望

本文对近年来该工艺中铁氧体沉渣的生成机理和生成条件等方面的理论研究、工艺流程的发展及实际应用情况、铁氧体沉渣的综合利用等方面的发展现状加以综述。指出对铁氧体生成机制和沉渣的组成、结构和性能开展深入研究,将对铁氧体工艺处理含重金属污水应用起推动作用。     

铁氧体工艺处理含重金属污水沉渣的综合利用

本文对近年来铁氧体工艺沉渣的综合利用现状作了综述。     

铁氧体法处理含Zn~(2+)、Ni~(2+)废水研究

实验研究了铁氧体法处理含锌、镍混合废水的工艺条件。在 p H=8.0～ 1 0 .0 ,2≤ Fe2 + :M2 +≤ 8(M2 +以废水中总离子含量计 ) ,外加磁场强度为 2 0 0 T的条件下 ,锌、镍离子能够同时去除 ,其去除率可达 99%以上 ,沉渣沉降时间可缩短为1 0 mi     

M—铁氧体对印染废水催化脱色试验研究

本文介绍了用含不同组分的铁氧体(M-铁氧体)作为催化剂,对印染废水进行催化空气氧化脱色的试验研究.实验发现Ni-铁氧体对不溶性还原染料废液有较好的催化脱色能力,脱色率通常可达90％以上.红外光谱分析结果表明,Ni-铁氧体参与的不溶性还原染料废液的催化脱色反应是通过将染液中的助剂保险粉彻底氧化,从而使染料转化为不溶性沉淀物被分离而完成的.     

铁氧体法处理电镀废水的应用研究

对铁氧体法处理电镀废水应用技术进行了研究,通过对比试验分析,得出可用常温下生成铁氧体的方法处理电镀废水,实现电镀废水达标排放和消除二次污染的结论。该应用研究对其他重金属废水的治理也有一定的实用价值。     

电镀污泥氨浸提铬渣的铁氧体化综合利用工艺

通过研究电镀污泥氨浸提铬渣的湿法以及干法湿法相结合的铁氧体化处理工艺,表明湿法铁氧体化和直接高温干法铁氧体化都可以实现电镀污泥氨浸提铬渣的无害化解毒,浸出液中未检出Ｃｒ;湿法铁氧体化很难在低Ｆｅ＾２＋投入的上实现氨浸提铬渣的综合利用,一次和多次加料所得产品的不合格,湿法和干法相结合的处理工艺可以在低Ｆｅ＾２＋投入的情况下使处理后所得到的综合利用产品的性能得到较大改善。     

镍锌铁氧体的表征及在肝素提取废水处理中的应用

通过共沉淀法制备了镍锌铁氧体(Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4),FT-IR、SEM、XRD、BET等技术表征后发现,此铁氧体是一种纳米级铁磁性颗粒,平均粒径27.53 nm,其结构疏松多孔且比孔径和表面积均较大。当其用处理肝素提取废水时,发现具有很强的吸附能力,不仅存在表面吸附而且存在磁性吸附,这种吸附能很好地促进废水中污染物的去除,实验发现其处理过程主要分2个过程:污染物先被吸附,然后其中有机物被添加的过氧化氢氧化;无机物、金属离子被笼络到铁氧体的晶格中后通过絮凝过滤而去除,处理后的废水中含盐量去除率在92%以上。UV-Vis分析发现镍锌铁氧体对此种废水的处理能使废水中的特征吸收峰明显降低;它也能促进过氧化氢的氧化,高于芬顿试剂的氧化效果:能使吸收在296 nm处的物质彻底消除。     

用废旧锌锰电池制备锰锌铁氧体的研究

用水热法以废旧锌锰电池为原料对制备锰锌铁氧体进行了研究。探索了制备过程的影响因素,如水热反应的pH值、水热温度及水热时间等。结果表明,在溶液的pH值为10,水热温度为210℃,水热时间为2～24h时,均能有效制备无杂相的锰锌铁氧体;提高反应温度和延长反应时间,均有利于锰锌铁氧体的晶化过程。研究还发现,加入铁粉是一个既能高效除汞,又能制备高性能锰锌铁氧体的关键所在。      

混凝沉淀法处理锰锌铁氧体生产废水

锰锌铁氧体生产废水采用混凝沉淀法处理 ,悬浮物去除率可达 99.9% ,浊度去除率可达 99% ,出水水质达到国家排放标准。     

钢板酸洗液回收Fe2O3粉制取高档永磁铁氧体预烧料的研究

以钢板酸洗废酸液回收的Fe2O3粉为主要原料，制备了永磁铁氧体预烧料及器件。研究了工艺制度如预烧温度、保温时间、摩尔比对预烧料磁学性能的影响等。制取的永磁铁氧体材料的磁性能达到Br=420mT，Hcb=215KA／m，（BH）max=32．4KJ／m^3。     

盐沼植物翅碱蓬对沉积物中磷环境化学行为影响

研究了翅碱蓬生长区根际、非根际(根上部和根下部)沉积物和未生长区沉积物对应断面(亚表层、表层和深层)P的环境化学行为.结果表明,无论有无植物生长,沉积物总磷(TP)由表层(根上部)至深层(根下部)呈现逐渐减少的趋势且均以无机磷(IP)为主,有机磷(OP)含量最少,但植物生长区沉积物中总磷含量显著地增加,特别是根际沉积物 IP含量高达83%.对植物生长区和未生长区沉积物中IP的化学形态进一步分析表明,无论有无植物生长IP均以Ca-P为主,但在植物根际沉积物DP、Al-P和Fe-P均有显著增加,分别为未生长植物亚表层沉积物的3.5、8.3和3.7倍,从而导致活性磷比例增加,生物可利用性变大.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

泥沙在天然水体中的吸附作用

我国天然河流中的含沙量普遍较高,而泥沙作为污染物和污染物的载体对水环境造成污染,同时可以吸附污染物,净化水体。为此,分析了泥沙在水体中对污染物迁移转化过程中的影响,通过泥沙的吸附作用影响污染物在水体中的形态,从而影响水环境质量。讨论总结了泥沙对污染物质的吸附机理和影响因素,并讨论了有待进一步研究的内容。     

城市河流底质粒径与重金属污染状况分析

河流底质是河流水体的重要组成部分,是污染物的主要归宿场所。重金属主要通过吸附、络合、生物吸收等过程进入河流底质中,河流底质粒径是影响重金属吸附量的重要因素之一,而在有机质含量较高的河流底质中,底质粒径和有机质的吸附作用共同影响着重金属在底质上的吸附量。通过对苏北某城市河流底质进行粒径分级实验和有机质含量测定,研究了底质粒径与重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr）含量的关系以及底质中有机质含量对重金属吸附量的影响。     

水体颗粒物对有机氮转化的影响

以多泥沙河流黄河为例,采用微宇宙实验模拟研究自然水体中有机氮的转化过程和添加人工富集的黄河优势菌种条件下的有机氮转化过程.结果表明,自然水体条件下颗粒物对有机氮的转化有明显的促进作用,转化速率常数随颗粒物含量的增加而增加,用一级动力学拟合有机氮的转化过程发现,当有机氮的初始浓度为5 mg/L,颗粒物含量分别为0、5、10 　g/L时,转化速率常数分别为0.286、0.333、0.538 d^-1,用Logistic模型对硝化过程进行模拟,硝化速率常数K₄分别为0.001 8、0.003 8,0.005 0 L·(d·μmol)^-1.在添加人工富集微生物条件下,微生物初始数量一致,体系有机氮的转化速率常数和硝化速率常数K₄均随颗粒物含量的增加而增加.水体颗粒物对有机氮转化的影响机理是：①颗粒物含量不同的水体其初始微生物数量不同,颗粒物含量越高,微生物数量也越大;②颗粒物对微生物生长有促进作用,微生物亦主要存在于颗粒物表面,且颗粒物的存在使水体有机氮主要存在于颗粒相,有机氮的转化主要发生在水-颗粒物界面;③颗粒物的存在增加了微生物与有机氮的接触几率,促进了有机氮的转化.     

镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用

考察了不同反应时间、pH值、硅酸根离子浓度、DO浓度、老化时间以及初始磷浓度等条件下一种新型底泥改良剂-镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用.当水中磷浓度很低时,太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥均释放出磷.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的释磷量少于太湖底泥.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)等较为稳定形态磷含量多于太湖底泥,而镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)这种不稳定形态磷含量少于太湖底泥.太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中较高浓度磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据均可以采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于太湖底泥,且吸附能力随老化时间的增加而降低.被镧改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐主要以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较为稳定形态磷存在,不容易被重新释放出来.上述结果表明,采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行原位改良可以增强太湖底泥对磷的固定能力,减少太湖底泥磷的释放.     

由河道输入太湖的含营养盐泥沙拦截试验

在太湖主要入湖河道大浦港河口构建了泥沙拦截槽,结合泥沙沉降观测,分析利用泥沙拦截槽削减经由河道输入太湖的外源性泥沙及营养盐的可行性.结果表明:拦沙槽可以有效收集外源悬浮泥沙及其携带的氮磷污染物.拦沙槽以平均-33.99m3/月的速率淤积,其中在夏秋季淤积较快,最大单月沉降量达到66.34m3,在2020年7月～2021...     

Effects of overlying water aeration on phosphorus fractions and alkaline phosphatase activity in surface sediment

Microbial activity may influence phosphorus (P) deposit and release at the water sediment interface. The properties of DO (dissolved oxygen), pH, P fractions (TP, Ca-P, Fe-P, OP, IP), and APA (alkaline phosphatase activity) at the water sediment interface were measured to investigate microbial activity variations in surface sediment under conditions of two-month intermittent aeration in overlying water. Results showed that DO and TP of overlying water increased rapidly in the first week and then decreased gradually after 15 day of intermittent aeration. Microorganism metabolism in surface sediment increased pH and decreased DO and TP in the overlying water. After two-month intermittent aeration, APA and OP from surface sediment (0–2 cm) were both significantly higher than those from bottom sediment (6–8 cm) (p < 0.05), and surface sediment Fe-P was transferred to OP during the course of microorganism reproduction on the surface sediment. These results suggest that microbial activity and microorganism biomass from the surface sediment were higher than those from bottom sediment after two-month intermittent aeration in the overlying water.     

淡水沉积物的生物测试方法研究

描述了淡水沉积物毒性的生物测试方法。沉积物基质可以通过直接采样法和掺入法制备,储存会影响其生物可利用性。全底泥相,间隙水相和复溶相是目前沉积物毒理学研究常用的试验相,其中,间隙水相被认为是进行沉积物毒理学研究较为理想的试验相。同时推荐采用离心法制备间隙水。此外,为增加试验结果的可比性,文中还讨论了试验生物的选择问题。