活性污泥处理系统的计算机模拟

介绍了以活性污泥1号模型(ASMI)和固体通量沉淀模型为基础．结合反应器原理．用VB6．0计算机语言建立城市污水活性污泥模拟器的方法,探讨了生物反应器和二沉池的模拟工艺流程、各组分的物料平衡关系和欧拉法数值积分的步长选取等问题。模拟器的校准结果表明,该模拟器建立的思路和方法是可靠的．可以用于城市污水生物处理系统的模拟和预测。     

活性污泥法合成可生物降解塑料的工程化可行性探讨

细菌发酵法仍是目前合成可生物降解塑料(PHA)的主要方法,但实现其工业化生产的最大瓶颈是生产费用较为昂贵,而活性污泥法因独具的优点,有望成为较为经济、具有良好前景的PHA生物合成方法。对利用活性污泥法合成PHA的工程化可行性进行了探讨,主要分析了活性污泥法的PHA合成代谢机制、工艺优化和PHA积累水平,以及方法的技术经济可行性。最后指出,活性污泥法合成PHA不仅在技术、投资和生产费用方面较细菌发酵法更具竞争力,而且能在有效去除污染物的同时积累PHA,具有很好的推广价值和应用前景。     

倒置AAO工艺中物料及能量流向的研究

通过对北京某城市污水厂的曝气池各单元及二沉池营养物质变化进行跟踪试验,分析该污水厂的活性污泥单元倒置AAO工艺部分碳、氮、磷的物料流向,并且基于物料平衡分析了工艺中的能量流向.     

污水生物除磷技术的现状与研究进展

阐述了生物除磷原理和各种生物除磷技术的研究与应用现状,对传统工艺如A/O工艺、A2/O工艺、Bardenpho工艺、UCT工艺、Orbal氧化沟、改良型UCT工艺、序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺、VIP除磷工艺等进行了简单的原理介绍和细致的应用描述,并作出了分析与评价。最后,提出单级活性污泥法除磷系统的优化与加强对生物除磷机制的研究是生物除磷技术的主要发展方向。     

SBR工艺活性污泥比耗氧速率与控制参数的关系

活性污泥的比耗氧速率(SOUR)是表征污泥生物活性的重要参数之一,从微生物呼吸速率角度反映了活性污泥生理状态和基质代谢状况.通过监测SBR工艺活性污泥的SOUR,考察了SBR工艺中活性污泥SOUR的变化规律,研究了活性污泥的SOUR与各项控制参数之间的相关关系.试验结果表明,活性污泥的SOUR可以有效地表征SBR工艺的生化反应进程,并与DO、氧化还原电位(ORP)和pH之间存在良好的相关关系.     

活性污泥和生物膜复合模型的建立与模拟

针对近年来出现的城市污水处理厂活性污泥和生物膜复合工艺,首先建立了能同时描述碳氧化、脱氮和除磷的修正ASM1(Activated Sludge Model No.1),以及与ASM1中微生物生长过程速率方程结构形式相同、物理意义明确的生物膜模型。然后将该生物膜模型与修正的ASM1相结合,形成了活性污泥和生物膜复合模型,利用VB6.0编写了相应的模拟软件。以西安市第五污水处理厂复合工艺为对象,对其碳、氮和磷的去除进行模拟,结果表明该模型可以较好地反映出水各污染指标的变化规律。通过对进水流量、填料区的位置及填料区填料的投加率进行模拟,为填料区的优化和系统运行提出了建议。     

吸附降解法处理啤酒废水工艺的改造

对采用吸附降解法处理啤酒废水的工艺进行了改造，解决了污泥的堵塞、污泥的膨胀、池体有效容积下降、运行成本较高等问题。运行结果表明，改造后的处理效果有明显提高，出水水质稳定，运行成本有了较大幅度的下降。     

双循环两相生物处理工艺对循环式活性污泥法工艺升级改造的探讨

循环式活性污泥法(CASS)存在微生物的混合培养、泥龄、硝酸盐等问题,制约系统脱氮除磷效率的进一步提高.双循环两相生物处理(BICT)工艺以CASS工艺为基础,通过单独设立膜法硝化池,使自养菌和异养菌分开培养,解决了微生物混合生长所带来的问题,同时BICT工艺中间歇反应器与连续流反应器的特殊组合方式使污泥在序批式活性污泥法(SBR)各池间转移,可增加系统充水比和提高容积利用率.保证BICT工艺具有良好的氮、磷去除效果.利用BICT工艺对CASS工艺进行工程升级改造,比利用物化法对CASS工艺进行改造所需投资省、运行费用低.在对CASS工艺进行改造时,可以优先考虑BICT工艺.     

废水处理系统中活性污泥总DNA的提取

对废水脱氮除磷厌氧-缺氧-好氧系统中的活性污泥样品经过或未经预处理,比较了超声波法、玻璃珠震荡法和冻融法3种细胞裂解方法对DNA提取效果的影响。吸光度和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测结果表明:活性污泥经TENP和PBS预处理后采用冻融法加2%SDS裂解细胞的DNA提取操作,可以得到数量多、纯度高的活性污泥DNA样品,可不经纯化直接进行PCR扩增反应。     

活性污泥二次污染问题的探讨(Ⅱ)

讨论了城市污水经过A／O工艺处理时活性污泥的二次污染问题。将原水、处理后的出水及活性污泥用甲苯萃取，萃取相经过真空浓缩后，采用GC／MS测定了样品中的有机化合物，结果表明，在A／O工艺处理城市污水过程中，活性污泥的吸附作用是主要的，降解作用是次要的；A／O工艺所排放的活性污泥仍然是一种危险的污染物。     

Modelling radionuclide transport for time varying flow in a channel network

Water flowrates and flow directions may change over time in the subsurface for a number of reasons. In fractured rocks flow takes place in channels within fractures. Solutes are carried by the advective flow. In addition, solutes may diffuse in and out of stagnant waters in the rock matrix and other stagnant water regions. Sorbing species may sorb on fracture surfaces and on the micropore surfaces in the rock matrix. We present a method by which solute particles can be traced in flowing water undergoing changes in flowrate and direction in a complex channel network where the solutes can also interact with the rock by diffusion in the rock matrix. The novelty of this paper is handling of diffusion in the rock matrix under transient flow conditions. The diffusive processes are stochastic and it is not possible to follow a particle deterministically. The method therefore utilises the properties of a probability distribution function for a tracer moving in a fracture where matrix diffusion is active. The method is incorporated in a three dimensional channel network model. Particle tracking is used to trace out a multitude of flowpaths, each of which consists of a large number of channels within fractures. Along each channel the aperture and velocity as well as the matrix sorption properties can vary. An efficient method is presented whereby a particle can be followed along the variable property flowpath. For stationary flow conditions and a network of channels with advective flow and matrix diffusion, a simple analytical solution for the residence time distribution along each pathway can be used. Only two parameter groups need to be integrated along each path. For transient flow conditions, a time stepping procedure that incorporates a stochastic Monte-Carlo like method to follow the particles along the paths when flow conditions change is used. The method is fast and an example is used for illustrative purposes. It is exemplified by a case where land rises due to glacial rebound. It is shown that the effects of changing flowrates and directions can be considerable and that the diffusive migration in the matrix can have a dominating effect on the results.     

Fuzzy neural network for flow estimation in sewer systems during wet weather.

Estimation of the water flow from rainfall intensity during storm events is important in hydrology, sewer system control, and environmental protection. The runoff-producing behavior of a sewer system changes from one storm event to another because rainfall loss depends not only on rainfall intensities, but also on the state of the soil and vegetation, the general condition of the climate, and so on. As such, it would be difficult to obtain a precise flowrate estimation without sufficient a priori knowledge of these factors. To establish a model for flow estimation, one can also use statistical methods, such as the neural network STORMNET, software developed at Lyonnaise des Eaux, France, analyzing the relation between rainfall intensity and flowrate data of the known storm events registered in the past for a given sewer system. In this study, the authors propose a fuzzy neural network to estimate the flowrate from rainfall intensity. The fuzzy neural network combines four STORMNETs and fuzzy deduction to better estimate the flowrates. This study's system for flow estimation can be calibrated automatically by using known storm events; no data regarding the physical characteristics of the drainage basins are required. Compared with the neural network STORMNET, this method reduces the mean square error of the flow estimates by approximately 20%. Experimental results are reported herein.     

Fast method for simulation of radionuclide chain migration in dual porosity fracture rocks

In fractured rocks with a porous rock matrix such as granites, radionuclides will flow with the water in the fracture network. The nuclides will diffuse in and out the rock matrix where they can sorb and be considerably retarded compared to the water velocity. A water parcel entering the network will mix and split at the fracture intersections and parts of the original parcel will traverse a multitude of different fractures. The flowrates, velocities, sizes and apertures of the fractures can vary widely. Normally one must solve the transport equations for every fracture and use the effluent concentration as inlet condition to the next fracture and so on. It is shown that under some weakly simplified conditions it suffices to determine one single parameter group containing information on the flow wetted surface that a water parcel contacts along the entire path. It is also shown how this can be obtained. Then, solving the transport equations only once for time and location along the path gives the concentration and nuclide flux of every nuclide in the chain everywhere along a path. The same solution actually is valid for every path in the network. This dramatically reduces the computation effort. The same approach can be used for models based on streamtubes.     

Assessment of the sustainability of technology by means of a thermodynamically based life cycle analysis

Life cycle analysis is one of the tools in the assessment of the sustainability of technological options. It takes into account all effects on the ecosystem and the population which may endanger the possibilities of current and future generations. However, the main bottleneck in current LCA methodologies is the balancing of different effects, being all quantified on different scales. In this work, a methodology is proposed, which allows one to quantify different effects of the production, consumption and disposal of goods, and services on a single scale. The basis of the methodology is the second law of thermodynamics. All production, consumption and disposal processes affecting the ecosystem and the population, are quantified in terms of loss of exergy. The exergy content of a material is the maximum amount of energy which can be transformed into work at given environmental conditions. Next to the elaboration of the methodology, the new approach is illustrated by examples of the production of synthetic organic polymers, inorganic building insulation materials and different waste gas treatment options.     

Field characterization of external grease abatement devices

This study characterized some of the physical and chemical features of large outside field grease abatement devices (GADs). 24-hour measurements of several food service establishments' (FSEs') influent GAD flowrates indicated highly intermittent conditions with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) that exceeded the common recommendation (30 minutes) by two to five times. Investigation into the chemical characteristics of GADs indicated highly variable influent and effluent fat, oil, and grease (FOG) concentrations. Low pH and dissolved oxygen values were measured throughout the GAD, indicating the likely occurrence of anaerobic microbial processes. Detailed spatial and temporal observations of the accumulation of FOG and food solids were also discussed. Though the FOG layer remained relatively constant for all GAD configurations investigated, results indicated that commonly-used GAD configurations with a straight submerged inlet tee or no-inlet tee configuration may result in the transport of food solids into the second compartment. The present research showed increased accumulation of food solids in the first compartment with a retro-fit flow distributive inlet. This retro-fit displays promise for potentially improving the separation characteristics of existing GADs.     

双极膜电渗析法处理谷氨酸水溶液的过程性能研究

对利用双极膜水解离技术处理谷氨酸水溶液的各种工艺参数进行了探索。讨论了电流效率、转化率及能耗等因素对双极膜水解离技术应用的影响。根据实验研究结果 ,提出了双极膜法处理谷氨酸水溶液的最佳工艺流程     

Investigation and modeling of solar UV-induced chlorine decay in disinfection contact basins at full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Residual chlorine loss due to UV sunlight in the chlorine disinfection contact basins (DCBs) was investigated at two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Chlorine decay due to solar UV-induced photochemical reaction was found to be significant and had diurnal and seasonal variations. The total chlorine loss due to sunlight ranged from 19 to 26% of the total chlorine chemical use at the two plants studied. Covering chlorine contact basins led to more stable chlorine demand regardless of the diurnal and seasonal sunlight intensity. Therefore, covering chlorine contact basins offers more stable, or accurate, chlorine dosage and effluent residual control and requires less effort by plant operators. A mathematical model was developed to calculate the amount of UV-induced chlorine decay. The model developed can be used to estimate the UV-induced chlorine decay rate and total chlorine loss due to sunlight at WWTPs with various basin configurations, flowrates, chlorine dosages, and geographical locations. The model results allow the capital cost of covering needs to be assessed against the chlorine chemical cost savings.     

How does biased technological progress affect haze pollution? Evidence from APEC economies

Biased technological progress is the act of energy conservation and emission reduction by changing the marginal rate of substitution. In this study, we introduced renewable energy into a production function, and proposed a method of identifying biased characteristics of technological progress, based on marginal productivity theory. A panel dataset for the Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies from 2000 to 2017 was analyzed to explore the effect of biased technological progress in reducing particulate matter (PM_2.5). We found that input biased technological progress tended to use more non-renewable energy. Input biased technological progress aggravated haze pollution; however, this effect decreased as the PM_2.5 concentration increased. Output biased technological progress significantly reduced haze pollution in high-income economies, but increased it in low-income economies. The effect of neutral technological progress on haze pollution was the opposite of the effect from output biased technological progress. We also found that increasing renewable energy consumption and reducing energy intensity were separate effective paths for input and output biased technological progress, respectively, to mitigate haze pollution. For neutral technological progress, improving total factor productivity was an important way to mitigate haze pollution. Finally, several policy recommendations are proposed to mitigate haze pollution in APEC economies.

     

沸石法工业污水氨氮治理技术研究

本文研究了斜发沸石法去除工业污水中氨氮的方法 ,通过沸石对NH+4 的全交换容量、吸附和洗脱工艺条件对去除氨氮效果影响的试验 ,确定了处理氨氮废水的工艺流程和适宜参数。结果表明 ,在废水浓度pH =7的条件下 ,沸石对铵的平均全交换容量达到 12 .96mg/g沸石 ,且交换容量随PH值的增大而降低 ;高速低温有利于吸附 ,低速高温有利于洗脱 ;处理后污水氨氮含量低于 5 0mg/L ,达到了国家排放标准。本研究可为治理氨氮废水技术开发提供了一定的技术依据     

Carbon and nutrient removal from on-site wastewater using extended-aeration activated sludge and ion exchange.

The need to improve on-site wastewater treatment processes is being realized as populations move into more environmentally sensitive regions and regulators adopt the total maximum daily load approach to watershed management. Under many conditions, septic systems do not provide adequate treatment; therefore, advanced systems are required. These systems must remove significant amounts of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids, and substantially nitrify, denitrify, and remove phosphorus. Many existing advanced on-site wastewater systems effectively remove BOD, suspended solids, and ammonia, but few substantially denitrify and uptake phosphorus. The purpose of this research was to design and test modifications to an existing on-site wastewater treatment system to improve denitrification and phosphorus removal. The Nayadic (Consolidated Treatment Systems, Inc., Franklin, Ohio), an established, commercially available, extended-aeration, activated sludge process, was used to represent a typical existing system. Several modifications were considered based on a literature review, and the option with the best potential was tested. To improve denitrification, a supplemental treatment tank was installed before the Nayadic and a combination flow splitter, sump, and pump box with a recirculation system was installed after it. A recirculation pump returned a high proportion of the system effluent back to the supplemental treatment tank. Two supplemental treatment tank sizes, three flowrates, and three recirculation rates were tested. Actual wastewater was dosed as brief slugs to the system in accordance with a set schedule. Several ion-exchange resins housed in a contact column were tested on the effluent for their potential to remove phosphorus. Low effluent levels of five-day biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and total nitrogen were achieved and substantial phosphorous removal was also achieved using a 3780-L supplemental treatment tank, a recirculation ratio of 5:1, and a fine-grain activated aluminum-oxide-exchange media. Good results were also obtained with an 1890-L supplemental treatment tank and a recirculation ratio of 3:1. The most significant benefit of the supplemental treatment tank, in combination with the recirculation system, appears to be the low nitrogen concentration dosed to the Nayadic. By reducing the nitrogen concentration and spreading out its mass over time during no-flow periods, the Nayadic's inherent low-level denitrifying capacity was more closely matched and effective treatment was achieved.