能量注入对放电等离子体去除气相苯系物的影响

采用正极性高压直流供电和串齿线放电极--管式接地极构成的放电等离子体反应器,研究了苯系物(苯、甲苯和对二甲苯)去除效率与供电电压之间的关系,以及放电极齿轮数对苯系物去除效率、COx(CO2 CO)生成量和能量效率的影响.研究结果表明,苯系物的去除效率、COx生成量皆随电压升高而增大.随着电压升高,能量效率先升后降,当电压为11 kV左右时,能量效率最高.对应放电齿轮数为31的苯系物去除效率、COx生成量和能量效率皆高于放电齿轮数为55或7,这表明对应特定的等离子体反应器,有一最佳放电齿数匹配.     

电极配置对多针-板脉冲等离子体反应器放电特性的影响

脉冲放电等离子体反应器作为低温等离子体技术处理气态污染物的关键部分,其电极配置很大程度上决定了放电等离子体的形成和放电能量的利用效率,研究反应器在不同电极配置下的放电特性可为改善脉冲能量注入形式和提高放电稳定性提供参考。实验研究了多针-板脉冲等离子体反应器的针板间距和针针间距对伏安特性和单脉冲注入能量的影响。结果表明,针板间距相同时,多针电极结构与单针相比,起晕电压较低、火花击穿电压较高,放电稳定性较好;相同条件下,放电电流随针板间距的增大而减小,而随针针间距的增大总体上呈上升趋势,当针针间距增大到20 mm时,相邻针尖的相互作用已很小,继续增大针针间距,放电电流出现下降趋势;针板间距对火花击穿电压的影响较大,针针间距对其影响较小。当针板间距为20 mm,针针间距为20 mm时,电晕放电具有最大单脉冲注入能量。     

介质阻挡放电和水吸收联合降解挥发性有机化合物

依据介质阻挡放电(DBD)和溶液吸收处理气态污染物的原理,设计出一种DBD和水吸收联合降解挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的实验装置.研究其对甲苯的降解效果.考察了放电电压、甲苯初始浓度、模拟废气流量对甲苯降解效果的影响.分析了DBD和水吸收的相互作用.结果表明.DBD和水吸收联合可以提高甲苯的降解率.在放电电压为15.9 kV时甲苯的降解率为81.5%.比单独放电时提高了13.3百分点;甲苯的降解率随着放电电压增大而升高,随着气体流量和甲苯初始浓度增大而降低.该技术可以作为放电等离子体前处理工艺,为高效处理上业废气提供参考.     

齿轮-筒电极放电处理有机废气及电极优化

放电等离子体技术被广泛用来处理各类有机污染物,其中放电电极的结构是污染物处理效率的关键。通过实验分别研究了在搭载齿轮-筒电极和线-筒电极的等离子体气体处理器下处理甲苯和VOC的效率。此外,还模拟了齿轮-筒电极的放电间距、齿轮齿数、电压大小对于放电特性与效率的影响。结果表明,齿轮-筒电极处理甲苯的效率比线-筒电极具有优势,最高效率可相差8.3%。齿轮-筒电极在处理VOC时的效率也优于线-筒电极2%～5%。放电间距在8～10 mm左右、齿轮为20齿时的电子数密度最大。同时,放电所产生的电子数密度随着电压的增大而增大,但当电压超过-20 kV时增长缓慢。齿轮-筒电极处理有机废气的效率比线-筒电极有提升,此外,电极结构还有优化提升空间。     

反应条件对等离子体脱除吸附于Cu-Ce/AC表面NO_x的影响

以放电等离子体协同催化法对吸附在Cu-Ce/AC上的NO_x进行脱除,研究了不同的放电条件和添加水蒸气对脱除NO_x的影响。结果表明,对于同轴圆筒形反应器,催化剂量一定时,放电长度增加,吸附态NO_x去除率先升高后下降;放电电压增大,吸附态NO_x去除率升高,原因在于放电反应区内能量密度和活性粒子分布状态改变。根据NO_x程序升温脱附(TPD),TPD低温位(200℃)的吸附态NO_x更容易被放电等离子体脱除,放电长度和放电电压能够影响不同吸附位上NO_x的去除效率。适宜条件下,吸附态NO_x去除率最高达到93.3%。循环吸附-等离子体脱除NO_x进行10次后,NO_x脱除率在92%以上。在混合气中添加5%水蒸气提高了等离子体对吸附态NO_x的去除率,但导致循环吸附-等离子体脱除NO_x效率下降。原因是H2O与NO_x竞争吸附带来的负面效应大于等离子体中H2O提供自由基与吸附态NO_x反应所带来的正面效应。     

低温等离子体氧化水中难降解有机物研究

实验将介质阻挡放电与电晕放电组合在同一个反应器内,实验废水为直接大红染料溶液,将高压电极上通人50 Hz交流高压电,介质阻挡放电系统的电极间距为30 mm、电晕放电系统电极间距为25 mm、电源电压20 kV,利用常压空气中形成的雾化水电极介质阻挡放电/电晕放电低温等离子体及其活性基团作用于难降解有机物分子.实验分析了...     

介质阻挡放电处理甲苯及其放电参量的研究

采用等离子体反应器介质阻挡放电产生低温等离子体处理甲苯,在分析负载等效电路的基础上,利用电压-电荷Lis-sajous图形法对气体放电过程中的放电参量进行测量研究,并探讨了相关工况参数对甲苯去除率的影响.研究结果表明,该反应器所得能量随着电压的增大而增大;气隙等效电容随着外加电压和气隙厚度的增大而减小;电压较低时.电介质等效电容变化不大,随着电压的增大迅速升高,当电压达到一定值后,电介质等效电容变化平缓;该反应器采用粗电极对甲苯的去除率优于细电极;甲苯的去除率随着放电功率的上升而提高,但是能量效率却呈降低的趋势.此外,研究发现甲苯的初始浓度与气体流量与甲苯的去除率呈反比,而与甲苯的绝对去除量呈正比.     

介质阻挡放电净化硫化氢气体的实验研究

采用介质阻挡放电等离子体技术净化恶臭气体硫化氢。考察了电压、频率、硫化氢初始浓度以及停留时间对硫化氢净化效果的影响。结果表明,介质阻挡放电可以有效消除硫化氢污染,硫化氢净化率随电压、频率以及停留时间的增加而升高,随硫化氢初始浓度增加而下降。当电压≥19kV,频率为300Hz,停留时间为1.56s,硫化氢初始质量浓度为30.1mg/m3时,硫化氢净化率接近100%。     

气液混合脉冲放电等离子体再生活性炭系统优化研究

为了丰富活性炭再生方法,并拓宽脉冲放电等离子体技术的应用范围,研究建立了气液混合的脉冲放电等离子体体系,将其用于吸附酸性橙II(AO7)饱和活性炭的再生。通过实验,考察了气液混合方式、脉冲电压、脉冲频率和电极间距等关键参数对活性炭再生效果的影响规律,进而对该再生体系进行优化。研究结果表明,气液分离式的气液混合方式较利于该脉冲放电等离子体体系中活性炭的优化;在一定范围内提高脉冲电压,可以提高其中活性炭的再生效果;高的脉冲频率下活性炭再生效果好;气液混合脉冲放电等离子体体系中适宜于活性炭再生的电极间距为20mm。     

单介质和双介质阻挡放电低温等离子体降解甲苯的比较

为研究介质阻挡放电(DBD)反应器结构对低温等离子体降解甲苯的影响,设计了具有单层介质和双层介质的DBD反应器。对2种反应器的放电特征、甲苯去除率、矿化率、CO_2选择性和能量效率进行了比较,并对施加电压和初始浓度对甲苯降解效果的影响进行了分析。结果表明:在相同电压下,双介质反应器(DDBD)具有更高的电场强度,而单介质反应器(SDBD)的输入功率更高;当甲苯浓度和电压分别为616、1 027、1 848 mg·m~(-3)和14～24 kV时,双介质中的甲苯去除率为9.4%～100%、7.4%～99%、5.1%～64%,单介质为67%～98%、46%～90%、26%～59%。这说明低电压下单介质反应器的甲苯去除率更高,而高电压下则相反,并且,浓度降低、电压升高有利于甲苯的降解。单介质反应器的能量效率随电压升高而降低,双介质反应器则先升高后下降,且双介质反应器的能量效率高于单介质反应器(16～24 kV)。以上研究可为介质阻挡放电在VOCs去除方面的应用提供参考。     

Effects of Mn(II) and Fe(II) on microbial removal of arsenic (III)

Goal, scope, and background  Arsenic contamination in groundwater creates severe health problems in the world. There are many physiochemical and biological methods available for remediation of arsenic from groundwater. Among them, microbial remediation could be taken as one of the least expensive methods, though it takes longer treatment time. The main objective of this research was to study the improvement on remediation by addition of some essential ion salts such as Mn and Fe. Materials and methods   Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli were taken as model microbes from Dhulikhel, 30 km east from Kathmandu, Nepal. Results and discussion  Microbes used in this study showed different abilities in their removal of As(III) with and without addition of Mn and Fe salts. The trend of remediation increased with time. S. aureus was found to be the best among the microbes used. It showed almost 100% removal after 48-h culture, both with and without Fe and Mn salts. Rate of removal of As increased with addition of Fe and Mn for all microbes. Removal efficiency was found to increase by about 32% on average after addition of salts in 24-h cultures of S. aureus.     

高压电弧放电处理偶氮染料废水

用高压电弧放电产生的低温等离子体对含偶氮染料的废水进行了处理，以甲基橙为例研究了电压幅值、处理时间、溶液初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、投加Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋对染料脱色的影响。实验结果表明，甲基橙浓度为50mg／L时其降解率随时间和电压幅值的增加而增加。溶液初始浓度对染料去除效果影响较为明显，同等条件下初始浓度越低降解率越高。酸性条件下有利于低温等离子体处理甲基橙。Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋对低温等离子体降解甲基橙有一定的催化作用。电压8kV处理3min，Fe^2＋为20mg／L时去除率由89．64％增至99．72％。Fe2（SO4），的最佳投加量为5mg／L（以Fe^3＋计），而FeCl，的最佳投加量为80mg／L（以Fe^3＋计）。     

Study on low-temperature plasma γ-Al2O3 catalytic viscosity reduction of polyacrylamide solution

The wide use of polyacrylamide (PAM) in enhanced oil recovery generates a large amount of polymer-bearing wastewater featuring high viscosity and difficult viscosity reduction, making the treatment of wastewater increasingly difficult. In this paper, the experimental study on reducing the viscosity of wastewater containing polyacrylamide by using the plasma generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and the synergistic effect of catalyst γ-Al₂O₃ is carried out. The law of plasma reducing the viscosity of wastewater containing polyacrylamide is studied under the different conditions of amounts of γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, discharge voltages, and initial concentrations of polyacrylamide-containing wastewater. The mechanism of viscosity reduction of polyacrylamide is studied through environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the catalytic viscosity reduction is the best when the discharge voltage is 18 kV and the discharge time is 15 min. With the increase in the input of the γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, the viscosity of the PAM solution decreases gradually. When the amount of γ-Al₂O₃ is 375 mg, the shear rate changes from 0.5 1/sec to 28 1/sec, and the viscosity of the solution containing polyacrylamide changes from 434.5 mPa·s to 40.2 mPa·s. The viscosity reduction rate of the PAM solution is 90.7%. After the catalytic viscosity reduction, the functional groups of polyacrylamide do not change much. The elemental composition of the catalyst has not changed, which is still Al, C, and O.

     

Influence of pH on the sonolysis of ciprofloxacin: Biodegradability, ecotoxicity and antibiotic activity of its degradation products

The presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment has raised concerns due to the potential risk for the emergence or persistence of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are often poorly degraded in conventional wastewater treatment plants. In this study, sonolysis at 520 kHz and 92 W L⁻¹ was used for the degradation of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin. In a first experiment at pH 7, 57% of the ciprofloxacin (15 mg L⁻¹) was degraded after 120 min of ultrasonic irradiation at 25 °C. pH proved to be an important parameter determining the degradation rate, since the pseudo first order degradation constant increased almost fourfold when comparing treatment at pH 7 (0.0058 min⁻¹) and pH 10 (0.0069 min⁻¹) with that at pH 3 (0.021 min⁻¹). This effect can be attributed to the degree of protonation of the ciprofloxacin molecule. The BOD/COD ratio of the solutions, which is a measure for their biodegradability, increased from 0.06 to 0.60, 0.17, and 0.18 after 120 min of irradiation depending on the pH (3, 7, and 10, respectively). The solution treated at pH 3 can even be considered readily biodegradable (BOD/COD > 0.4). The antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli (G−) and Bacillus coagulans (G+) of the treated solutions also reduced after sonolysis. The highest decrease was again found when irradiated at pH 3. In contrast, ecotoxicity of the solutions to the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata increased 3- to 10-fold after 20 min of treatment, suggesting the formation of toxic degradation products. The toxicity slowly diminished during further treatment.     

人工湿地中抗生素抗性大肠杆菌和抗性基因的去除与分布

抗生素的滥用导致抗生素抗性菌和抗性基因随生活污水和养殖废水的排放在环境中肆意散播,其去除及环境行为越来越受到关注。采用K-B纸片法测定了9套不同工艺构型模拟人工湿地中大肠杆菌对7种抗生素的抗性率,并应用多重PCR检测磺胺类sul1、2、3与四环素tetA、B、C、D抗性基因,探究人工湿地对抗性菌的去除效率及抗性菌、抗性基因的分布规律。结果显示,人工湿地能有效去除污水中70%左右的抗性大肠杆菌,有效降低了细菌抗性的传播风险;共计分离出535株大肠肝菌中有378株对一种以上抗生素有抗性性,以四环素、磺胺类和氨苄西林抗性率最高,达到25%以上,其他4种抗性率较低,不足20%;2种抗性基因的检出率都在70%以上;对不同采样点大肠杆菌的抗性性及抗性基因的比较发现,各部分大肠杆菌的抗性水平、多重抗性指数(MRI)以及抗性基因(sul、tet)检出率和组合数表现出:基质≥出水>进水,推测抗性菌被湿地基质截留,在基质生物膜上发生抗性基因的重组,并释放抗性菌,提高了出水中抗性水平和抗性基因检出率。     

可见光活性纳米TiO2光催化涂料的抗菌性能研究

基于过渡金属离子掺杂技术,制备了在室内光辐照条件下具有良好光催化抗菌性能的可见光响应型铁掺杂TiO2光催化涂料.研究结果表明,在可见光活性光催化涂料中添加1%的纳米TiO2时,抗菌效果最好,光照24 h后对大肠杆菌、白色念珠球菌、黑曲霉的杀菌率分别达到99.9%、97.2%、82%.采用致孔剂聚乙二醇6 000对光催化...     

放电等离子体与饲养酵母联合处理味精废水的初步研究

对采用放电等离子体与饲养酵母联合处理味精废水进行了初步研究。结果表明，放电等离子体预处理后废水的CODcr值普遍升高，但经假丝酵母联合处理后CODCr去除率增加了38．3％，效果明显优于仅采用饲养酵母法处理的味精废水，说明放电等离子体预处理可使味精废水中的有机大分子破坏成小分子，有利于生物降解，为味精废水治理提供了一条新的途径。实验初步研究了联合处理后的CODcr去除率与预处理电压、预处理电流、预处理次数的关系，结果表明存在相应的最优值。     

Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes in water disinfection

Background, aim, and scope  The novel system of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) was studied in water disinfection. Conventional UV lamps, like mercury vapor lamp, consume much energy and are considered to be problem waste after use. UV LEDs are energy efficient and free of toxicants. This study showed the suitability of LEDs in disinfection and provided information of the effect of two emitted wavelengths and different test mediums to Escherichia coli destruction. Materials and methods  Common laboratory strain of E. coli (K12) was used and the effects of two emitted wavelengths (269 and 276 nm) were investigated with two photolytic batch reactors both including ten LEDs. The effects of test medium were examined with ultrapure water, nutrient and water, and nutrient and water with humic acids. Results  Efficiency of reactors was almost the same even though the one emitting higher wavelength had doubled optical power compared to the other. Therefore, the effect of wavelength was evident and the radiation emitted at 269 nm was more powerful. Also, the impact of background was studied and noticed to have only slight deteriorating effect. In the 5-min experiment, the bacterial reduction of three to four log colony-forming units (CFU) per cubic centimeter was achieved, in all cases. Discussion  When turbidity of the test medium was greater, part of the UV radiation was spent on the absorption and reactions with extra substances on liquid. Humic acids can also coat the bacteria reducing the sensitivity of the cells to UV light. The lower wavelength was distinctly more efficient when the optical power is considered, even though the difference of wavelengths was small. The reason presumably is the greater absorption of DNA causing more efficient bacterial breakage. Conclusions  UV LEDs were efficient in E. coli destruction, even if LEDs were considered to have rather low optical power. The effect of wavelengths was noticeable but the test medium did not have much impact. Recommendations and perspectives  This study found UV LEDs to be an optimal method for bacterial disinfection. The emitted wavelength was found to be an essential factor when using LEDs; thus, care should be taken in selecting the proper LED for maximum disinfection.     

Effect of chlorination and ultraviolet disinfection on tetA-mediated tetracycline resistance of Escherichia coli

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an emerging threat to public health during drinking water consumption and reclaimed water reuse. Several studies have shown that the proportions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in waters may increase when exposed to low doses of UV light or chlorine. In this study, inactivation of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli and antibiotic-sensitive E. coli by UV disinfection and chlorination was compared to determine the tolerance of tetracycline-resistant E. coli to UV light and chlorine, and tetracycline resistance of a tetracycline-resistant E. coli population was studied under different doses of the disinfectants. Our results showed that relative to antibiotic-sensitive E. coli, tetracycline-resistant E. coli had the same tolerance to UV light and a potentially higher tolerance to chlorination. The mortality frequency distributions of tetracycline-resistant E. coli exposed to tetracycline were shifted by both chlorination and UV disinfection. When compared to the hemi-inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of tetracycline-resistant E. coli with no exposure to UV or chlorination, the IC₅₀ of tetracycline-resistant E. coli treated with tetracycline was 40% lower when inactivation by UV light or chlorination reached 3-log but was 1.18 times greater when inactivation by chlorination reached 4.3-log. Chlorination applied to drinking water or reclaimed water treatment may increase the risk of selection for highly tetracycline-resistant E. coli.     

Detection of Class I and II integrons for the assessment of antibiotic and multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from agricultural irrigation waters in Bulacan,Philippines

Contaminated irrigation water may greatly affect not only the quality of produce but also the people exposed to it. In this study, agricultural irrigation waters in Bulacan, Philippines were assessed and found to be contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) ranging from 0.58 to 4.51 log₁₀ CFU/mL. A total of 79 isolates of E. coli were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifying the uidA gene and were tested for phenotypic resistance using 10 antimicrobials through the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Forty-six isolates (58.22%) were noted to be multidrug resistant (MDR) with high resistance rate to cephalothin, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol. Moreover, this study also examined the prevalence of Class I and II integrons accounting to 67.39% and 17.39%, respectively, of the MDR E. coli strains using multiplex PCR. The results imply that the agricultural water used in Bulacan is contaminated with the fecal material of man or other animals present in the area, and the presence of MDR bacteria, which pose a potential threat to individuals in these areas, is alarming. In addition, detection of integrons could be a good marker for the identification of MDR isolates. Lastly, this study could develop strategies for the proper management of farming sites leading to the detection of food-borne pathogens and prevention of infectious diseases.