电解铝行业清洁生产案例分析及推行建议

基于我国电解铝行业发展现状,对其发展趋势进行了剖析,指出在全行业开展清洁生产审核是实现电解铝行业可持续发展的有效途径。某电解铝企业清洁生产审核案例表明,从开始开展清洁生产审核到方案实施完成,在生产全过程中提升了企业的污染减排能力,提高了资源能源的利用效率,为企业带来了巨大的经济效益和环境效益。通过对企业清洁生产审核成果进行总结和凝练,从政策引导、技术研发和树立典范等方面提出了在电解铝行业推行清洁生产的建议。     

清洁生产审核在电解铝企业的应用研究

在对某电解铝企业进行清洁生产审核过程中,通过对比中国电解铝行业清洁生产水平指标,运用清洁生产审核的方法,发掘企业清洁生产潜力,针对性的提出并实施了四项中高费方案和26项无低费方案。这些方案实施后,提升了电解生产的控制水平,增加了电流效率;优化了阳极配方工艺,降低了阳极的吨铝消耗;阳极生产改用天然气燃料,减少了大气污染;优化了电解槽工艺,降低了铝电解能耗,取得了良好的环境和经济效益,为今后电解铝企业的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

电解铝清洁生产评价及其管理系统的开发研究

通过研究电解铝清洁生产评价指标体系及其评价方法,分析了电解铝清洁生产评价工作的特点和存在的问题,开发了电解铝清洁生产评价管理系统.系统的功能结构主要包括系统管理、清洁生产评价指标管理、参评企业信息管理、清洁生产评价四个部分.通过实际运行,本系统可以对电解铝清洁生产评价指标的信息进行查询、修改和更新,能够对企业进行清洁生产评价,是有关部门和电解铝生产企业开展清洁生产评价的有效工具,能有力推动电解铝行业清洁生产的发展.     

凹印制版企业清洁生产审核实践

凹印制版企业清洁生产审核工作处于起步阶段。该行业涉及机加工、电镀、电子雕刻、印刷四个生产领域,国家对于该类企业的清洁生产审核工作并没有统一、规范的理论指导。利用已有的清洁生产知识,借鉴其它行业清洁生产审核的工作经验,对某凹印制版企业进行清洁生产审核。利用权重总和计分排序法确定清洁生产审核重点,设置清洁生产目标。编制审核重点流程图、单元操作流程图判明废弃物的产生情况;对生产过程中的物料、水进行衡算,并做重要物质的单元素平衡图,得出审核结论,发现清洁生产机会。该清洁生产审核实践,对凹印制版企业的清洁生产审核有一定的指导作用。     

电解铝行业清洁生产工艺分析

通过对电解铝清洁生产工艺分析,结合电解铝生产特点及污染成因分析,从工艺入手,重点对资源利用、降低污染物排放进行剖析,促进电解铝清洁生产健康发展。     

电解铝清洁生产审核中高费方案可行性评价研究

针对电解铝企业"能耗高、污染重"的特点,以"节能、减耗、减污、增效"为主旨,结合层次分析-模糊判断(AHPFuzzy)综合评价法,构建了电解铝企业清洁生产方案评价指标体系和综合评价模型,探索AHP-Fuzzy模型在电解铝企业清洁生产审核中高费方案可行性分析中应用的可行性。结果表明,AHP-Fuzzy综合评价法可以成功地应用于电解铝企业清洁生产中高费方案的筛选,筛选出的方案实施后取得了良好的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

油田企业实施清洁生产审核工作的探讨

为了系统地、高效地开展好油田企业的清洁生产审核工作，针对石油行业的特点，结合清洁生产审核的基本要求，简要介绍清洁生产审核组织的建立、审核方法的运用、审核重点的把握等五个方面的内容。     

燃煤电厂清洁生产审核应用探讨

作为国家明确要求开展清洁生产审核行业之一,某燃煤电厂依据清洁生产审核思路,从原辅料和能源、技术工艺、过程控制、设备、管理、员工、产品、废物生产过程的八个方面,按照审核准备、预审核、审核、方案产生和筛选、方案确定、方案实施、持续清洁生产七个实施阶段在企业内部开展清洁生产审核工作,实现了本轮清洁生产目标,并取得了显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

清洁生产的应用探讨——以某缝纫机械加工制造企业为例

作为国家明确要求开展清洁生产审核行业之一,某机械加工企业依据清洁生产审核思路,从原辅料和能源、技术工艺、过程控制、设备、管理、员工、产品、废物生产过程的八个方面,按照审核准备、预审核、审核、方案产生和筛选、实施、持续清洁生产七个实施阶段在企业内部开展清洁生产审核工作,实现了本轮清洁生产目标,并取得了显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

某精细化工企业清洁生产审核实践研究

以某企业的清洁生产审核为例,阐述分析精细化工行业开展清洁生产审核的必要性及实践意义.针对该企业存在的八方面问题,提出切实可行的无低费及中高费清洁生产方案共计28项,经核算各方案的经济、环境、社会效益,指出企业开展清洁生产审核的实际价值,为企业节能减排、低碳发展指明方向.本次审核初步探讨了清洁生产在精细化工行业的具体实践,对该行业清洁生产的践行具有一定的指导意义.     

混凝沉淀过程中铝系混凝剂的形态转化规律

研究了模拟配水中硫酸铝和氯化铝2种传统铝凝聚剂和2种聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂在混凝过程中的形态转化规律以及原水浊度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)对残余铝形态分布的影响.结果表明,在低浊体系中,投加铝系混凝剂是导致出水余铝升高的主要原因;但在高浊体系中,铝系混凝剂,尤其是聚合铝具有一定的除铝功能;混凝沉淀过程中传统铝凝聚剂的残余铝总量明显高于聚合铝混凝剂的残余铝总量;聚合铝混凝剂的残余铝全部为悬浮态铝,传统铝混凝剂的残余铝中还存在着胶体态铝和溶解态铝.原水浊度和DOC浓度增加,会提高残余铝中胶体态铝和溶解态铝的含量.     

铝及铝合金在自然水环境中的腐蚀行为对比研究

目的 分析研究铝及铝合金在自然水环境中的腐蚀行为。方法 通过开展LM3纯铝、5083铝、LF6M去包铝及带包铝在淡海水交替、海水及淡水自然环境下2 a的暴露试验,将3种环境下材料的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率进行对比。总结4种铝及铝合金材料在不同水环境下的腐蚀规律,对其腐蚀机理进行简要的探讨,并对其长周期的腐蚀行为进行预测。结果 通过对4种材料局部腐蚀协同影响因子(b)的对比可以发现,淡水环境对LM3纯铝局部腐蚀的影响最大,淡海水环境对5083铝合金局部腐蚀影响最大,淡水及淡海水环境对2种LF6M铝合金材料局部腐蚀的影响都很大。结论 5083、LF6M带包铝及去包铝,在淡海水交替自然环境下的耐蚀性能最差,LM3纯铝在淡水环境下耐蚀性能最差。     

水温和pH对饮用水中铝形态分布的影响

铝对输配水系统及人体健康的影响主要与其存在形态有关.本研究采用硫酸铝模拟配水考察了水温和pH对溶液中铝形态分布的影响情况.考察的主要铝形态包括单核铝、溶解铝、悬浮铝和多核铝;采用的形态分析方法为荧光分光光度法.结果表明:当pH=6.5时,悬浮铝为饮用水中铝的主要存在形态,在总铝中的质量分数为62.2%;而当pH>7.0时,单核铝为主要形态,且随反应时间的增加变化不大.各水质条件下的多核铝浓度均较低,且随反应时间的变化也不大.水温对铝形态的影响与pH是一致的,由pOH可将二者统一起来.通过调节pOH可以实现饮用水中铝形态的控制,这将对输配水系统的运行管理及铝毒性控制提供理论依据.     

Factors effecting aluminum speciation in drinking water by laboratory research

Effects of aluminum on water distribution system and human health mainly attribute to its speciation in drinking water. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate factors that may influence aluminum speciation in water supply system. The concentration of soluble aluminum and its transformation among other aluminum species were mainly controlled by kinetics processes of related reactions. Total aluminum concentration had a notable e ect on the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum in the first 4 day; then its e ect became weak. At pH above 7.50, both fluoride and orthophosphate had little e ect on aluminum speciation; while, when the solution pH was below 7.50, the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum were proportional to the concentration of fluoride and inversely proportional to the concentration of orthophosphate. Both mononuclear and polynuclear silicic acids could complex with mononuclear aluminum by forming soluble aluminosilicates. In addition, the adding sequence of orthophosphate and aluminum into drinking water would also a ect the distribution of aluminum species in the first 4 day. In order to minimize aluminum bioavailability in drinking water, it was suggested that orthophosphate should be added prior to coagulant process, and that the concentrations of fluoride and silicic acids should be controlled below 2.0 and 25 mg/L, respectively, prior to the treatment. The solution pH in coagulation and filtration processes should be controlled in the range of 6.50–7.50.     

铝穹顶储罐雷击损伤及燃爆风险研究

针对铝穹顶储罐雷击问题,开展了回击后长持续时间雷电流分量作用下的铝合金板烧蚀损伤试验研究,分析了铝穹顶储罐损伤及油气燃爆风险。结果表明:当直流分量为164 C时,2 mm铝板发生穿孔,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量≤157 C时,未穿孔,背面温度最高为480℃,存在燃爆风险,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量196 C时,4 mm铝板发生穿孔;当直流分量为196 C时,6 mm铝板未发生穿孔,背面温升为125℃,小于205℃,铝穹顶储罐不存在雷击燃爆风险。     

Factors effecting aluminum speciation in drinking water be laboratory research

Effects of aluminum on water distribution system and human health mainly attribute to its speciation in drinking water. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate factors that may influence aluminum speciation in water supply system. The concentration of soluble aluminum and its transformation among other aluminum species were mainly controlled by kinetics processes of related reactions. Total aluminum concentration had a notable effect on the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum in the first 4 day; while, when the reaction time was above 4 day, its effect became weak. At pH above 7.50, both fluoride and orthophosphate had little effect on aluminum speciation; while, when the solution pH was below 7.50, the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum were proportional to the concentration of fluoride and inversely proportional to the concentration of orthophosphate. Both mononuclear and polynuclear silicic acids could complex with mononuclear aluminum by forming soluble aluminosilicates. In addition, the adding sequence of orthophosphate and aluminum into drinking water would also affect the distribution of aluminum species in the first 4 day. In order to minimize aluminum bioavailability in drinking water, it was suggested that orthophosphate should be added prior to coagulant process, and that the concentrations of fluoride and silicic acids be controlled below 2.0 and 25 mg/L, respectively, prior to the treatment. The solution pH in coagulation and filtration processes should be controlled in the range of 6.50-7.50.     

酸雨对茶树中铝的形态分布及生态化学影响

建立茶树中铝的化学形态分析方法,探讨铝在茶树老叶、芽叶及培植土等一系列化学行为及与其它元素的关系,就酸雨对茶树中铝形态的影响进行了模拟实验,结果为茶树在我国西南酸雨地区的种植和生态协调提供信息.     

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

海洋大气环境对铝合金电连接器壳体腐蚀及电气性能影响

目的研究海洋大气环境对2A12和6061铝合金电连接器性能的影响。方法开展2A12和6061铝合金电连接器在海南万宁试验站4 a棚下暴露试验,通过宏微观形貌观察和电气性能测试对比分析两种铝合金电连接器壳体的腐蚀差异和电气性能变化。结果两种铝合金电连接器壳体均出现镀层鼓泡、剥落和基体腐蚀,6061铝合金电连接器壳体腐蚀程度高于2A12铝合金电连接器。2A12铝合金基体发生点蚀和晶间腐蚀,6061铝合金基体发生剥蚀,基体腐蚀产物堆积,导致镀镍层开裂剥落,进而失去防护作用。相对于导通性能、耐压强度,电连接器的绝缘电阻对海洋大气环境更为敏感。结论铝合金化学镀镍壳体电连接器在热带海洋大气环境下不适宜长期使用。     

新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能影响的分析

目的 评价新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能的影响。方法 对航空铝合金7075在施加清洗剂清洗后开展中性盐雾试验,通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、高分辨率拉曼光谱等研究手段,对铝合金的表面形貌、组织成分及关键化学组分的变化情况进行对比分析,综合评价该清洗剂对铝合金的性能影响。结果 经过新型航空清洗剂清洗和6 h中性盐雾试验后,清洗剂仍在铝合金表面残留有保护膜,且清洗后的铝合金表面经盐雾实验后依然光亮,有明显的二次相颗粒,无絮状物和氯化钠结晶体,其表面褐色腐蚀斑点也更小。结论 经清洗后,铝合金的盐雾腐蚀程度明显更轻,说明清洗剂中的缓蚀剂成分起到了保护作用,该清洗剂具有防盐沉降的作用,可提升航空铝合金的防盐雾腐蚀性能。