论城市河道整治与景观生态设计

针对城市河道整治中存在的一些问题,阐述了城市河道整治的原则,提出城市河道整治要考虑景观生态,设计中要遵循安全性、自然性、生态性、观赏性、亲水性、文化性等原则。在此基础上,重点介绍了河道形态景观、堤岸景观和河道附属景观的设计内容。     

干旱区农业绿洲景观格局研究

将地理信息系统（GIS）与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS相结合，选取了9个斑类类型指标和13个景观指标，从区域和绿洲2个尺度分析了金塔县及其境内的金塔农业绿洲和鼎新农业绿洲的景观格局。结果显示，区域尺度的景观格局体现了绿洲与戈壁等基质类型景观的镶嵌特征；金塔农业绿洲体现出冲、洪积三角洲的特征，即耕地从扇顶呈放射状与盐碱地相间分布；鼎新农业绿洲显示了沿河绿洲的特点，即景观类型以河道为轴对称分布。指出划定绿洲界限和提高数据分辨率是揭示绿洲景观格局与过程相互作用机制的关键。     

天津市景观水体底泥重金属污染状况综合评价

针对天津市景观河道底泥重金属污染进行了调研,分析了各采样点Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd 5种重金属的污染情况,采用美国NOAA标准对底泥重金属污染进行生物安全性评估和模糊综合评价,以及采用地积累指数法（排除背景值的影响）对重金属的富集程度进行了评价。结果显示：除子牙河外,天津市景观河道重金属污染都比较严重;重金属Zn、Cu、Cd对河道底泥污染的贡献较大,而Pb、Cr对河道底泥污染的贡献较小;城市工业化和开发是造成河道重金属污染的一个重要原因;＂城市水环境改善与水源保护示范工程研究＂的工程示范对河道水体改善作用有明显的效果,建议政府大力推广。     

黄河三角洲的湿地类型与景观格局

从景观生态学角度，研究了黄河三角洲湿地的类型，景观格局和变化动态，认为这一湿地可以分为咸水型，淡水型和过渡型等类型，盐湿生草甸是景观的基质，刺槐林和柽柳灌丛则作为斑块镶嵌其中，随着河海冲淤过程的不断进行，新老河道将呈现不同的演化趋势。在保护区管理中，应加强对鸟类生境稳定性和异质性的保护。     

干旱区农业绿洲景观格局研究

将地理信息系统 (GIS)与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS相结合 ,选取了 9个斑块类型指标和 13个景观指标 ,从区域和绿洲 2个尺度分析了金塔县及其境内的金塔农业绿洲和鼎新农业绿洲的景观格局。结果显示 ,区域尺度的景观格局体现了绿洲与戈壁等基质类型景观的镶嵌特征 ;金塔农业绿洲体现出冲、洪积三角洲的特征 ,即耕地从扇顶呈放射状与盐碱地相间分布 ;鼎新农业绿洲显示了沿河绿洲的特点 ,即景观类型以河道为轴对称分布。指出划定绿洲界限和提高数据分辨率是揭示绿洲景观格局与过程相互作用机制的关键     

水面流湿地系统水质净化效果及河道洗盐动态规律--以天津泰达再生水景观河道生态修复中试工程为例

分析研究了天津开发区滨海盐碱土地区再生水景观河道水面流湿地生态修复中试工程水质净化效果以及河道洗盐动态变化规律。结果表明:水面流湿地系统对COD去除效果不明显,去除率最高仅为30 % ;对氮、磷具有较高的去除率,TN、NH4-N及NO3 --N的平均去除率分别达到6 5 %、38%和6 0 % ,TP和PO43 -的平均去除率分别达到87%和90 .2 %。另外在土壤盐分不断溶出的同时河道洗盐效果是明显的     

农村河道综合整治生态环境效益评估体系研究

近年来,随着经济社会的快速发展和社会主义新农村建设的推进,农村河道治理日益成为水利工作的重点内容之一。开展农村河道整治生态环境效益评估,及时发现治理过程中以及实施后存在的问题,对于指导下一步集中连片农村河道综合整治具有重要意义。根据农村河道的功能和特点,结合《全国中小河流治理重点县综合整治和水系连通试点规划》项目目标及治理措施,构建了状态-响应-效益(SRB)评估体系;从河道连通性、水质状况、河岸带状况、水生生物、河道景观以及管理状况6个方面筛选确定18个评估指标,构建了多指标、多层次的生态环境效益评估模型,并确定了评估标准、指标权重和评估分级。该评估体系可为深入研究农村河道综合整治生态环境效益评估方法以及实践应用提供重要参考。     

天津市南运河河道整治景观设计

依据天津南运河河道沿岸的场地特征,确定了南运河河道整治景观设计的目标和原则,重点探析南运河线形文化景观遗存和滨河环境空间利用的实现形式,并认为南运河河道整治景观设计应建立沿岸连续的步行系统。依据道路与河面的高度差,建立6个不同的景观节点,采取生态护堤措施,保护和完善生态廊道,建立统一完善的历史文化传承体系。     

渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局分析

以景观多样性，景观破碎度和景观分离作为评价指标，分析渤海淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局以及人类活动对景观结构的影响。将研究区域分为耕地、荒地、村镇、盐田、虾池、滩涂、库塘以及河流沟渠８个景观要素。     

城市景观生态建设

本文对城市进行了景观生态学分析，认为城市景观嵌块体小，数量多，景观高度破碎，道路廊道多，而缺少绿色嵌块体，结合沈阳市，分析了景观质量及绿地现状，从而提出在城市景观生态建设中应增加绿色嵌块体及绿色廊道的数量。     

The role of water in the development of The Netherlands— a historical perspective

In this paper an overview is presented of the landscape development of the low-lying parts of The Netherlands. It is shown that water has played an important role in this development. Since prehistoric times, but especially since about 800 AD, man has gradually occupied the low lands along the sea and the main rivers. Through these settlements a chain of actions and reactions of man and his physical environment was set into motion. This chain of events is briefly outlined. It is stated and also illustrated that not only the characteristics of the landscape of the western part of The Netherlands, but also the organization of the Dutch society has been influenced strongly by manÕs need to cope with the omnipresence of water and the threats and opportunities posed by that. It is concluded that the outlined events can only be understood properly if interdisciplinary research takes a more prominent role than it does now.     

天津市水环境功能区划分方案及水质标准的确定

本文在天津市原水环境功能区划分的基础上,根据历史,现状,近期和远期水环境功能分析和水环境质量现状评价结果,在保证主要河道水环境功能的前提下,依照水环境质量现状和污染源排放情况以及《海河流域水污染防治规划》确定的上游河流功能区水质保护目标,确定天津市属河道,水库水环境功能区水质标准。     

Meso-scale landscape analysis based on landscape balance investigations: problems and hierarchical approaches for their resolution

Varied utilization demands of society to the landscape are leading to an overlay of interests and thus to land use conflicts. Thereby, essential landscape functions like the regulation function (i.e. run-off regulation, groundwater recharge, groundwater protection, buffer functions of the soil, etc.) may be affected, and result in stresses to our natural resources like soil and water. The land use conflicts become especially obvious in a regional context. The diminution of such land use conflicts in terms of a regional management of environment and natural resources requires the knowledge of the response of the landscape balance to land use changes. The results of integrated landscape analysis enable the calculation of scenarios that allow the derivation of site-suitable land use variants with positive effects (decrease) to material out-wash from landscape parts and material inputs into surface water and groundwater. Numerous and complex methodological problems arise with such analysis, as well as with the investigation and assessment of the landscape water balance and water-bound material fluxes on the mesoscale.As a contribution for the resolution of these problems, the authors present a hierarchical nested approach that interlinks scale-specific methods. Due to the complexity and difficult implementation from purely system-oriented approaches in both applied landscape research and planning, the connection to more pragmatic approaches is herewith striked. Thus, information about the impact of land use changes on the landscape balance, as well as the assessment of landscape functions for both watersheds and administrative units should be enabled. Beside the check of the scale-specific applicability of models (i.e. E2D/3D, ABIMO, ASGi, SWAT, modifications of the USLE), the transferability of parameter- and indicator systems for the assessment of the landscape balance on the concerned scale levels is also investigated. An important objective is thereby the optimization of the validity of landscape information for the spatio-temporal levels of the mesoscale.     

Estuarine management strategies and the predictability of ecosystem changes

The Dutch Delta Region (S-W Netherlands) originally consisted of interconnected estuaries, interfacing the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Schelde with the North Sea. The ecosystems were immature, with physical rather than biological control of population dynamics. Main functions were shipping and shellfisheries. An emergent function of the interconnected estuaries was the buffering and upgrading of river-borne substances before they entered the sea. Execution of the Delta Project in the period 1960–1986 resulted in isolation of several water systems disconnected from rivers and sea, and loss of gradients within these systems. Population dynamics were now controlled by chemical and biological rather than physical factors. Vulnerability to external perturbation increased. These changes also affected the buffering capacity, i.e. reduced the utility of the area as stabiliser of the geosystem. Recreational use and appreciation of natural values increased, potentially conflicting with shipping and shellfisheries. Retrospective analysis of the environmental policy and management revealed three consecutive strategies in the Delta Project. 1. Reactive one-issue management, focusing on safety against flooding only. This strategy aimed at complete closure of the estuaries thus transforming them into fresh water lakes. It has destroyed feed-backs and buffering between coastal and inland waters. This strategy has not promoted sustainable development and has increased the vulnerability of the area to future catastrophes. 2. Protective bio-ecological management focused on the preservation of existing values of landscape and environment, and resulted in the maintenance of saline conditions and preservation of marshes by shore protection measures. The drawback of this passive orientation to existing values ?where they are now? is the necessity of continuous intensive care because the natural adaptive ability is not being restored. 3. Constructive geo-ecological management is based on understanding functional properties within and between ecosystems as integrated elements of the landscape structure. This strategy aims at environmental protection, restoration and development of values ?where they must be?. Re-establishment of gradients by e.g. re-introducing tidal influence and by restoring salt marshes should contribute to sustainable development.     

城市空间扩展的生态环境对策--以苏州西部地区为例

苏州市"一体两翼,东园西区、古城居中"的总体格局以及周边地区"四角山水"的生态屏障,是苏州城市发展空间生态优化、整合的重要特色。针对苏州市新一轮发展将城市空间西扩至沿太湖地区,建设现代化的湖滨新城导致景观破碎,生态"绿肺"功能受损及太湖水源保护的胁迫,提出控制污染、保护生态、维护"四角山水"整体性、引导空间有序扩展、产业生态化及法规约束的相关措施。     

Estuarine management strategies and the predictability of ecosystem changes

The Dutch Delta Region (S-W Netherlands) originally consisted of interconnected estuaries, interfacing the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Schelde with the North Sea. The ecosystems were immature, with physical rather than biological control of population dynamics. Main functions were shipping and shellfisheries. An emergent function of the interconnected estuaries was the buffering and upgrading of riverborne substances before they entered the sea. Execution of the Delta Project in the period 1960–1986 resulted in isolation of several water systems disconnected from rivers and sea, and loss of gradients within these systems. Population dynamics were now controlled by chemical and biological rather than physical factors. Vulnerability to external perturbation increased. These changes also affected the buffering capacity, i.e. reduced the utility of the area as stabiliser of the geosystem. Recreational use and appreciation of natural values increased, potentially conflicting with shipping and shellfisheries. Retrospective analysis of the environmental policy and management revealed three consecutive strategies in the Delta Project. 1. Reactive one-issue management, focusing on safety against flooding only. This strategy aimed at complete closure of the estuaries thus transforming them into fresh water lakes. It has destroyed feed-backs and buffering between coastal and inland waters. This strategy has not promoted sustainable development and has increased the vulnerability of the area to future catastrophes. 2. Protective bio-ecological management focused on the preservation of existing values of landscape and environment, and resulted in the maintenance of saline conditions and preservation of marshes by shore protection measures. The drawback of this passive orientation to existing values Ôwhere they are nowÕ is the necessity of continuous intensive care because the natural adaptive ability is not being restored. 3. Constructive geo-ecological management is based on understanding functional properties within and between ecosystems as integrated elements of the landscape structure. This strategy aims at environmental protection, restoration and development of values Ôwhere they must beÕ. Re-establishment of gradients by e.g. re-introducing tidal influence and by restoring salt marshes should contribute to sustainable development.     

苏锡常地区地下水资源开发利用与环境保护

分析了江苏省苏锡常地区地下水资源的开发利用现状，以及因地下水长期超量集中开采导致的资源破坏和生态环境问题，提出该区地下水资源合理开发利用和环境保护的对策。     

论我国水生态的保护与修复:任务与对策

本文聚焦我国水生态保护与修复工作,结合长期实践,分析当前的形势和任务,指出了当前要着力解决的水生态问题主要是:在大坝上游,河流变湖库,生境变化导致生物物种变化;水库水流流速变缓,水体自净能力降低,导致富营养化及藻类水华。在大坝下游,清水下泄,冲刷下游河道导致局部河道河势变化较大;水库蓄水使坝下游春季水温下降、秋季水温升高,水温变化过程滞后;水库蓄水导致大坝下游的水文过程改变,水的流量、流速、流态发生变化。在河道(航道)整治工程中,裁弯取直,缩短水流在河道中的停留时间,河岸衬砌和硬化,减少水向沿河堤岸的渗透,在大降水和洪水时易造成涝灾和洪灾。在涉湖工程中,阻隔河湖,填湖造地。在明确存在问题和迫切需求的基础上,提出了切实可行的对策建议。当前水生态保护与修复要围绕一条主线,即"人要发展,鱼要生存"的"人鱼线",要采取"调、控、退、通、改、拆"的综合措施,即生态调度,控制水污染,退建还水、退田还湖,河湖连通,对已建涉水工程进行生态化改造,对在保护区、重点风景名胜区、特有鱼类栖息地修建的小型工程要采取坚决措施拆除,恢复原貌。     

合肥市景观水环境综合评价

以合肥市的景观水体为研究对象,从景观水资源的自然属性和美学属性研究入手,探讨了城市水体的景观、环境和经济效应及美学特征,并在此基础上,应用"专家评估"与"系统调查分析"相结合的评价方法,对主要景观水体的美景度进行了综合评价。结果表明:合肥市内水景中美感度最高的是黑池坝风景区(113.3),其次是银河公园风景区(60.9),再次是雨花塘风景区(46.4),而美景度较差的是杏花公园(-27.5)和南淝河(-4.9)。