水分快速分析仪测定城市污泥的含水率

污泥含水率是污水处理、污泥处理及污泥处置利用等环节的重要评估指标。本研究采用快速测定法对不同类型城市污泥含水率进行测定,考察了污泥含水率、质量、颗粒度对测定结果影响,并与国标重量法进行比较。结果表明:污泥质量对快速法测定结果影响较小,原始污泥测定结果标准偏差在0.01%~0.05%之间,常规脱水污泥和生物沥浸脱水污泥测定结果标准偏差均为0.03%;相比国标法,脱水污泥含水率越低,快速法测定结果误差越大,常规脱水污泥和生物沥浸脱水污泥测定结果相对误差分别为-2.09%和-3.49%;脱水污泥颗粒度越大,快速法测定结果偏差越大,常规脱水污泥和生物沥浸脱水污泥总体样本标准偏差分别为0.43%和1.25%。另外发现,在相同干化条件下,生物沥浸脱水污泥相对于常规脱水污泥有较快的水分蒸发速度。针对城市污泥,为缩短测定时间和提高工作效率,待测污泥优选质量≤4 g和颗粒度≤3 mm,且建议只在生产运行中使用,室内科研实验优选国标法。     

污水处理厂污泥干化焚烧处理可行性分析

以绍兴污水处理厂脱水污泥为研究对象,通过实验分析了污泥进行干化焚烧处理的可行性。对污泥泥质进行分析,采用桨叶式污泥干化机对污泥的热干化特性、干化过程污染排放特性进行研究,使用流化床污泥焚烧试验装置对污泥焚烧工况及焚烧过程中污染物的排放特征进行研究,结果表明,绍兴污水处理厂脱水污泥的泥质特征与大多数污水污泥类似,灰分较高、发热量较低,需干化后才可实现稳定燃烧;污泥在小型桨叶式污泥干化机内的干化速率最高达到0.6kg/(m2·min),并随污泥干化的进行而逐渐降低;干化过程产生的常规污染气体中氨气浓度最高,可达170 mg/Nm3;污泥干化冷凝水的COD高达820 mg/L,氨氮等指标也很高。污泥干化系统的设计需充分考虑污泥热干化过程中气体和液体污染物的排放,设置相应的处理设施。污泥干化至含水率30%时,可在不投加辅助燃料的情况下实现流化床焚烧炉内的焚烧处理,干化污泥焚烧时需关注烟气中常规污染气体和重金属的控制,焚烧灰渣浸出毒性未超过国标限值。     

微生物调理后脱水污泥与秸秆混合共焚烧的技术探讨

污泥脱水是污泥处理处置的瓶颈.对目前国内外污泥处置方式进行了概括总结,提出了一种新的污泥处理处置技术.该技术利用微生物酸化方式实现污泥中的微生物细胞破壁,细胞破壁后采用压滤脱水,污泥含水率可从80%以上降低至55%～65%,然后将脱水污泥与秸秆混合,通过共焚烧方式可以实现脱水污泥的无害化和资源化利用.     

剩余污泥生物干化处理及产物土地利用潜力

以昆明地区污水处理厂脱水污泥为对象进行生物干化处理,考察了典型工况条件下污泥干化处理效果,探究了微生物活性及其有机质代谢,并对干化处理产物的土地利用潜力进行了评价分析。结果表明,采用污水厂脱水污泥进行处理时,混合物料初始含水率以65%左右较为适宜,采用底部间歇曝气+顶部间歇抽风的通风方式,堆体自热升温至60℃以上,高温期持续时间长达30 h;干化处理120 h时,含水率降低至50%以下,水分净去除率达到16%。干化进程中,混合料中DOC质量浓度呈降低趋势,但SCFAs组分及其浓度波动明显。伴随着堆体温度的变化,常温、中温或嗜热微生物发生更替,微生物活性及其生化代谢差异明显。干化产物中可溶性磷以及氮钾质量分数均较高,重金属Cd、As、Hg满足GB4284-2018 B级标准限值,Cr、Pb等其他重金属质量浓度满足A级标准限值,种子发芽指数GI值高达90%,污泥干化产物具备园林绿化、矿山修复等方面土地利用前景。本研究结果可为污水厂污泥处理处置及资源化利用提供参考。     

污泥干化焚烧联用系统最佳运行工况研究

污泥干化焚烧联用系统将污泥焚烧产生的能量用于污泥干化,可实现污泥处理的节能降耗。对于污泥干化焚烧联用系统的运行,进厂污泥负荷、初始含水率、热值、污泥干化目标含水率是最大的影响因素。为实现污泥干化焚烧联用系统的低能耗和安全稳定运行,结合国内某污泥干化焚烧处理工程,建立了污泥干化焚烧联用系统能量和物料平衡模型,在此基础上研究了变工况条件下污泥干化焚烧联用系统的运行模式,分析了运行负荷、污泥热值、进厂污泥含水率、入炉污泥含水率发生波动时,对污泥干化单元和污泥焚烧单元所产生的影响,并提出了对应的运行策略。     

粉煤灰与生石灰复合调理剂对市政污泥深度脱水性能的影响

污泥在污水厂厌氧消化和离心脱水后,一般含水率在80%~85%,为了后期有效的处理处置,需要进行深度脱水。实验采用化学干化法,投加不同比例的粉煤灰与生石灰复合调理剂,测定调理后污泥的含水率、脱水过滤速度和pH。实验结果表明,粉煤灰与生石灰复合调理剂可以有效改善污泥脱水性能,使泥饼含水率降低到60%以下,同时将污泥抽滤的脱水时长从20 min降至6 min内。此外,适当比例的复合调理剂可以大大降低污泥的pH,减小污泥后期处置带来的环境污染。     

粉煤灰在水厂污泥处理和处置中的作用研究

在水厂污泥水中加入电厂粉煤灰，不需再添加其他材料，即可以很好地改善水厂污泥的脱水性能。细粉煤灰最佳投加量为20％，粗粉煤灰最佳投加量为30％，不但可以节约能耗，粉煤灰有了新的出路，干化污泥对环境友好，而且还能制成低热值燃料作焚烧处置，回收部分热能。     

火电厂协同资源化处理城市污泥二次污染控制

控制循环流化床锅炉掺烧城市污泥二次污染物的排放,实现污泥的减量化、无害化处置和资源化利用。方法:利用循环流化床锅炉烟气余热干燥污泥,干化污泥与燃煤掺配燃烧,污泥干燥系统与锅炉DCS控制系统对接,依据机组负荷自动化控制锅炉耗煤量、床温和污泥给入量等运行参数,有效抑制二恶英的形成。结果表明,污泥自动化掺烧系统投运后,烟气中二恶英的排放浓度小时均值不高于0.011 0 ng TEQ·(Nm)-3,飞灰中二恶英含量不高于2.802 2 ng TEQ·kg-1、底渣中二恶英含量不高于0.659 6 ng TEQ·kg-1,符合国家污染控制标准要求。火电厂协同资源化处理城市污泥过程中,污泥自动化掺烧系统投运能够有效控制二次污染物的排放,实现了城市污泥的减量化、无害化处置和资源化利用。     

城市污泥桨叶式干化优化实验研究

桨叶式干化是一种高效的污泥干化处理技术，为了降低污泥含水率达到污泥减量减容效果，同时为后期的工程化应用提供依据和参考，实验采用倾斜盘式桨叶干燥机，以北京市污水处理厂污泥为研究对象，研究了不同滞留时间、污泥供给量、干燥机换热面积等因素对桨叶式干化处理后蒸发速度和污泥含水率的影响，并从处理效率以及与工程化应用数据对比分析等多方面考核，确定最佳工艺运行条件：使用0．5—0．8MPa的蒸气，蒸发速率达到14～21．8kg／（m^2·h）时，干化处理后污泥含水率〈40％。     

污水处理厂污泥无害化处置工艺探讨

随着当前的污泥处置技术的发展,在对污水处理厂污泥处置工艺经济可行性分析的基础上,按照因地制宜原则提出一种适宜于江阴市污水处理厂污泥无害化处置方案。即污泥经改性深度脱水至含水率50%以下,再送热电厂掺煤焚烧处置工艺路线。     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.     

Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in products and effluent from the Swedish pulp and paper industry and chloralkali process

Within the Swedish Dioxin Survey various samples from the pulp and paper industry and the chloralkali process have been analyzed by congener specific analytical methods. In addition to the generally discussed “bleaching pattern” of the tetrachlorinated congeners, these samples also contained higher chlorinated congeners like hexa-CDDs, hepta-CDFs, octa-CDD and octa-CDF. Consequently it is recommended that samples from the pulp industry should be analyzed for all PCDDs and PCDFs (tetra- through octa-). Counted as Nordic Toxic Equivalents (NTEQ), the recycled pulp samples had the highest contamination level followed by TMP, unbleached sulfite and bleached softwood and hardwood. In addition to the bleaching process, various chemicals used in the pulping, bleaching and wastewater treatment can contribute to the contamination.     

Uptake and translocation of metformin, ciprofloxacin and narasin in forage- and crop plants

Transfer of bioactive organic compounds from soil to plants might represent animal and human health risks. Sewage sludge and manure are potential sources for bioactive compounds such as human- and veterinary drugs. In the present study, uptake of the anti-diabetic compound, metformin, the antibiotic agent ciprofloxacin and the anti-coccidial narasin in carrot (Daucuscarota ssp. sativus cvs. Napoli) and barley (Hordeumvulgare) were investigated. The pharmaceuticals were selected in order to cover various chemical properties, in addition to their presence in relevant environmental matrixes. The root concentration factors (RCF) found in the present study were higher than the corresponding leaf concentration factors (LCF) for the three test pharmaceuticals. The uptake of metformin was higher compared with ciprofloxacin and narasin for all plant compartments analyzed. Metformin was studied more explicitly with regard to uptake and translocation in meadow fescue (Festucapratense), three other carrot cultivars (D.carota ssp. sativus cvs. Amager, Rothild and Nutri Red), wheat cereal (Triticumaestivum) and turnip rape seed (Brassicacampestris). Uptake of metformin in meadow fescue was comparable with uptake in the four carrot cultivars (RCF 2-10, LCF approximately 1.5), uptake in wheat cereals were comparable with barley cereals (seed concentration factors, SCF, 0.02-0.04) while the accumulation in turnip rape seeds was as high as 1.5. All three pharmaceuticals produced negative effects on growth and development of carrots when grown in soil concentration of 6-10 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight.     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.     

Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea

Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.