土地利用对湿地土壤活性有机碳的影响研究进展

湿地生态系统土壤碳库的周转及碳源/汇过程对全球气候变化起着极其重要的作用,而土壤碳库中的活性碳组分对环境因子变化响应最为敏感,湿地土壤活性有机碳在湿地土壤碳、氮、磷等养分元素的生物地球化学循环方面起着十分重要的作用。不同的土地利用方式对湿地土壤活性有机碳组分的特征分布影响显著,综述了土壤活性有机碳内涵、组分及土地利用方式变化对湿地土壤活性有机碳多种组分的影响研究进展,展望不同土地利用方式下湿地土壤活性碳库的未来研究方向,并提出今后应加强不同土地利用方式下湿地生态系统土壤活性碳库与土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的关系研究,以期为评估湿地生态系统碳源/汇功能提供理论基础。     

农田土壤固碳作用对温室气体减排的影响

温室气体排放引起的全球气候变暖和平流层臭氧空洞已成为当前人们关注的环境问题之一。土壤碳库作为地表生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,是甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化二氮等温室气体的重要释放源,也是重要的吸收汇。因此,寻找农田土壤系统碳管理的有效方法已经成为缓解温室效应的重要科学问题。西方发达国家已将固碳农业作为环境管理的重要导向,应用颗粒分组13CNMR或CPMAS-NMR技术对土壤碳固定的机制研究指出微团聚体与矿物-粘粒复合体的相互作用是土壤有机碳稳定存在的主要方式,揭示了土壤有机碳的腐殖质转化及其与土壤矿物、金属氧化物结合的微观水平,且从土壤物理结构、化学组成和生物学特性等多学科交叉研究土壤有机碳的固定机理及其稳定机制。长期传统的土地利用方式和管理措施所导致的土壤有机碳含量、密度及垂直分布的变化是造成土壤碳库损失的主要原因,为了增加农业生态系统土壤有机碳的含量,土地利用方式和农业管理措施应该从增加有机碳输入量和减少有机碳矿化两方面着手,加强对农业土壤固碳潜力和土壤碳库稳定性影响因素的多角度研究。     

辽河口湿地土壤有机碳组分特征及其影响因素

湿地生态系统碳汇潜力巨大,但不同的气候条件及植被类型,导致湿地土壤有机碳库组分有较大的差异,进而导致不同类型的湿地土壤有机碳受土壤理化性质的影响也有差异。深入了解土壤有机碳组分特征对滨海湿地生态系统开发及保护具有重要意义。以辽河口湿地为对象,选取5种土地覆盖类型(翅碱蓬群落、芦苇群落、光滩裸地、油井区和农耕区),分析不同土地覆盖类型下土壤有机碳组分及土壤基本理化性质,对所得数据进行相关性和差异性分析,以期探明辽河口湿地土壤有机碳组分特征,并确定土壤理化性质对辽河口湿地有机碳储量的影响。结果表明：辽河口湿地在不同土地利用类型下土壤总有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)含量差异显著,其中芦苇群落碳储量最丰富,达(52.6±3.80) g·kg^-1,光滩裸地碳储量最少,为(28.2±7.05) g·kg^-1;在植物覆盖下土壤有充沛的碳输入而有利于土壤有机碳的固定,这一现象随土层深度的加深而减弱。轻组分有机碳(Light fraction organic carbon,LFOC)、重组分有机碳(Heavy fraction org...     

露天煤矿复垦生态系统碳库研究进展

露天煤矿开采作为世界范围内的主要采煤方式,在满足人类能源需求和促进社会经济发展的同时,也造成矿区生态环境破坏和生态系统固碳能力退化。研究露天煤矿土地复垦过程中生态系统碳库动态变化不仅对认识区域碳平衡具有重要意义,该变化过程还可以作为露天煤矿土地复垦效果的重要判断指标。综述了国内外露天煤矿复垦林地、复垦草地以及复垦耕地生态系统碳库动态变化的研究。已有的研究成果表明,(1)露天煤矿复垦林地、复垦草地和复垦耕地生态系统土壤碳库均较自然恢复地要高,有的矿区甚至比原地貌要高。干旱区煤矿土地复垦初期以草地固碳效果较好,而半干旱和湿润区煤矿复垦以林地效果较好。同一生态系统,碳储量随植物物种及植物配置方式而异。(2)矿区土壤碳库呈现"U"型动态恢复过程。林地土壤有机碳年均增长量为0.20~6.27 Mg·hm-2;草地为0.30~3.37 Mg·hm-2;林草混合复垦模式为0.31~2.80 Mg·hm-2。(3)复垦林地生态系统碳库主要存储在植被中,而复垦草地则主要存储在土壤中。(4)土壤碳库主要受土壤理化性质、地上植被、复垦年限、立地条件以及复垦工艺等因素影响。因此,矿区土地复垦中应注重排土场微地形优化,筛选适宜物种,优化植被配置模式和改进复垦措施,以加快矿区复垦生态系统碳库恢复。针对露天煤矿生态系统碳库研究现状,提出未来我国露天煤矿复垦生态系统碳库的研究重点,包括加强植被碳库、土壤无机碳库及总碳库全生命周期研究,加强荒漠区露天煤矿碳库研究,以期为全面认识我国露天煤矿复垦生态系统碳库研究提供科学依据。     

科尔沁沙地土地利用变化对土壤特性的影响

在中国科学院奈曼沙漠化研究站放牧试验场周围,选取了不同利用方式和类型的草地（封育和放牧）、林地（乔木和灌木）和农田（灌溉和非灌溉）为研究样地,调查了0～30cm土层每隔10cm的土壤水分质量分数和有机养分（有机碳和全氮）,分析了土地利用变化对土壤水分质量分数和有机养分的影响。结果发现,垂直空间分布上,无论哪种土地类型样地,土壤水分质量分数和有机养分各土层间均无显著差异性（P〉0.05）,土层垂直变化对土壤特性影响均较小。在不同土地利用方式水平空间分布上,土壤水分质量分数和有机养分（土壤有机碳和全氮）灌木林地均显著高于乔木林地（P〈0.05）,而封育草地和放牧草地间以及灌溉农田与非灌溉农田间土壤水分质量分数和有机养分均无显著差异性（P〉0.05）。不同土地利用类型水平分布上,草地土壤水分质量分数显著低于林地和农田（P〈0.05）,而土壤养分质量分数草地显著高于林地和农田（P〈0.05）。分析表明,对沙质草地进行围栏封育和旱作农田退耕还林还草的同时,对水浇农田实行保护性耕作和精细管理,有利于沙地土壤环境改善与生态系统恢复。     

不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。果园是我国重要的土地利用类型之一,果园面积占我国土地总面积的1.15%。因此,研究果园土壤有机碳库的演变规律,对于准确评估我国陆地生态系统的固碳潜力具有重要的科学意义。利用时空替代和物理、化学分组的方法比较研究不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响,旨为果园土壤固碳增汇机理研究提供科学依据。利用时空替代法和物理化学分组的方法比较研究经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响。结果表明：50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量分别比80年代柑橘果园提高了9.6%和23.60%、2.57%和3.63%,其中对0~20 cm土层的影响显著高于20~40 cm,说明果园经营干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响随着土层的加深而降低。50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量比80年代果园提高27.2%,可溶性有机碳提高20.1%,微生物生物量碳提高5.3%;50年代柑橘园0~100 cm土层有机碳储量比80年代柑橘园提高30.3%,但50年代柑橘园的土壤颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳占总有机碳的比率均低于80年代柑橘园,说明当种植年限超过30年后,随着种植年限增加,果园土壤有机碳质量存在退化的风险。     

南川市三泉镇岩溶区农田生态系统有机碳密度

通过在重庆南川市三泉镇岩溶区选取样地进行植被样方观测、植被与土壤样品采集与实验分析,进而计算和讨论该区不同土地利用方式下农田生态系统植被碳密度、土壤有机碳密度和农田生态系统总有机碳密度.结果表明不同土地利用下农田生态系统无论是植被有机碳密度.土壤有机碳密度,还是整个农田生态系统有机碳密度都存在十分明显的差异.在4种农田生态系统土地利用类型中,冬水田的有机碳密度最高,两季田次之,旱地和菜地有机碳密度最低.而且土壤有机碳在农田生态系统有机碳密度的组成中占主导地位(占90%以上).因此,进一步发展生态农业,搞好生态环境建设,维持农田生态系统土壤有机碳储量的稳定是该区土地合理利用和农田生态系统碳减排的首要任务.同时通过改进耕作制度和措施,提高农业生产水平;不断探索农作物秸杆的综合利用,增加农田生态系统有机碳的滞留时间等措施也是农田生态系统碳减排的有效途径之一.     

中国草地生态系统碳储量及碳过程研究进展

草地为陆地生态系统的主体,是陆地上最主要的碳储库和碳吸收汇之一。近年来,随着“草原承包责任制”、“退耕还林还草”和“封育禁牧”等重大生态工程项目的实施及草地生态系统的恢复和草地生产力的提升,草地生态系统碳储量、固持潜力、土壤碳循环机制及稳定性机制越来越受到学术界的关切。文章全面综述了近年来我国草地生态系统碳储量及其碳过程的研究工作,总结了不同研究中,我国不同草地类型碳库的特征及其储量、分析了草地生态系统碳过程等,评述了土壤碳过程相关科学问题的研究进展,指出了当前草地生态系统土壤碳储量及碳过程的研究进展、存在的问题,分析了未来草地生态系统土壤碳研究的重点研究方向和发展趋势。研究表明：草地生态系统在调节碳循环和减缓全球气候变化中起着重要作用。但是,由于草地类型的多样性、结构的复杂性以及草地对干扰和变化环境响应的时空动态变化,至今对草地生态系统碳储量和变率的科学估算,以及草地生态系统土壤关键碳过程及其稳定性维持机制的认识还十分有限,随着高分辨率的MODIS、TM数据、数学模型及不同草地类型实测点的建立,以及通过枯落物碳库将植物碳库与土壤碳库的有机连接,草地生态系统的土壤碳储量及固持潜力取得了重要进展;土壤有机碳来源、组成,有机碳化学结构以及环境因子是影响土壤有机碳稳定性的重要因素,而固体赫兹共振、碳同位素示踪等对破解有机碳稳定性提供了重要手段。未来,还将进一步厘清草地生态系统土壤固碳的驱动机制,构建草地生态系统土壤固碳量化方法体系等。     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳动态的影响

对贵州茂兰自然保护区内三种典型土地利用方式(林地、草地和耕地)下土壤活性有机碳组分(土壤溶解有机碳和土壤微生物量碳)的月变化及其对环境因子的响应进行了研究,结果表明在不同的土地利用方式下上覆植被类型不同,其凋落物数量、质量及分解行为不同,有机质的输入量及质量也不相同,从而形成不同的土壤溶解有机碳含量差异,土壤有机碳的大小也存在较大差别。研究结果显示:从全年平均值来看,林地土壤溶解有机碳分别比草地和耕地高25%、48%;从3月到8月,三者均随气温的上升呈增加的趋势,林地和耕地在8月均达到最大值,而草地则在10月达到最大值;林地和草地土壤微生物量碳分别高于耕地81%和45%,林地和草地在10月达到最大值。不同的土地利用方式导致土壤活性有机碳的差异较大,这说明岩溶生态系统中土地利用方式对土壤碳库的大小有较大影响。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳对环境因子的响应也各不相同,这表明土壤活性碳受众多因素的制约而呈现出一种动态平衡关系,进一步的机理仍需要进行深入研究。     

黄淮海平原不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及微生物呼吸的影响

土壤是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,有机碳通过微生物分解作用向大气释放CO_2,土壤碳库的微小变化将会对大气CO_2浓度和全球碳循环产生巨大的影响。在当前人类活动频繁和土地利用与土地覆被变化的背景下,研究不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳等理化性质和土壤微生物呼吸等功能的影响,可以阐明影响土壤碳汇功能的关键因子,为未来土地利用管理提供科学依据。以开封市为例,研究了黄淮海平原不同土地利用方式(包括弃耕地、草地、果园、农田和森林)下土壤湿度、pH值、铵态氮、硝态氮、总碳、总氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳氮、微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性的变化规律。研究结果表明,(1)森林土壤湿度、总碳、总氮、有机碳(1.48%)、微生物生物量碳氮含量显著高于其他土地利用方式,但其微生物呼吸(101.06 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))和温度敏感性(1.18)最小。(2)农田土壤的总碳、总氮、有机碳、微生物生物量碳氮含量均次于森林且高于其他土地利用方式,微生物呼吸速率较大(128.55 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))。(3)弃耕地、草地和果园土壤碳氮和微生物碳氮较小。(4)结构方程模型表明土地利用方式可以直接解释土壤有机碳积累的68%,且可通过土壤湿度间接地影响土壤有机碳和微生物呼吸。土壤有机碳和微生物呼吸分别被土壤湿度和硝态氮含量等因子解释了93%和54%。该研究表明森林生态系统利于土壤有机碳固持,其较小的微生物呼吸温度敏感性对应对未来全球气候变化具有重大意义;农田占地面积广大,农业经营中在保障粮食生产的同时要采取免耕或秸秆还田等措施充分发挥其碳汇作用。     

Assessment of ecological risks induced by land use and land cover changes in Xiamen City,China

The landscape ecological risk (LER) in Xiamen City, China, from 1990 to 2030 was studied using an urban land use and land cover change (LUCC) model and LER analysis. The LUCC model was used to predict the LUCC of Xiamen from 2020 to 2030. We analyzed the characteristics of LUCC and landscape pattern changes and, finally, evaluated the effect of rapid LUCC on LER. Of the six landscape types investigated, built-up land and farmland demonstrated the most significant changes. The area of built-up land increased by 1.5 times in 2010 and is predicted to increase by 2.7 times in 2030 than that in 1990. The area of farmland increased from 34.5% in 1990 to 24.5% in 2010 and is predicted to decrease to 15.1% in 2030. The number of patches (NP) of built-up land decreased with increasing area, which promoted the dominance of built-up land over other landscape types. Five landscape types, those other than built-up land, increased in NP, landscape fragmentation, segmentation, and disturbance but decreased in dominance. The LER of Xiamen in 2010 was slightly lower than that in 1990. However, with the acceleration of urbanization, the LER in 2020 and 2030 will increase by 7.6% and 12.5% than that in 2010. The LER will significantly increase in areas such as the Huandong sea area, the second urban core of Xiamen, and northern Xiang'an. For the areas, some measures (e.g. optimum urban spatial growth patterns and control of coastal reclamation) must inevitably increase to reduce the LER posed by rapid urbanization.     

土地利用、覆被变化（LUCC）与环境变化关系研究进展

土地利用、覆被变化（LUCC）作为环境变化的主要原因之一,已成为全球变化研究的前沿和热点问题。文章总结了国内外 LUCC 与环境变化关系的主要研究成果和方法,继而从气候、碳循环、土壤环境、水环境以及生态环境对土地利用方式的限制等方面概括了 LUCC 与环境变化之间的关系。LUCC 通过改变大气成分和下垫面性质对气候造成影响;影响着陆地生态系统的碳循环;改变土壤的理化性质,带来土壤污染、土壤养分迁移等土壤质量问题;并且引起水体的非点源污染,影响区域的产水量和水循环。同时,环境变化对LUCC具有限制作用。不仅通过特定的气候环境直接限制土地的利用方式;还间接通过借助人类生态环境意识的改变,实现对区域土地利用强度与方式的约束。LUCC既是全球环境变化的原因,也是全球环境变化的结果。LUCC 与生态环境之间存在着复杂的、非线性的动态反馈关系。进一步探讨了当前 LUCC 与环境变化关系的主要研究方向和相关研究方法,针对目前存在的缺乏统一的指标体系,研究区域、时空尺度单一,以单要素静态研究为主,实验研究相对薄弱以及动态模拟不够等问题,提出加强跨学科综合交叉研究、注重多尺度探讨LUCC的环境效应、构建一个 LUCC 环境效应研究的统一指标体系及加强“3S”技术与模拟模型的融合等建议。为寻求更科学更合理的土地利用方式提供了基础信息。     

Impacts of land use and land cover change on the interactions among multiple soil-dependent ecosystem services (case study: Jiroft plain,Iran)

The spatial and temporal distribution pattern is an outstanding feature of the relationship among ecosystem services (ESs) that explains links between human activities and disturbed chemical composition of ecosystems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of land use/cover changes (LUCC) and quantifies the change in four essential ecosystem services with an emphasis on soil (nutrient delivery ratio, carbon storage, crop production, and water yield) and their relationships in the Jiroft plain, Iran, during 1996–2016 through analytical tools including Land Change Modeler, and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoff. During the 20-year concentrate period, there was a considerable overall gain in cropland (5396 km²) and urban (1787 km²), loss of unused land (5692 km²), water (2088 km²), and forest (1083 km²). As a result of LUCC, while crop production and nutrient delivery ratio showed a rising trend, overall carbon storage and water yield decreased. The spatiotemporal trade-off between carbon storage and crop production, the temporal trade-off between crop production and water yield, and synergy between water yield and crop production were widespread in Jiroft plain. These results showed that the interaction among ESs mutates over time and can be changed under planning and policies. This study will enrich the research of the geographical distribution of ESs interaction in dryland ecosystems to provide practical ecosystem management under local conditions.

     

Tenure diversity and dependent causation in the effects of regional integration on land use: evaluating the evolutionary theory of land rights in Acre,Brazil

In the complex causation behind land change, dependent causation can play a central role. A case in point concerns land tenure diversity, where contrasting use rules for different lands may affect the impacts of other drivers on land use outcomes. We therefore evaluate the evolutionary theory of land rights (ETLR), which assumes homogeneous private property rights, in order to test for dependent causation due to distinct use rules among various types of private lands. In the present analysis, we focus on whether land tenure type modifies the effects of highway infrastructure on key outcomes highlighted in the ETLR framework. We take up the case of rural settlements along the Inter-Oceanic Highway in the eastern part of the Brazilian state of Acre, where there is considerable land tenure diversity. Findings from multivariate models for land titling, the castanha nut harvest, and cattle pasture all indicate that the effects of infrastructure depend on land tenure type. These results confirm the importance of dependent causation behind land use and bear implications for theory on land change, infrastructure impacts, and land system science.     

Land use and land cover in a transitioning militarized landscape

The repurposing of military lands is common in many parts of the world and presents a variety of conservation opportunities. This study examines land cover at Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge, Indiana (U.S.A.) as it transitioned from military proving ground to wildlife refuge from 1985 to 2013. We use remote sensing, semi-structured interviews, and a review of planning and management documents to examine this transition. Limited change in land cover composition and distribution are detected, despite changes in use and management. This landscape similarity relates to similarities in land management practices, and the impact of landscape history on current management practices. The findings suggest that military use and conservation objectives at this site yield similar land covers and are not necessarily in contrast to each other. As military base closures continue, the potential to maintain and expand conservation opportunities on these lands will likely grow in importance.     

森林土地利用变化及其对碳循环的影响

由于人口剧增，人类活动的影响不断加大，在过去100年全球土地利用／土地覆被发生了巨大的变化。最常见的土地利用变化是由森林转变为农业用地。森林砍伐使森林生态系统地上部生物量大大减少，砍伐后作农业用地，降低了植被生产力，减少了土壤有机质的输入，增强了腐殖质的矿化作用，有机质分解速率增加，有机碳贮量随之降低，从而影响到森林生态系统的碳循环，使大量碳元素释放到大气中，引起温室效应，导致全球变暖。另一个常见的土地利用变化是植树造林和森林恢复，这一过程可以增加森林生态系统的碳储量，从而减缓大气CO2体积分数的上升。     

The utility of earth observation technologies in understanding impacts of land reform in the eastern region of Zimbabwe

Land tenure and land policies influence the spatial variations of land use/cover (LULC) at any given time or place. Thus, it is important to evaluate the role of land tenure policies on land cover changes. In this study, we evaluate the utility of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images in understanding the impacts of the 2000 fast track land reform (FTLR) policy on LULC in the eastern region, Zimbabwe. Landsat images for the year 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2011 were classified using traditional image classification techniques (i.e. the maximum likelihood (ML) classifier) in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. Results indicate that forested areas drastically decreased by approx. 30% between the year 2000 and 2005 (during and after the FTLR), while croplands marginally increased by (approx. 30%) the results further showed that slight increase in bare lands (degraded lands) and disturbed lands. The observed LULC changes after FTLR were mostly induced by human activities resulting from changes in land tenure. Overall, the findings of this study underscores the importance of remotely sensed data in assessing the impact of FTLR on forest resources for purposes of informed and sustainable forest management.     

How dynamics and drivers of land use/land cover change impact elephant conservation and agricultural livelihood development in Rombo,Tanzania

Land use/land cover (LULC) change affects the provision of ecosystem services for humans and habitat for wildlife. Hence, it is crucial to monitor LULC particularly adjacent to protected areas. In this study, we measured LULC change in Rombo, Tanzania, an area with high-potential agro-ecological zones that is dominated by human–elephant conflicts (HECs). We used remote sensing and geographical information system techniques, questionnaires and village meetings to assess spatio-temporal patterns of the LULC changes in the study area. Using Landsat imagery, digital elevation model (DEM) and ground truthing, we classified and monitored changes in LULC from the years 1987 to 2015. We found that within Rombo, settlements were increasing, while agricultural and agroforestry lands were decreasing and respondents’ perceptions varied along the altitudinal gradient. Patterns of HEC and LULC were observed to change along the gradient and the later threatened the agricultural land and ecological integrity for elephant habitat, leading to high tension and competition between elephants and people. This research offers baseline information for land use planning to balance wildlife conservation with livelihood development in Rombo and highlights that managing the impacts of LULC changes on HEC and elephant habitat loss is a matter of urgency.     

Accounting for monogastric livestock as a driver in global land use and cover change assessments

Land systems are described based on various characteristics, including land cover composition and agricultural production. However, it is uncertain to what extent livestock, particularly monogastric livestock, determines land systems. We included monogastrics in a land system classification, and statistically analyzed the land cover composition and agricultural production of otherwise similar land systems with and without monogastric livestock. The results indicate that land systems with monogastrics are statistically different from their counterparts in the classification without monogastrics in terms of grassland area and crop yields, but are less different in terms of tree area, crop area, and ruminant livestock production. We then used a land systems map that includes monogastrics in the classification and a similar map that does not include monogastrics to project future changes in a novel manner that integrates livestock as a determinant of land systems. The results show that including monogastrics in otherwise similar projections yields less cropland intensification and more cropland expansion in several world regions, including Northern Africa and the Middle East. Other regions, such as Europe and Australia, were characterized by less decrease or more increase in tree area in the application with monogastrics, mainly due to the occurrence of open forests with monogastrics. This study prompts a call for improved characterization of land systems for land use and cover change (LUCC) assessments in order to better represent LUCC driven by monogastric livestock.