放射性废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障的研究进展

放射性废物处置库工程屏障的设计对处置库中放射性废物的长期安全具有重要意义.毛细屏障作为处置库顶盖的工程屏障之一,已在国内外得到广泛的应用.阐述了放射性废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障设置的意义,对近年来毛细屏障的一些研究进展进行了分析,提出了一些尚待解决的问题.     

某地放射性废物处置工程及其效果评价

江苏省某经济开发区发现一历史遗存的放射性物质暂存库，经多方努力，该暂存库内的放射性废物得到有效处置。介绍了处置工程的各个主要环节及其效果，并对处置中可能存在的问题进行了讨论。     

日本放射性废物处理的现状和课题

放射性废物的处理问题,在原子能应用了四分之一世纪之后,已经提到日程上来了。日本政府在1980年夏天就有了向太平洋试验投放低能级放射性废物的打算。同年年底,原子能委员会的放射性废物对策部门还颁布了处理高能级放射性废物的方针。放射性废物是从原子能发电工艺产生的废物,对它的处理就意味着要把放射性毒性与人类的生活圈及生物圈隔离开。现在原子能工业最头痛的问题之一就是放射性的处理问题。现在采用的方法,或是弃于土壤中,或是弃于     

核电厂低中放射性废物处置的管理体系

通过调研全面论述了核电厂运行过程中产生的低中水平放射性废物的处置与管理,包括国内外低中放射性废物处置的法律、法规,审管部门的职责,废物处置过程中的质量保证和公众参与以及废物处置的资金负担等。     

废物交换——废物资源化的新方法

在介绍废物交换产生背景的同时，对废物交换市场各要素进行分析，阐述了废物交换的类型和模式，以信息交换为例研究了废物交换各环节，并设计了废物交换工作的评估指标。     

城市生物质废物中温单级厌氧消化中试研究

建立了城市生物质废物中温单级厌氧消化中试反应器,对城市生物质废物厌氧消化过程系统稳定性、产甲烷性能及有机物的去除效果进行解析.反应器稳定运行410 d,共经历2.4、3.6、4.8、6.0 kg VS/(m3·d)4个负荷,反应器pH稳定在7.2 ～7.6之间,有机酸浓度＜500 mg/L.在负荷6.0 kg VS/(m3·d)时反应器平均容积产气率4.25m3/(m3·d),有机物去除率为63.2％;另外,实验结果表明,厌氧消化过程对蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素及多糖类物质的去除效果有明显差异,其中脂肪类物质去除率为98.2％,产沼气贡献率为38.8％.实现了针对我国城市生物质废物的高负荷高效厌氧消化,为我国城市生物质废物厌氧消化规模化处理提供了基础数据.     

香港城市固体废物系统管理

本文以大量翔实的数据介绍了香港对城市固体废物的系统管理,即分类、收集、监测分析、处理和预测评价。香港环保署自８０ 年代开始对城市固体废物进行监测并系统管理。在全港设置了３ 个大型策略性填埋场、５ 个垃圾转运站、１ 个垃圾焚烧厂（１９９７ 年５ 月关闭） 和１个化学废物处理中心。目前,香港政府正筹建一个新的、技术先进的焚烧厂。从１９８６ ～１９９７年,这些废物处理设施处理全港废物量为８９６０ ～２４３００ｔ／ｄ,其中城市固体废物比例每年不等,最低为３０ ．７ ％ ,最高为６５ ．５ ％ 。１９９７ 年,这些废物中可循环再利用物接近５０ ％ ,出口部分达１２０ 多万吨,回收资金２０ 多亿港元。根据历年来城市固体废物量与本地生产总值（ＧＤＰ）和人口数量的密切相关性,预测出２０１１ 年城市固体废物人均产率为２ ．５６ｋｇ／ 人·ｄ, 城市固体废物量为１２８１０ ｔ／ｄ。城市固体废物系统管理紧迫而重要,香港的经验是值得我们借鉴的。     

核素废渣的放射性污染和利用天然洞穴对核废物的地质处理

核素矿物的开发和放射性元素的广泛应用,使核矿渣、核废物对环境的放射性污染日趋明显。浙江放射性矿种较多,含放射性的矿床更为普遍,广泛应用放射性元素得天独厚。但浙江地处东南沿海,面积狭小,地势低洼,水域众多。在发展核工业的同时,从浙江的实际出发,妥善地做好核废渣的处理,将是直接影响核素的进一步开发和利用,防止对环境的     

浙江省当前排污收费工作形势及相应对策

一浙江省征收排污费工作从1980年开始,到1989年底,全省11个市(地)、71个县(市)全部开展了这项工作。十年来,工作由点及面,从广度到深度,不断发展提高。征收对象由全民集体工矿企业到机关、团体事业单位;征收范围由城市的大、小企业到乡镇企业和个体经营户;征收项目由废水到废气、废渣、噪声和放射性废物;征收内容由超标收费到排污水费。征收金额逐年上升,收费户数逐年增加。1989年征收金额比1980年增长近5倍,收费户数增长60多倍。     

PVC废物及其处理技术

PVC广泛应用于工业和日常生活中，PVC废物的产生量将会在将来一段时间内持续增长，对PVC废物处理处置问题研究成为固体废物处理处置的一个方向，目前，PVC废物还缺乏系统、完善的管理手段和处理技术。本文在分析PVC废物特点其环境潜在危害特性的基础上，比较分析各种PVC废物处理技术的优势和存在的问题，及国内外在PVC废物处理处置方面的具体实践，以期探讨PVC废物的处理对策并提出今后PVC废物处理的发展趋势和研究方向。     

城市固体有机废物堆肥实验装置设计

根据城市固体有机废物的特点和性质 ,设计了一种堆肥的实验装置 ,该设计包括空间结构设计、通风系统设计和搅拌系统设计。空间结构设计的特点是小型的、用于实验室研究的、仓式动态好氧结构 ;通风系统的设计则是以供氧、散热和去除水分所需通风量为基础 ;搅拌系统设计包括搅拌器的结构设计和所需动力设计     

Obsolete pesticides and application of colonizing plant species for remediation of contaminated soil in Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, there is a problem of finding ways to clean local sites contaminated with pesticides. In particular, such sites are the deserted and destroyed storehouses where these pesticides were stored; existing storehouses do not fulfill sanitary standards. Phytoremediation is one potential method for reducing risk from these pesticides. Genetic heterogeneity of populations of wild and weedy species growing on pesticide-contaminated soil provides a source of plant species tolerant to these conditions. These plant species may be useful for phytoremediation applications. In 2008–2009 and 2011, we surveyed substances stored in 80 former pesticide storehouses in Kazakhstan (Almaty oblast) to demonstrate an inventory process needed to understand the obsolete pesticide problem throughout the country, and observed a total of 354.7 t of obsolete pesticides. At the sites, we have found organochlorine pesticides residues in soil including metabolites of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane. Twenty-four of the storehouse sites showed pesticides concentrations in soil higher than maximum allowable concentration which is equal to 100 μg kg^?1 in Kazakhstan. Seventeen pesticide-tolerant wild plant species were selected from colonizing plants that grew into/near the former storehouse’s pesticides. The results have shown that colonizing plant annual and biannual species growing on soils polluted by pesticides possess ability to accumulate organochlorine pesticide residues and reduce pesticide concentrations in soil. Organochlorine pesticides taken up by the plants are distributed unevenly in different plant tissues. The main organ of organochlorine pesticide accumulation is the root system. The accumulation rate of organochlorine pesticides was found to be a specific characteristic of plant species and dependent on the degree of soil contamination. This information can be used for technology development of phytoremediation of pesticide-contaminated soils.     

The Rhine red,the fish dead—the 1986 Schweizerhalle disaster,a retrospect and long-term impact assessment

Background

The November 1, 1986 fire at a Sandoz Ltd. storehouse at Schweizerhalle, an industrial area near Basel, Switzerland, resulted in chemical contamination of the environment. The storehouse, which was completely destroyed by the fire, contained pesticides, solvents, dyes, and various raw and intermediate materials. The majority of the approximately 1,250 t of stored chemicals was destroyed in the fire, but large quantities were introduced into the atmosphere, into the Rhine River through runoff of the fire-fighting water, and into the soil and groundwater at the site. The chemicals discharged into the Rhine caused massive kills of benthic organisms and fish, particularly eels and salmonids. Public and private reaction to the fire and subsequent chemical spill was very strong. This happened only a few months after the Chernobyl accident and it destroyed the myth of immunity of Switzerland regarding such catastrophes.

Aim

This article reviews the damaging events of November 1986 and aims at striking stock two decades later.

Results and discussion

In the aftermath of this once-per-century accident, the aim was to obtain new knowledge for the environmental sciences and to achieve progress for water pollution control issues. The following themes are discussed: mitigation measures by the chemical industry and by the governmental authorities, activities of environmental protection organizations, chemical and biological monitoring, alert organization, ecological damages, ecotoxicological effects assessment, recovery and alteration of the river biology, return of the salmon, drinking water supplies, research programs, education of environmental scientists, and visions for the future.

Conclusions

The catastrophic pollution of the Rhine in November 1986 has triggered by the openly visible damages of the river biology that subsequently significant progress was made towards the prevention of such environmental catastrophes. The crucial risk reduction measures in the chemical industry, legal regulations and controls as well as chemical and biological monitoring of the river water quality were substantially improved. Politics and chemical industry have learned their lectures and have proceeded accordingly.

Recommendations

A drastic acute contamination, as it has happened at Schweizerhalle in 1986, is clearly recognizable by the toxic effects, which it is causing. This can lead to mitigation activities, which are positive considering a long-term perspective. However, the less obvious effects of chronic water pollution should receive more attention as well as the ongoing alteration of the biocenosis. A high water quality must be demanded for using water from the Rhine to produce drinking water. In that context, micropollutants should also be considered and particular attention should be payed to emerging contaminants.

Perspectives

The big chemical storehouse fire of 1986 had an important impact on the transboundary cooperation and has improved the willingness for international cooperation. The fire catastrophe of Schweizerhalle has triggered many activities in particular for the Rhine River. Overall, the effects are positive on the basis of a long-term perspective. The applied whole basin approach gives an example on a global basis for other river systems, which still are more heavily polluted.

     

Interaction of radiation fog with tall vegetation

A one-dimensional radiation fog model is presented. It is coupled with a second model to include the effects of tall vegetation. The fog model describes in detail the dynamics, thermodynamics, and microphysical structure of a fog, as well as the interactions with the atmospheric radiative transfer. A two-dimensional joint size distribution for the aerosol particles and activated fog droplets is used, the activation of aerosol particles is explicitly modeled.The implications of the presence of tall vegetation on the state of the atmosphere and on the evolution of radiation fog are stated. It is shown that the existence of tall vegetation impedes the evolution of radiation fog. The life cycle of radiation fog is discussed. The input of fog water and associated aerosol particles onto the vegetation surfaces via fog water interception processes is assessed.     

Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on fish hepatoma cells treated with mercury chloride and ionizing radiation

Organisms are exposed to natural radiations from cosmic or terrestrial origins. Furthermore the combined action of radiation with various chemicals is an inevitable feature of modern life. Radiation is known to cause cell death, mainly due to its ability to produce reactive oxygen species in cells. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is a well-known sulfhydryl-containing antioxidant whose role in radioprotection has been reported. Synergistic effects of radiation and mercury chloride on human cells was previously reported by the authors. Based on the previous report, this study was designed to assess the synergistic effects of radiation and mercury chloride on fish hepatoma cells, as well as to investigate the protective effects of NAC on the cells. The cytotoxicity of radiation was enhanced in the presence of mercury chloride. NAC in lower concentrations prevented cells from death after irradiation with lower doses (<300 Gy) while it did not prevent cells from radiation-induced death after irradiation with higher doses (300, 500 Gy). The intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased after irradiation while the combined treatment of NAC and radiation alleviated the decrease in the GSH levels. The investigations give a clue for the action mechanism of synergistic or protective effects of NAC on the cells. Due to their high resistance to ionizing radiation, the PLHC-1 cells can be effectively used as a screening tool for assessing the combined effects of radiation with toxic chemicals.     

水质工程用紫外光消毒器的CFD数值模拟

紫外光消毒法是一种重要的污水深度处理方法,消毒器内部辐射强度的分布情况、微生物的停留时间及其运动轨迹对灭菌效果起着至关重要的作用。本文首次在国内系统介绍了采用计算流体动力学(CFD)手段对紫外光消毒器进行数值模拟研究的理论基础和技术路线,指出辐射强度的计算和停留时间的确定是其中的关键。以特定结构的紫外光消毒器为对象,对其内部流场进行了模拟计算,讨论了挡板位置不同所引起的消毒器内部速度场的变化情况;应用离散坐标辐射模型(DO)对紫外光辐射强度分布进行了模拟,同时加入离散粒子模型(DPM)来模拟消毒器内微生物的停留时长和运动轨迹,为最终计算微生物所受紫外光辐射剂量奠定了坚实的基础。     

增强的UV-B辐射对陆地生态系统的影响

本文根据最近的文献,回顾了ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射对陆地生态系统的影响。ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射影响植物物候、形态和次生代谢,从而改变生态系统的物种结构、竞争性平衡、食物链、植物病原体、物质循环、真菌移殖与叶片分解。植物物候、形态和次生代谢的变化是ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射调控影响生态系统的重要途径,具有重要的生态学意义。虽然我们已经适当了解了ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射对植物作用的机理,但由于温室内植物个体水平的短期响应与野外条件下生态系统的长期响应具有明显的差异,到目前为止还不能预测ＵＶ－ Ｂ辐射影响生态系统的精确后果,有时甚至连变化方向也不能预测。因此,必须强调生态系统对ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射长期响应的野外研究的重要性。     

Influence of UV radiation on chlorophyll,and antioxidant enzymes of wetland plants in different types of constructed wetland

A surface- and vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland were designed to study the response of chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes to elevated UV radiation in three types of wetland plants (Canna indica, Phragmites austrail, and Typha augustifolia). Results showed that (1) chlorophyll content of C. indica, P. austrail, and T. augustifolia in the constructed wetland was significantly lower where UV radiation was increased by 10 and 20 % above ambient solar level than in treatment with ambient solar UV radiation (p?C. indica, P. australis, and T. angustifolia by elevated UV radiation of 10 % was higher in vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland than in surface-flow-constructed wetland. The sensitivity of MDA, SOD, POD, and CAT activities of C. indica, P. austrail, and T. augustifolia to the elevated UV radiation was lower in surface-flow-constructed wetland than in the vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland, which was related to a reduction in UV radiation intensity through the dissolved organic carbon and suspended matter in the water. C. indica had the highest SOD and POD activities, which implied it is more sensitive to enhanced UV radiation. Therefore, different wetland plants had different antioxidant enzymes by elevated UV radiation, which were more sensitive in vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland than in surface-flow-constructed wetland.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation and contaminant-related stressors on arctic freshwater ecosystems

Climate change is likely to act as a multiple stressor, leading to cumulative and/or synergistic impacts on aquatic systems. Projected increases in temperature and corresponding alterations in precipitation regimes will enhance contaminant influxes to aquatic systems, and independently increase the susceptibility of aquatic organisms to contaminant exposure and effects. The consequences for the biota will in most cases be additive (cumulative) and multiplicative (synergistic). The overall result will be higher contaminant loads and biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems. Changes in stratospheric ozone and corresponding ultraviolet radiation regimes are also expected to produce cumulative and/or synergistic effects on aquatic ecosystem structure and function. Reduced ice cover is likely to have a much greater effect on underwater UV radiation exposure than the projected levels of stratospheric ozone depletion. A major increase in UV radiation levels will cause enhanced damage to organisms (biomolecular, cellular, and physiological damage, and alterations in species composition). Allocations of energy and resources by aquatic biota to UV radiation protection will increase, probably decreasing trophic-level productivity. Elemental fluxes will increase via photochemical pathways.     

Contribution to a more realistic approach in assessing the release of C-14 from low-level radioactive waste repositories

The contribution of C-14 to radiation exposure in the biosphere can be significant as compared to that of other radionuclides disposed in a repository for low-level radioactive waste. The release pathways of C-14 and processes relevant to its release from a closed final repository for low-level radioactive waste are discussed. Because a conservative approach may lead to undue overestimation of the potential radiation exposure, a more realistic approach is outlined. At the present level of refinement, our approach helps to provide a sufficient safety margin to German dose limits for radiation exposure of 0.3 mSv and can thus facilitate licence approval.