直面绿色壁垒,寻求"破壁"对策--加入WTO第一年看山东苍山蔬菜产品出口

我国加入WTO后,绿色壁垒和技术壁垒制约着我国农产品的出口贸易.通过对山东省苍山县入世第一年蔬菜产品出口的分析,论述了绿色壁垒的涵义、对我国农产品出口的影响、蔬菜出口面临的形势、存在的问题及冲破绿色壁垒的对策.     

“绿色壁垒“之我见

我国出口贸易深受绿色壁垒影响.这一问题由环境标准引起,但实质还是经济利益问题.本文对我国出口贸易遭受"绿色壁垒"的原因进行了分析,并进一步提出相应战略对策,以期能促进我国突破绿色壁垒能力的逐步增强.     

我国应对绿色壁垒的战略建议

本文分析了绿色壁垒的特征及对我国外贸造成的影响，提出了我国应对绿色壁垒的建议。     

"绿色壁垒"的思考与应对

"绿色壁垒"是<WTO贸易与技术壁垒协议>的重要组成部分.随着中国加入wTO,世界经济的一体化,传统的非关税壁垒被逐步削减,绿色壁垒以鲜明的时代特征正日益成为国际贸易发展的主要关卡,因此研究wTO贸易技术壁垒协议中的"绿色壁垒",对于我国入世后的国际贸易、企业生产和民众绿色消费都具有十分重要的意义.     

打造中国绿色品牌在次贷危机中抢占先机

目前，美国次贷危机正逐步演变为全球金融危机，全球经济的放缓已直接影响到中国经济的出口，尤其对中国劳动密集型、低附加值的初级产品的产业将造成沉重打击。同时，欧美主要进口国家为保护本国企业利益，将会利用绿色壁垒尽其所能实施新的贸易保护措施，提高中国企业市场准入门槛，限制中国产品的进入。     

入世后,绿色壁垒与我国环境保护事业

绿色壁垒已经成为影响贸易活动和促进环境保护的一种有效工具，给中国环境保护事业带来了前所未有的机遇和挑战。面对绿色壁垒提出了我国环保部门应完善环保法律法规、提高环境标准、促进清洁生产、积极开展ISO14000认证和提高绿色意识等对策措施。     

加强环境保护打破绿色贸易壁垒

本文通过分析绿色壁垒对我国外贸的影响，从政府和企业的角度提出了相关的政策建议。     

中国农业温室气体减排潜力及其政策意涵

通过农业温室气体减排GTAP-E模型及其数据库构建,模拟了中国农业温室气体减排潜力及其政策意涵,其结论为：农业温室气体减排5%,我国GDP将降低0.059%,社会福利将提高11.6亿美元;水稻的价格上升22.08%,其他农作物价格上升2.9%;牛羊类的价格上升163.43%,猪禽类的价格上升0.57%,其他畜产品价格下降0.98%。农业温室气体减排5%降低了我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争力,使得农产品的出口大大下降,但是却提高了其他部门的出口,导致我国净出口增加了45.5亿美元,农业征收排放税的税收收入为223.11亿美元。     

迎接入世打造绿色产品

绿色产品是21世纪国际市场消费的主导。据不完全统计，全球绿色产品的市场已超过3560亿美元。我国加入WTO后，由于绿色贸易壁垒的影响，使我国出口贸易面临着巨大的挑战。为了最大限度利用贸易机遇，减少国外绿色壁垒的影响，本文分析了绿色壁垒的本质及内容，提出发展绿色技术、打造系列绿色产品、提倡绿色消费、完善贸易和环境法律法规等措施。     

重庆市农产品质量安全现状与发展对策

重庆市农产品质量安全总体上不容乐观,全面提升农产品质量刻不容缓。市场粮食质量安全令人担忧;茶叶质量安全不容乐观;蔬菜质量安全得到一定程度的控制,无公害蔬菜基地建设取得可喜成绩;水果质量安全总体较好。针对重庆市农产品质量安全现状与原因,提出了全面提升农产品质量安全的八大对策。     

碳中和背景下欧盟碳边境调节机制对我国的影响及对策分析

在全球碳中和的新形势下,欧盟委员会于2021年7月正式提出"碳边境调节机制"(CBAM)立法提案,并计划于2023年起实施。本文在总结立法提案关键要素的基础上,着重分析欧盟CBAM的合法性与合理性,研判可能对我国产生的潜在影响,并从国际国内层面提出对策建议。分析发现,欧盟采取"名义"碳市场的形式,初期将覆盖水泥、电力、化肥、钢铁和铝等5个行业,只核算产品生产过程的直接排放,暂不考虑间接排放,2023—2025年是过渡期,2026年开始正式实施。欧盟CBAM的合法性与合理性面临诸多挑战:不符合世界贸易组织国民待遇原则和最惠国待遇原则,但存在满足关税与贸易总协定例外条款的可能性;违反国际气候治理的共同但有区别的责任原则、公平原则和各自能力原则,也不符合公约关于国际贸易歧视或变相限制的条款;对解决碳泄漏问题和保护本土竞争力的作用有限;产品隐含碳核算和碳价确定是技术难点问题。影响评估发现,欧盟CBAM将使我国受影响部门的对欧出口总额降低11%~13%,出口成本增加1亿~3.05亿美元,其中约四分之三的成本将由钢铁行业承担,对贸易隐含碳的下降作用有待进一步考量;此外,欧盟CBAM将会影响多边国际气候谈判进程,也会对我国经济社会发展、国际贸易、产业转型、技术提升等方面产生间接影响。我国应在国际层面坚定在气候治理多边框架下解决碳泄露问题,探索提出中国方案;积极推进贸易自由化,提升我国贸易优势;加强中欧对话协商,避免CBAM成为中欧"绿色贸易壁垒"。在国内层面稳步加快全国碳排放权交易体系建设,夯实碳排放核算基础能力,加强科学研究与交流合作。     

Reflections on the Growing Influence of Good Agricultural Practices in the Global South

EurepGAP is a pioneering field level food safety protocol called ‘good agricultural practices’ currently exercising influence over the global food quality assurance system. Developed by a consortium of major European retailers, this private standard enforces codes of conduct that address issues of health and safety for producers and consumers, as well as working conditions and environmental management on the farmland. Despite various merits and benefits that the standard is premised to offer, the institutional design gives a financial edge to powerful large farms and exporters while diminishing opportunities for smaller growers and exporters to remain in the profitable agricultural export sector of the Global South. This paper explores the institutional origin and evolution of EurepGAP, discusses entry barriers and risks that EurepGAP imposes on the global value chain stakeholders, as well as the ethical implications from broader theoretical perspectives. Subsequently, it examines the evolving nature of a new trend in the fresh fruit and vegetable sector, i.e., the rise of public GAP standards. Promoted by some governments in the Global South, these GAP standards emphasize support for horizontal partnerships among value chain stakeholders, farmer participation, and less capital-intensive agricultural innovations. The paper argues that, within certain limitations, these GAP standards have the potential to be the major alternative GAP approach by encouraging a much broader inclusion of small-scale producers towards the attainment of various social, economic, and environmental benefits.     

Regional Blue and Green Water Balances and Use by Selected Crops in the U.S.

The availability of freshwater is a prerequisite for municipal development and agricultural production, especially in the arid and semiarid portions of the western United States (U.S.). Agriculture is the leading user of water in the U.S. Agricultural water use can be partitioned into green (derived from rainfall) and blue water (irrigation). Blue water can be further subdivided by source. In this research, we develop a hydrologic balance by 8‐Digit Hydrologic Unit Code using a combination of Soil and Water Assessment Tool simulations and available human water use estimates. These data are used to partition agricultural groundwater usage by sustainability and surface water usage by local source or importation. These predictions coupled with reported agricultural yield data are used to predict the virtual water contained in each ton of corn, wheat, sorghum, and soybeans produced and its source. We estimate that these four crops consume 480 km³ of green water annually and 23 km³ of blue water, 12 km³ of which is from groundwater withdrawal. Regional trends in blue water use from groundwater depletion highlight heavy usage in the High Plains, and small pockets throughout the western U.S. This information is presented to inform water resources debate by estimating the cost of agricultural production in terms of water regionally. This research illustrates the variable water content of the crops we consume and export, and the source of that water.     

四川发展无公害农产品初探

随着我国农业发展进入新阶段和加入世贸组织，农产品质量安全日益成为提高市场竞争力的关键，无公害农产品正成为广大消费者的热点。为了适应国内外市场的需求，本文论述了其重要性，提出了应具备的条件和对策，以加快我省无公害农产品发展的步伐。     

Reducing Nitrogen Export from the Corn Belt to the Gulf of Mexico: Agricultural Strategies for Remediating Hypoxia

SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed models developed for the Upper Midwest were used to help evaluate the nitrogen‐load reductions likely to be achieved by a variety of agricultural conservation practices in the Upper Mississippi‐Ohio River Basin (UMORB) and to compare these reductions to the 45% nitrogen‐load reduction proposed to remediate hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Our results indicate that nitrogen‐management practices (improved fertilizer management and cover crops) fall short of achieving this goal, even if adopted on all cropland in the region. The goal of a 45% decrease in loads to the GoM can only be achieved through the coupling of nitrogen‐management practices with innovative nitrogen‐removal practices such as tile‐drainage treatment wetlands, drainage–ditch enhancements, stream‐channel restoration, and floodplain reconnection. Combining nitrogen‐management practices with nitrogen‐removal practices can dramatically reduce nutrient export from agricultural landscapes while minimizing impacts to agricultural production. With this approach, it may be possible to meet the 45% nutrient reduction goal while converting less than 1% of cropland in the UMORB to nitrogen‐removal practices. Conservationists, policy makers, and agricultural producers seeking a workable strategy to reduce nitrogen export from the Corn Belt will need to consider a combination of nitrogen‐management practices at the field scale and diverse nitrogen‐removal practices at the landscape scale.     

EFFECT OF CATCHMENT SIZE ON PHOSPHORUS EXPORT1

ABSTRACT: We tested the common assumption, made when expressing phosphorus export on an areal basis, that this export is a linear function of catchment area and found it wanting. The data show that in agricultural catchments, TP (total phosphorus) export varies as the 0.77 power of drainage basin area, resulting in a reduction in phosphorus delivery per unit area with increasing catchment size. Following further division of catchments according to agricultural practice, we found that this spatial scale effect is restricted to row crops and pastures. We present simple statistical models to allow a comparison of TP export from catchments of different size. Such models are not needed for nonrow crops, mixed agricultural and forested catchments, where TP export is a linear function of catchment size.     

Effect of organic material on field-scale emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene

Soil fumigation is important for growing many fruits and vegetable crops, but fumigant emissions may contaminate the atmosphere. A large-scale field experiment was initiated to test the hypothesis that adding composted municipal green waste to the soil surface in an agricultural field would reduce atmospheric emissions of the 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) after shank injection at a 133 kg ha(-1) application rate. Three micrometeorological methods were used to obtain fumigant flux density and cumulative emission values. The volatilization rate was measured continuously for 16 d, and the daily peak volatilization rates for the three methods ranged from 12 to 24 μg m(-2) s(-1). The total 1,3-D mass that volatilized to the atmosphere was approximately 14 to 68 kg, or 3 to 8% of the applied active ingredient. This represents an approximately 75 to 90% reduction in the total emissions compared with other recent field, field-plot, and laboratory studies. Significant reductions in the volatilization of 1,3-D may be possible when composted municipal green waste is applied to an agricultural field. This methodology also provides a beneficial use and disposal mechanism for composted vegetative material.     

Global Trade in GM Food and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Consequences for China

The UN Cartagena Protocol onBiosafety adopted in Montreal, 29 January, 2000and opened for signature in Nairobi, 15–26 May,2000 will exert a profound effect oninternational trade in genetically modifiedorganisms (GMOs) and their products. In thispaper, the potential effects of variousarticles of the Protocol on international tradein GMOs are analyzed. Based on the presentstatus of imports of GMOs and domestic researchand development of biotechnology in China,likely trends in imports of foreign GM food andrelated products after China accedes to WTO isexplored. Also, China's potentialcountermeasures to control and regulate importsof GMOs in line with implementation of theProtocol are discussed. China, in recent times,has increased its food and agricultural importssubstantially from USA and Canada. Chinaimported soybean 10.42 mill. tons in 2000 andabout 15 mill tons in 2001, of which majorityare from USA where GM soybean accounts for60%. The plantation of US Monsanto'stransgenic Bt cotton was increased to more than1 million ha in China in 2001. Though China haspaid great attention to develop biotechnology,it appears to have little scope to export GMOsand GM products. So China may consider a rangeof administrative measures to implement theCartagena Protocol and to regulate its importof GMOs and GM agricultural products.Consequently, the Regulation on Safety ofAgri-GMOs was issued on June, 2001 and followedthree detailed rules issued in Jan. of 2002,with a priority to limit foreign GMOs importingby safety certification and labeling system.These were outlined taking into accountpolicies adopted in Western countries such asgreen barriers to international trade.     

如何应对发达国家的环境保护壁垒

20世纪90年代以来,环境保护已成为世界各国政府关注的首要问题之一.出于保护本国消费者生命健康和生态环境的考虑,发达国家纷纷把环境保护壁垒作为其贸易壁垒的主要组成部分.我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,近年来在对美国等发达国家的贸易中保持了较大的顺差,且出口产品多为劳动密集型产品,因此受到发达国家环境保护壁垒的限制也较严重.从政府和企业两方面入手,讨论我国应如何应对发达国家的环境保护壁垒.     

Rare earth elements in China: Policies and narratives of reinventing an industry

After top producer China decided in 2010 to tighten its export quotas for rare earth elements (REE), major customers feared being cut off from the valuable metals. The trade dispute intensified when the EU, the USA, and Japan brought the case before the WTO. The export controls raise questions about China’s intentions and strategies. This article argues that China’s export policy should not be viewed in isolation. The export controls are embedded in a greater transformation of the strategic REE industry. Beijing promotes a broad set of policies, including industry reorganization, resource conservation, and environmental protection. Next, the article examines three narratives that may be constitutive of the Chinese policy. Findings indicate that the geopolitical narrative, which sees natural resources as instruments of power politics, can be only partly attributed to China’s REE policies. The major driving motives are domestic concerns for resource conservation and environmental protection, as well as the development of competitive downstream industries.