淀粉改性絮凝剂与PAC复合絮凝发制品废水性能研究:小试和中试

发制品在生产过程中产生大量废水,一般首先通过混凝/絮凝预处理去除废水中大部分悬浮胶体颗粒及少量可溶性物质.本研究中,设计并合成了两种含有强阳离子季铵盐基团的淀粉改性絮凝剂,分别是基团位于主链的3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵改性淀粉(St-CTA-DQ)和基团位于侧链的淀粉接枝聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(St-g-PDMC-DQ).将它们分别在小试和中试规模下与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复合絮凝发制品废水,重点考察了复合絮凝中无机混凝剂与高分子絮凝剂的投加顺序与投加量等因素影响.实验室小试结果表明,先加PAC再加改性淀粉絮凝剂的絮凝工艺效果明显优于先加高分子絮凝剂再加PAC及两者同时加入的絮凝工艺;当与两种淀粉改性絮凝剂分别复合使用时,St-CTA-DQ与St-g-PDMC-DQ投加量分别为:10 mg·L~(-1)和20 mg·L~(-1),PAC的最佳投加量(90 mg·L~(-1))相比其单独使用(190 mg·L~(-1))下降一半以上;且复合絮凝对于浊度和UV_(254)的去除效果明显增强;形成的絮体尺寸更大,结构也更为密实;中试实验结果基本与小试一致.这是因为除了PAC电中和作用外,加入的阳离子高分子絮凝剂同时具有混凝和絮凝双重功能,能够进一步通过电中和与黏结架桥作用去除废水中污染物与初级絮体.同时还比较了上述两种阳离子淀粉改性絮凝剂不同结构对其絮凝性能影响,阳离子基团位于主链的St-CTA-DQ具有更佳的絮凝性能.淀粉改性絮凝剂与PAC复合使用在发制品废水处理中拥有良好的应用前景.     

城市污水回用三种处理工艺的选择

本文针对我国城市二级出水的特点,研究了污水深度处理的三种工艺:絮凝沉淀过滤、微絮凝过滤和直接过滤.装置采用网格反应池、翼片斜板沉淀池、气水同时冲洗粗砂滤池.药剂选用聚合硫酸铁,试验规模120m~3/d.     

阳离子化克雷伯氏菌絮凝剂CMBF-NⅢ2在生活污水中的应用

微生物絮凝剂具有无毒性,绿色生产等优点,能够安全地用于给水处理及污废水处理.本文通过阳离子改性和与非生物絮凝剂复配的方法,提高MBF-NIII2的絮凝能力.以MBF-NIII2为原料,利用3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHTAC)对其修饰,合成新型阳离子化的微生物絮凝剂(CMBF-NIII2)以CMBF-NIII2为研究主要对象,对校园生活污水进行处理.通过改变投加量、pH值、沉淀时间与温度,探究CMBF-NIII2絮凝能力的变化规律.将改性前的MBF-NIII2与改性后的CMBF-NIII2分别用于校园生活废水的处理,对比发现当CMBF-NIII2投加量为1.3 mL,pH 4.6,温度为60℃,沉降时间为40 min时,絮凝率达到91.5%,且COD去除率为87.8%,絮凝能力明显优于MBF-NIII2(絮凝率为47.61%),能更高效地絮凝生活污水.以MBF-NIII2与三氯化铁复配处理生活污水,结果表明MBF-NIII2和FeCl_3的投加量分别为10 mg·L~(-1)和15 mg·L~(-1)时,絮凝率可达88.06%,不仅比单独使用MBF-NIII2的处理效果好,还相对减少了絮凝剂的投加量.     

铝铁改性淀粉复合絮凝剂对甲基紫的絮凝机理

以模拟甲基紫染料废水为处理对象,通过测定絮凝R值、Zeta电位、脱色率与CODCr去除率,研究了自配铝铁改性淀粉复合絮凝剂(CAFS)的絮凝特性,初步探讨了其絮凝机理.结果表明,该复合絮凝剂为阳离子型高分子絮凝剂,絮凝初期作用机理趋于"吸附电中和",絮凝后期作用机理以"絮凝架桥"和"卷扫网捕"为主,絮凝性能受pH值影响显著.在pH=11.0,投加量为0.330 mg·L-1时,甲基紫处理效果最优,CODCr去除率达41.0%,色度去除率高达98.0%,其絮体形态密实、含水率低.     

聚合氯化铝与有机高分子复合絮凝剂的电荷特性及其絮凝作用

用流动电流技术研究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)与不同类型有机高分子复合絮凝剂的电荷特性,并用ζ电位分析仪结合混凝烧杯实验研究了不同碱化度(B)的PAC与阳离子型有机高分子C109P复合絮凝剂的电中和水体颗粒物的能力与絮凝效能的关系,对无机-有机复合型絮凝剂中有机高分子在凝聚絮凝过程中所起的作用进行了讨论.     

含硼聚硅酸硫酸铁锌复合絮凝剂的制备及性能

制备了含硼聚硅酸硫酸铁锌复合絮凝剂(PSFZB),研究了硅酸钠溶液浓度、硅酸聚合时间、Fe/Si、Zn/Si、B/Si等因素对絮凝效果的影响,通过正交试验确定最佳制备工艺条件。试验结果表明,研制的PSFZB絮凝剂具有很好的稳定性和较佳的处理效果,适用的pH范围广,是一种较PAC、PFC优良的絮凝剂。     

微生物絮凝剂处理含油废水

对用一种用发酵法制备的生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能进行了研究。结果表明,试验所得生物絮凝剂具有较好的耐温性和较好的絮凝能力。对试验用乳浊液絮凝除油效率达95%以上,优于商品破乳剂E-3453的絮凝性能。将生物絮凝剂用于含油废水的处理,出水含油量小于5mg/L。     

多功能型天然高分子水处理剂的研究

化学药剂一直以来在水处理领域里发挥着重要作用,主要有混凝剂/絮凝剂、杀菌剂、阻垢剂等.传统的水处理剂往往功能较为单一,存在种类繁多、投加量大、设备复杂、操作繁琐等诸多问题.且不同的药剂之间还有可能互相抑制,降低水处理效率.因此,研发兼具混凝/絮凝、抑/灭菌、阻垢等多功能水处理剂已得到人们的广泛关注.近年来,天然高分子水处理剂由于其绿色环保等特点而备受瞩目,因此研发多功能型天然高分子水处理剂具有重要的科学和现实意义.然而,到目前为止,天然高分子水处理剂的开发与应用还十分有限,作用机制也很不清楚,均有待进一步的深入研究.本文首先依次介绍了混凝剂/絮凝剂、杀菌剂与阻垢剂,并从其作用机理与材料结构特征出发,对其多功能性的实现进行了探讨;重点介绍目前絮凝-抑/灭菌双功能和絮凝-阻垢双功能天然高分子水处理剂的研发进展;同时从构效关系等角度出发,展望了多功能型天然高分子水处理剂的未来发展.     

温度对海水微絮凝-超滤工艺的影响

采用微絮凝-超滤工艺处理不同温度的海水,研究了温度对有机物的去除效果、絮体特性以及超滤膜通量的影响规律.以三氯化铁为絮凝剂,分析了微絮凝-超滤对海水UV254、DOC及三维荧光光谱的影响,监测了不同海水温度下微絮凝过程中产生絮体的絮凝指数、分形维数等特性,考察了微絮凝对超滤膜污染的减缓作用.实验结果表明,当FeCl_3投加量为1.0 mg·L~(-1)时,对5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃海水的UV254去除率分别为84.4%、81.3%、78.1%、71.9%,DOC去除率分别为81.8%、75.8%、65.0%、57.5%,微絮凝-超滤工艺对低温海水的去除效果优于常温海水,可去除海水中的芳香族蛋白类和腐殖酸类有机物;温度对絮凝指数FI的影响较小,说明其不同温度下微絮凝形成的絮体粒径变化不大;但低温海水形成的絮体分形维数要小于常温海水,说明低温海水的絮体结构更加疏松,疏松的絮体结构更有利于减缓后续超滤膜通量的下降.     

环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物和聚合氯化铝用于印染废水的处理

用不同碱化度(B)的聚合氯化铝(PAC)和不同粘度(η)的环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物(EPI-DMA)以及PAC-EPI-DMA复合絮凝剂处理印染废水.考察了药品投量,投加方式对脱色效果的影响.探讨了PAC的B值及EPI-DMA的η值对PAC-EPI-DMA絮凝性能的影响.结果表明,PAC-EPI-DMA复合絮凝剂较PAC和EPI-DMA絮凝剂具有较低的投加量和较好的脱色效果;B=1.5,η=1600的PAC-EPI-DMA具有较好的脱色效果和COD去除率,当废水的pH=4-7时处理效果较好.     

Evaluation and remediation of organics,nutrients and heavy metals in landfill leachate – a case study in Beijing

Leachate pollution in landfill sites is a major source of environmental concern. This study evaluates organics, nutrients and heavy metals in a landfill site in Beijing, and introduces a method combining coagulation–flocculation with filtration for the advanced treatment of leachate. The results confirm that COD_Cr, TN, NH₄⁺ ? N, TP, Mn and As in leachate treated by an anaeobic–oxic biological method are unable to meet discharge or surface water quality standards. When treated with coagulation–flocculation combined with filtration under optimal conditions (cationic polyacrylamide dosage of 8.0 mg/L; polyaluminium chloride dosage of 350 mg/L; 0.4–0.6 mm ceramsite media in the filtration process), the residual NH₄⁺? N, TN, Mn and As in the leachate meet the maximum allowed values for landfill leachate discharge or surface water quality standards in China; the exceptions are chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus. Leachate treatment processes could be further strengthened or improved.     

Effect of biological activated carbon filter depth and backwashing process on transformation of biofilm community

We studied BAC biofilm during the process of initial operation and backwash. Microbial diversity decreased gradually with the increase of BAC filter depth. Proteobacteria dominated at the phylum level among the BAC biofilm samples. α-proteobacteria increased about 10% in all carbon filter depth after backwash. The biological activated carbon (BAC) is a popular advanced water treatment to the provision of safe water supply. A bench-scale device was designed to gain a better insight into microbial diversity and community structure of BAC biofilm by using high-throughput sequencing method. Both samples of BAC biofilm (the first, third and fifth month) and water (inlet water and outlet water of carbon filter, outlet water of backwashing) were analyzed to evaluate the impact of carbon filter depth, running time and backwash process. The results showed that the microbial diversity of biofilm decreased generally with the increase of carbon filter depth and biofilm reached a steady-state at the top layer of BAC after three months’ running. Proteobacteria (71.02%–95.61%) was found to be dominant bacteria both in biofilms and water samples. As one of opportunistic pathogen, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the outlet water of device (1.20%) was about eight times higher than that in the inlet water of device (0.16%) at the genus level after five-month operation. To maintain the safety of drinking water, the backwash used in this test could significantly remove Sphingobacteria (from 8.69% to 5.09%, p<0.05) of carbon biofilm. After backwashing, the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) number and the Shannon index decreased significantly (p<0.05) at the bottom of carbon column and we found the Proteobacteria increased by about 10% in all biofilm samples from different filter depth. This study reveals the transformation of BAC biofilm with the impact of running time and backwashing.     

Performance evaluation on the pollution control against wet weather overflow based on on-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes

• A way for overflow control based on on-site coagulation/flocculation was proposed. • Coagulant and flocculant dose were optimized based on pollutant removal performance. • Settling time of 5 min is enough in a proper transmission distance. • Fast removal of particulate pollutants could be achieved under varied flow. The pollution caused by wet weather overflow in urban drainage systems is a main factor causing blackening an odorization of urban rivers. The conventional overflow treatment based on coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage systems requires relatively large space and long retention time demand that makes it not applicable in crowded urban drainage systems or under heavy rains. On-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes was proposed in this study which was aimed to transfer the coagulation/flocculation process to the inside of pipes at the terminal drainage system to save space and reduce the retention time of the coagulation/flocculation process. The optimized dose of chemicals was studied first which was 80 mg/L of coagulant and 0.8 mg/L of flocculant. Settling for only 5 min can remove most of the pollutants at 406.5 m of transmission distance. In addition, the relation of wet weather overflow rate and concentration of pollution load on the on-site coagulation/flocculation process was investigated, which indicated that high removal of pollutant was gained at a large range of flow velocity and pollutant concentration. Finally, the study confirmed electric neutralization, bridging, and net capture as the major mechanisms in this process, and further optimization was proposed. The proposed process can reduce much turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorous, but hardly remove soluble ammonia and organics. This work provides scientific guidance to address wet weather overflow in terminal drainage pipes.     

滤速对慢滤池深度处理生活污水的影响

为进一步提高再生水水质,将慢滤池用于污水二级处理出水的进一步处理。选取浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数4个指标,利用实验室小试装置,研究了0.1、0.3、0.5m/h这3种滤速下慢滤池的性能。结果表明,滤速由0.1m/h升高至0.3m/h时,慢滤池出水水质略有下降。而滤速由0.3m/h升高至0.5m/h时,慢滤池出水水质下降显著。滤速小于等于0.3m/h时,慢滤出水浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数平均为0.4NTU、25.9mg/L、14.9°、5×10^3CFU/mL。慢滤对这4个指标的平均去除率分别为78.6%、36.0%、34.0%、62.3%。为获得优良的水质,建议慢滤池用于污水深度处理时,滤速宜小于0.3m/h。但实际工程中,用户对再生水水质要求不高时,则可适当增大慢滤池滤速。     

Effects of Al3+ on pollutant removal and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under anaerobic,anoxic and oxic conditions

The highest removal efficiencies of COD and TN were achieved under 10 mg/L of Al³⁺. The highest TP removal efficiency occurred under 30 mg/L of Al³⁺. EPS, PS and PN concentrations increased with the addition of Al³⁺. Sludge properties significantly changed with the addition of Al³⁺. Aluminum ions produced by aluminum mining, electrolytic industry and aluminum-based coagulants can enter wastewater treatment plants and interact with activated sludge. They can subsequently contribute to the removal of suspended solids and affect activated sludge flocculation, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In this study, the effects of Al³⁺ on pollutant removal, sludge flocculation and the composition and structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were investigated under anaerobic, anoxic and oxic conditions. Results demonstrated that the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were detected for an Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L. In addition, the maximal dehydrogenase activity and sludge flocculation were also observed at this level of Al³⁺. The highest removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) was achieved at an Al³⁺ concentration of 30 mg/L. The flocculability of sludge in the anoxic zone was consistently higher than that in the anaerobic and oxic zones. The addition of Al³⁺ promoted the secretion of EPS. Tryptophan-like fluorescence peaks were detected in each EPS layer in the absence of Al³⁺. At the Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L, fulvic acid and tryptophan fluorescence peaks began to appear, while the majority of protein species and the highest microbial activity were also detected. Low Al³⁺ concentrations (<10 mg/L) could promote the removal efficiencies of COD and TN, yet excessive Al³⁺ levels (>10 mg/L) weakened microbial activity. Higher Al³⁺ concentrations (>30 mg/L) also inhibited the release of phosphorus in the anaerobic zone by reacting with PO₄^3-.     

纯化方式和保存条件对改性落叶松单宁絮凝性的影响

选择一种典型植物多酚——落叶松单宁,研究了纯化方式和保存条件对改性植物多酚絮凝性的影响,通过测定相对黏度和红外谱图分析稳定性变化的原因.对于1 g.L-1的高岭土模拟水样,未纯化落叶松单宁改性后的最佳投加量为10 mg.L-1;经过抽滤、萃取、离心后的纯化样,改性后最佳投加量降低到1 mg.L-1,且以液体或固体形式在4℃或25℃条件下保存30 d后仍具有较好絮凝性;而只经抽滤、离心,未经萃取的纯化样,其改性产物只有保存于4℃才有絮凝性;只经抽滤、萃取,未经离心或只经抽滤的纯化样,对应改性产物只有以固体形式在4℃保存才有絮凝性.以4℃保存的固体样相对黏度变化最小,且相对黏度的变化越小,絮凝性能的稳定性越强.红外结果显示,落叶松单宁中含有大量的酚羟基基团,改性后,叔胺基团加成到芳环上,但保存前后红外谱图变化不大.     

聚铝铁硅絮凝剂的合成方法及其混凝效能

采用硅酸钠碱化聚合方法制备聚铝铁硅絮凝剂，研究它们的ｐＨ弛豫规律及其稳定性，并通过流动电流测定了其电动特性，最后进行了混凝除浊（富里酸）效果对比研究。初步得到了稳定性及絮凝效果均较好的聚合铝铁硅絮凝剂的工艺合成方法。     

采用絮凝—接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水

采用絮凝-接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水，原废水CODcr浓度为1627-2334mg/L，SS浓度为2095-2301mg/L，BOD5浓度为981-1005mg/L，色度为80-110倍，用絮凝-接触氧化法处理后，CODer浓度为280-295mg/L，SS浓度为178-199mg/L,CODcr浓度为145-150mg/L，色度为20-25倍，CODcr平均去除率为85%。悬浮物平均去除率为91%，BOD5平均去除率为85%，色度平均去除率为77%，各项指标符合国家排废标准。     

Technical feasibility study of an onshore ballast water treatment system

To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines for approval of ballast water management system (G8), a set of onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizing micro-pore ceramic filtration (MPCF) and UV radiation (MPCF&UV) system was designed and set up with a maximum flow rate of 80 m³·h^-1. Technical feasibilities of MPCF&UV system were evaluated in three areas: removal efficiencies of indicator organism and oceanic bacteria, perdurability of a ceramic filter, and application on native seawater. The results showed that no indicator organism (Dunaliella) or oceanic bacteria was detected after treatment of 20 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3× 10⁴ μW·s·cm^-2. A 20 L ceramic filter can run continuously for 5.3 h at the flow rate of 15 m³·h^-1 before its pressure drop up to 0.195 MPa. The removal percentage of total plankton amounts were 91.9% at a flow rate of 70 m³·h^-1 by 80 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3× 10⁴ μW·s·cm^-2.