生态住宅和生态住区（Ⅰ）背景、概念和要求

阐述了生态住宅和住区的产生背景，提出生态住宅和住区是按生态学原理规划、设计、建设和管理的具有较完整的生态代谢过程和生态服务功能，人与自然协调、互惠互利、可持续发展的人居环境。以一树形图表示建设生态住宅和生态住区所倡导的5大主题，即健康(人的身心和环境健康)、自然和环境保护、生态良性循环、风水(所选居住地与自然环境间存在的地理和生态关系)、生态文明。认为营建生态住宅和生态住区是一类由许多相互联系、相互作用、相生相克、互为因果的成分和技术组成的生态工程。     

生态住宅和生态住区(Ⅰ)背景、概念和要求

阐述了生态住宅和住区的产生背景,提出生态住宅和住区是按生态学原理规划、设计、建设和管理的具有较完整的生态代谢过程和生态服务功能,人与自然协调、互惠互利、可持续发展的人居环境。以一树形图表示建设生态住宅和生态住区所倡导的5大主题,即健康(人的身心和环境健康)、自然和环境保护、生态良性循环、风水(所选居住地与自然环境间存在的地理和生态关系)、生态文明。认为营建生态住宅和生态住区是一类由许多相互联系、相互作用、相生相克、互为因果的成分和技术组成的生态工程。     

生态住宅和生态住区（Ⅲ）生态循环、风水和生态文化

阐述了生态住宅和住区5大主题中的生态循环、风水(所选居住地与自然环境问存在的地理和生态关系)、生态文化的具体内容和要求。     

生态住宅和生态住区(Ⅲ) 生态循环、风水和生态文化

阐述了生态住宅和住区5大主题中的生态循环、风水(所选居住地与自然环境间存在的地理和生态关系)、生态文化的具体内容和要求.     

生态住宅和生态住区（Ⅱ）健康、自然与环境保护

围绕生态住宅和住区的5大主题(健康、自然和环境保护、生态良性循环、风水、生态文明)中的健康与自然和环境保护2个主题，从建材、布局和结构、服务与管理4个方面阐述维护人的身心和环境健康；从合理利用和保护水、土、气、生物多样性等生态资产和生态服务功能方面阐述保护自然和环境的内容和措施。     

生态文明建设背景下的生态住宅评价与住区绿化

基于绿色建筑与生态住宅的内涵,结合生态文明建设的基本国策,分析了生态住宅与生态文明建设的关系;系统介绍了国内外与生态住宅相关的评价标准和评价体系;重点讨论分析了生态住宅住区的绿化建设。认为发展生态住宅是推动生态文明建设的重要内容之一,生态住宅评价标准体系的建立是实现可持续发展的有力保障;生态住宅住区的绿化应强调生态住宅住区内形成多层次的立体绿化,除了绿化率,还要考虑选取吸收或吸附污染物能力强的乡土植物为主要绿化植物,慎用外来植物,杜绝外来入侵植物的引入。今后要结合生态文明建设,加强生态住宅的规划、建设与评价等的研究。另外,根据各地的区域特点与特色,尽快制订建立全面规范、可操作性强的地方生态住宅建设与评价指标体系或技术指导细则等,以便更好地指引各地生态住宅的建设与发展,切实推动我国生态文明建设。     

城市住区人居环境生态设计：海口市望海狮城生态小区设计实例

在海口“望海猩城”生态小区人居环境设计过程中，采有生态设计方法对住宅区内的绿色空间、水资源系统、废弃物处理系统、道路交通系统及建筑空间等进行了规划设计，力求使之形成安全、健康、舒适、高质量、高效益的现代化生态文明住区。     

生态住宅和生态住区 (Ⅱ)健康、自然与环境保护

围绕生态住宅和住区的5大主题(健康、自然和环境保护、生态良性循环、风水、生态文明)中的健康与自然和环境保护2个主题,从建材、布局和结构、服务与管理4个方面阐述维护人的身心和环境健康;从合理利用和保护水、土、气、生物多样性等生态资产和生态服务功能方面阐述保护自然和环境的内容和措施.     

生态住宅的水环境规划:I. 水循环

生态住宅已成为住宅建设的发展趋势和潮流,水环境是生态住宅小区的重要组成部分。文章以中信保利达美景度假区为实例,根据度假区建筑总体规划方案,结合当地自然条件和水环境现状,探讨生态住宅小区的水环境规划,全面统一规划住宅小区内各种水系统,提出小区水环境总体规划方案,充分发挥各系统的功能,使其相互衔接、协调与补充。重点对项目所在区域开发前后的水量平衡,水库的水位变化及其安全性,极端气候条件下的库区水量变化及其因应对策,高尔夫球道的用水方案以及项目开发后的水循环模型做了深入探讨,旨在为生态住宅的水环境建设提供范例。     

湖南省生态经济分区及其发展研究

生态经济分区旨在协调区域经济发展与生态环境保护及自然资源利用的关系，是宏观管理区域社会经济持续发展的一种新模式、文章根据省级生态建设与发展需要，从生态经济系统原理出发，选择了34个适合湖南省生态经济系统分类的特征指标，以行政县为分类的基本单元，采用模糊聚类分析方法对湖南省进行了不重叠、内在的聚合分类。研究结果将湖南省分为6个生态经济区和24个生态经济亚区，与实际相符。在此基础上，对各生态经济区的生态经济特点、发展方向和环境保护策略进行了具体分析，为宏观指导湖南省生态经济建设与可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Ökologische Aspekte des Phosphor-Kreislaufs

In contrast to the complex N-cycle with its high number of reactive compounds, the global P-cycle is uncomplicated. There is only one reactive compound (PO₄ ^3?), and the atmosphere is practically not involved. Nevertheless, severe ecological imbalances may be induced by anthropogenic perturbations of the P-cycle, especially in aquatic ecosystems. The present knowledge on the global P-cycle (reservoirs, fluxes, residence times) is summarized and the ecological dimension of increased phosphorus inputs into surface waters is discussed in detail. Exemplary for Germany, the role of agriculture is described in this context. The fact that the rock phosphate resources are principally limited and not renewable is of a high ecological and economical relevance. The expected lifetime of the P-reserves is calculated for different estimate-scenarios concerning the magnitude of reserves and consumption. Measures to reduce the P-surplus in agriculture, to increase the efficiency of P-fertilization, and to recycle P more consequently are therefore highly required.     

经济地理学角度的区域生态补偿机制研究

传统生态补偿以保护与改善生态环境、优化资源利用为目的,已不能体现其在生态保护、环境建设和区域发展方面的全部价值。新的区域发展形势对生态补偿机制提出了新的要求,生态补偿被认为是实现区域可持续发展和区域之间协调发展的重要手段。区域可持续发展和区域间协调发展是我国经济地理学的主要研究对象之一。如何从经济地理学的视角看待区域生态补偿,成为通过区域生态补偿机制的实施实现生态良好、经济发展和社会进步三位目标和谐发展的重要命题。从经济地理学的经典理论出发,在探讨区位论、产业结构演替理论、人地关系地域系统理论的基础上,分析了传统生态补偿的缺失和不足,并在现阶段我国以构建区域可持续和有序发展格局为目标的规划工作——主体功能区规划的基础上,就区域生态补偿的理论基础、目标导向和实施机制进行了探讨,将经济地理学的空间区位论、地域功能理论、区域发展空间均衡理论等充实到区域生态补偿的理论基础中,明确了以实现区域协调发展和基本公共服务均等化为目标导向,探索了政府主导、市场参与的区域生态补偿的实施模式,最后分析了实施难点、提出了相应的解决建议。     

Traditional management of lagoons for fishery can be inconsistent with restoration purposes: the Valli di Comacchio study case

We gathered water and macrobenthic data over a 5-year period in the Valli di Comacchio, the largest lagoons in the Po River Delta (northern Adriatic), to evaluate the response of ecological indices and to test their sensitivity against environmental variables. Of 84 sampling points, only 12 exhibited a good/high ecological quality status according to the BITS and 28 according to the M-AMBI. Environmental variables representative of eutrophication did not correlate with the indices. The impacts experienced by the Valli during the last 30 years seem to have led to disruption of the pelagic–benthic food web. Eel fisheries, whose management is traditionally characterised by long water residence time, thus seem inconsistent with restoration purposes.     

Assessment of regional ecological security based on ecological footprint and influential factors analysis: a case study of Chongqing Municipality,China

In recent years, it has been important to objectively evaluate the degree of regional ecological security with regard to resource depletion and to analyse influential factors to assess sustainable development. This paper tries to assess ecological security in Chongqing while investigating the main influencing factors. Calculations of the consumption footprint, production footprint and ecological capacity for Chongqing from 1996 to 2007 based on an ecological footprint approach were carried out. An ecological security index was also calculated from these results and factors influencing security were analysed using factor analysis. Both the consumption and production footprints present an upward trend, contrary to the gradually decreasing trend of ecological capacity. In addition, the ecological security index shows that Chongqing has deteriorated from a level of less risk to that of risk. Factor analysis suggests that the deterioration of ecological security could primarily be ascribed to socio-economic factors and industrialisation. With socio-economic development and industrialisation, appropriate measures must be taken to improve the ecosystem in Chongqing so as to achieve sustainable development. The limitations of the methodology are also discussed and areas that require further research are presented.     

Male residence and the patterning of serum testosterone in vervet monkeys (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cercopithecus aethiops</Emphasis>)

This study investigated hormonal and demographic processes underlying unimale and multimale mating systems in primates. Reproductive skew and challenge models of male competition provide conflicting predictions of the relationship of male residence to group composition and androgen regulation. These predictions were tested using endocrine and socioecological data from Kenyan vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Serum samples from 57 adult male monkeys, drawn from 19 separate groups and 4 populations, were assayed for testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Male ability to respond to conspecific challenge was assessed by their testosterone response to the capture protocol.Analyses showed that reproductive skew models were useful predictors of intergroup and interpopulation variation in male residence and T profiles. The Limited Control model of male residence was supported by positive correlations of the number of males per group with the number of females without dependent offspring, demonstrating that monopolization potential was a key determinant of male residence. Testosterone concentrations under conditions that elevated serum levels were positively correlated with infanticide risk, supporting the Concession model. Population comparisons provided evidence for increased T responsiveness where groups were predominantly unimale. Unimale populations were from sites with higher rainfall, suggesting that ecological factors contributed to population differences in male residence and T regulation.For species name, we follow the 2000 taxonomy of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Groups workshop (Grubb et al. 2003)     

生态农业系统综合效益评价研究动态与展望

总结了国内外生态农业发展和生态农业系统生态经济评价体系及评价的方法，阐述了生态农业综合效益评价的特点及国内外研究的最新动态。提出土壤健康在农业持续发展评价中的重要性。最后指出了生态-经济系统整合模型在建立生态农业最优化模式中的应用前景。     

基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展研究——以常州市为例

以常州市为例,探讨了基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展的内涵,提出“生态保育区-生态提升区-生态新建区”的生态建设分区模式和市域生态防护网架是构建区域生态安全格局的基本框架和促进区域生态可持续发展的调控途径。     

A review of ecological mitigation measures in UK environmental statements with respect to sustainable development

SUMMARY

The European and UK legislation on environmental assessment (EA), as well as requiring assessment of significant ecological effects, also requires development proponents to recommend mitigation measures for adverse impacts.

Drawing on a review of proposed ecological mitigation measures in 194 environmental statements (ES) for UK development proposals, this paper highlights problems with the current legislation in ensuring that ecological impacts are mitigated effectively, with a view to sustainable development.

The review reveals confusion about the extent to which ecological mitigation is required. First, there is no objective basis for deciding which potentially adverse impacts should be mitigated. Proposed mitigation measures do not always relate directly to the ecological impacts identified in ES and there is a high risk of residual adverse effects. Second, there is no generally accepted method for evaluating the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures, despite a clear recommendation from the UK's Department of the Environment (DOE, 1989) that an ‘assessment of the likely effectiveness’ of mitigation measures should be included in ES. Methods which can be used to evaluate the likely feasibility, costs and redistributional effects of ecological mitigation measures in EA are needed. Some of the factors which should be taken into account are considered in this paper.