草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫群落多样性变化的数值分析

对宁夏沙坡头自然保护区不同沙化和人工固沙草地地段昆虫和植物群落特征参数、环境因子进行了调查．按不同营养层类群、栖息型类群和重要目分别进行了昆虫多样性变化规律的研究,应用主分量分析法和相关分析法,分析了草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫不同类群多样性间以及多样性变化与植物、环境因子的关系．结果表明,昆虫多样性随草地沙化的加重而降低,以直翅目、膜翅目和食叶类群的下降率最大;随草地的恢复昆虫多样性趋于增加,以鳞翅目、同翅目、半翅目、脉翅目及捕食类群增长率为大．寄生类群和捕食类群多样性取决于植食类群多样性;杂食类群与地栖性类群成显著性相关．影响昆虫多样性变化的主要环境因子为植物种类、层次结构、盖度和表土层厚度、坚硬度等．     

草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫群落多样性变化？…

对宁夏沙坡头自然保护区不同沙化和人工固沙草地地段昆虫和植物群落特征参数,环境因子进行了调查,按不同营养层类群,栖息型类群和重要目分别进行了昆虫多样性变化规律的研究,应用主分量分析法和相关分析法,分析了草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫不同类群多样性间以及多样性变化与植物、环境因子的关系、结果表明,我样性随草地沙化的加重而降低,以直翅目、膜翅目和食叶类群的下降率最大;随草地的恢复昆虫多样性趋于增加     

南亚热带两座不同水文动态的水库浮游植物的功能类群演替比较

南屏、竹仙洞水库是珠海市拱北水厂的水源地,也是对澳门供水的主要水库。于2010年4月-2011年3月对这两座水库逐月采样,依据Padisák等（2009）功能类群方法对水样中浮游植物进行分类,不同的功能类群以不同的字母或字母与数字组合来命名。并结合水库的水文、水质及浮游植物生境特征,分析优势功能类群的演替动态及其主要环境影响因子。结果表明：南屏水库浮游植物功能类群演替具有明显的时间异质性。泽丝藻（Limnothrix sp.）、假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena sp.）等丝状蓝藻代表的S1功能类群与薄甲藻（Glenodinium sp.）代表的Y功能类群在6、7月份相对稳定水体中共同占优势,是南屏水库丰水期浮游植物演替的一个重要特征;而枯水期则主要以小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）、针杆藻（Synedra sp.）、颗粒直链藻（Aulacoseira granulata）等适应混合水体的C＋D＋P功能类群为优势群落。竹仙洞水库中几乎全年以C＋D＋P功能类群占优势,推测是因为竹仙洞水库水力滞留时间较短,利于耐冲刷的功能类群的生长。通过PCA（主成分分析）和RDA（冗余分析）探讨浮游植物功能类群演替与环境因子之间的关系,结果显示水力滞留时间、降雨量和正磷是影响南屏水库浮游植物功能类群演替的重要因子,而竹仙洞水库则是水力滞留时间和降雨量。两座水库的水力滞留时间差异明显,从而造成两座水库浮游植物功能类群组成及演替趋势的不同。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林植物群落演替下的土壤理化性质研究

选择塔里木荒漠河岸林内典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段的群落,对其土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明：土壤理化性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律性。演替后、中期表层土壤（0～20 cm）粘粒质量分数比初期分别减少了1.28%、64.29%、土壤砂粒质量分数分别增加了3.08%、17.23%,土壤明显变粗沙化。群落演替能明显增大土壤容重与非毛管孔隙度,降低土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、孔隙比、土壤水分质量分数、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量。演替后、中期表层土壤非毛管孔隙度比初期分别增大了33.78%、36.087%,土壤水分质量分数分别降低了85.57%、97.77%,演替后期最大持水量、毛管持水量分别比初期降低了40.28%、9.27%,导致土壤固相率减小,气相率增大,土壤持水供水能力与抗风蚀性能减弱。土壤有机质、全氮与碱解氮、全磷与速效磷、全钾与速效钾、盐分质量分数随群落演替呈降低趋势。演替后期表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷与速效钾质量分数分别比初期降低了38.68%、60.71%、23.58%、66.93%,其土壤理化性质退化最显著。地下水位下降是引起荒漠河岸林植物群落逆向演替的驱动力。当前随人类干扰强度增强（水土资源开发）,塔里木荒漠河岸林土壤结构与土壤生态功能随之受到破坏与衰退,而保持合理的生态水位则是维持荒漠河岸林生态系统稳定的有效途径。     

天童森林生态系统凋落物层跳虫群落的生态学研究

为了解浙江天童森林生态系统凋落物层跳虫群落的生态特征,于2009年12月至2010年9月对天童常绿阔叶林演替系列固定样地灌丛、马尾松林、木荷林、栲树林凋落物层的跳虫群落,按新鲜凋落物层、腐叶层和腐殖土层进行了详细的四季调查研究。共获跳虫标本15 108个,分别隶属于4目,14科其中优势类群为等节虫兆科Isotomidae、棘虫兆科Onychiuridae和长角虫兆科Entomobryidae,三者共占总数的78.35%。对调查结果的分析表明：（1）4种林型凋落物层跳虫群落随植物群落的演替而发生明显的变化,个体总数和多样性指数均在演替初期较低,中后期较高;（2）跳虫的类群数和个体数量在凋落物中呈现垂直分布现象,总体表现为向下递增的趋势,大量的跳虫个体集中分布在中间腐叶层和底部腐殖土层,分别占总数的33.94%和55.99%;（3）跳虫数量的季节变化为：秋季〉夏季〉春季〉冬季。     

不同干扰程度下高原湿地纳帕海土壤酶活性与微生物特征研究

采用In-situ野外取样技术与室内实验分析相结合,对不同人为干扰程度下滇西北高原湿地纳帕海土壤酶活性和微生物数量特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）在人为活动干扰下,湿地类型从原生沼泽向沼泽草甸-草甸-垦后湿地逆向演替,F检验显示土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性在各类型湿地间差异显著（F脲酶=14.246,F蛋白酶=13.760,F蔗糖酶=15.392）,表现为垦后湿地〉沼泽草甸〉草甸〉原生沼泽,过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著（F过氧化氢酶=2.697）,且与上述三种水解酶变化规律不同。（2）F检验显示,土壤细菌数量差异显著（F细菌=10.883）,呈现沼泽草甸〉草甸〉垦后湿地〉原生沼泽;土壤真菌与放线菌数量差异显著（F真菌=18.032,F放线菌=15.078）,呈现沼泽草甸〉垦后湿地〉草甸〉原生沼泽。（3）回归分析表明,土壤脲酶与过氧化氢酶极显著正相关。在草甸湿地类型中,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶间呈显著线性正相关。土壤酶活性虽与微生物数量相性不显著。（4）纳帕海湿地土壤微生物数量与酶活性变化是对人为不同干扰类型与强度的响应。     

紫茎泽兰入侵对不同植物群落类型中昆虫多样性的影响

紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora入侵对不同植物群落中昆虫群落的影响,以及不同植物群落抵御紫茎泽兰入侵的生态机制尚不清楚。本研究选取紫茎泽兰不同入侵程度和未入侵不同功能型植物群落样地,采用巴氏罐诱法、扫网法结合黄板法对各样地地表昆虫进行调查分析。在各样地共采集到昆虫标本12 099个,隶属于11目64科168种。其中,优势类群为膜翅目、同翅目、双翅目、缨翅目昆虫,占总种数的94.86%。随紫茎泽兰的入侵,群落中直翅目、缨翅目、同翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目昆虫在群落中所占的比例呈先降低再升高的趋势,而膜翅目、半翅目昆虫在群落中所占比例呈先升高再降低趋势。紫茎泽兰群落中的同翅目、半翅目昆虫所占比例较不同功能型本地植物群落低,而膜翅目昆虫所占比例较其他群落高。随紫茎泽兰入侵程度的加重,昆虫多样性指数D、H、E均呈先降低后升高的趋势;昆虫优势度指数C则呈先升高再降低的趋势。多年生禾本科植物群落的昆虫各多样性指数均大于紫茎泽兰群落,与紫茎泽兰群落间的差异最小,且有较高的相似性(0.602),可能是对紫茎泽兰的入侵具有较强抵御作用的指示因子之一。     

南泥湾湿地退化与管理对土壤动物多样性的影响

为查明南泥湾湿地生态系统退化对土壤动物群落的影响,于2016年3、6、9和11月分别对南泥湾不同退化阶段湿地的土壤动物群落进行调查。共捕获土壤动物3 285头,隶属4门10纲26目。优势类群为蜱螨目(Acarina)、小杆目(Rhabditida)和弹尾纲(Collembola)。随着退化程度加重,土壤动物群落密度和类群数下降,重度退化和已垦湿地土壤动物密度和多样性指数均极显著低于其他退化阶段(P0. 01)。各样地相似性系数差异分析表明,退化、开垦和退耕均对南泥湾湿地土壤动物群落组成类群和优势类群个体数有较大影响。土壤动物群落密度和多样性的季节动态在不同退化阶段间存在差异,退化会影响土壤动物群落季节变化稳定性。土壤动物优势类群时空分布受退化程度的影响,且不同优势类群受影响程度存在差异。相关分析结果表明土壤动物密度与土壤有机质和全氮含量呈正相关,与pH呈负相关。研究结果表明南泥湾湿地退化会影响土壤动物群落组成和多样性的空间分布和季节动态,而人为开垦活动会降低土壤动物密度和多样性,退耕还湿措施可以使湿地土壤动物密度表现出明显季节变化规律。     

露天矿排土场边坡自然恢复规律及其环境解释

露天矿排土场边坡水土流失严重,易发生地质灾害,急需开展生态恢复和土地复垦研究。为了解排土场边坡植物群落演替规律以及植物对生境因子的响应关系,本研究以阜新露天矿不同恢复年限排土场边坡为对象,调查不同坡向和坡位的植物组成、数量、高度和盖度,采用双向指示种法（TWINSPAN）对植物群落进行分类;同时分析边坡土壤物理、化学和生物学性质,采用去趋势典范对应分析（DCCA）方法研究群落分布格局与环境因子的关系。结果表明,排土场边坡共出现27种植物,物种数量小于平台。植物群落在阴坡和阳坡呈现出不同的演替格局,阴坡演替顺序为狗尾草（Setaira viridis）＋茵陈蒿（Artemisia capillaries）＋铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum）→狗尾草＋铁杆蒿＋白蒿（Artemisia anethoides）→铁杆蒿＋狗尾草;恢复10 a后,铁杆蒿在中上坡位占据优势地位,植物种类和数量下降,植物群落呈逆向演替。阳坡演替顺序为蒺藜（Tribulus terrestris）＋旱稗（Echinochloa hispidula）＋狗尾草→狗尾草＋蒺藜＋白蒿→狗尾草＋页蒿（Carum carvi）＋白蒿,植被演替进程缓慢。DCCA排序表明,第一轴主要反映植物群落随坡位、土壤水分、氮元素有效性和周转的变化规律,其与土壤pH值和脲酶紧密相关;第二轴主要反映植物群落随着恢复年限和土壤磷素有效性的梯度变化,其与土壤容重、速效磷、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶紧密相关。排土场边坡必须采取人工恢复措施,土壤酶活性对植物群落分布影响较大。     

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的生物多样性

生物多样性演变是全球变化的重要组成部分,物种入侵对生物多样的影响已成为当前全球变化领域的研究热点之一。本文研究了西双版纳紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的植物、土壤动物与土壤微生物的多样性,结果表明：（1）不同程度入侵区的植物种类及其重要值差别较大,在重度入侵区,紫茎泽兰的重要值高达237.74%,但随着入侵程度的降低,植物种类有所增加且紫茎泽兰的重要值随之降低;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（2）三种入侵区的土壤动物隶属23目,其中弹尾目（Collembola）、蜱螨目（Acarina）和膜翅目（Hymenoptera）为优势种群,三者总量占捕获总数的61.77%;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数与密度类群指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（3）土壤微生物可培养数量类群方面,细菌表现为中度入侵区〉重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区,放线菌、真菌、自生固氮菌与氨氧化细菌均表现为重度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉轻度入侵区;多样性指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区,优势度指数表现为轻度入侵区=中度入侵区〉重度入侵区,均匀度指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区=中度入侵区。可见,紫茎泽兰入侵地的植物与土壤动物多样性随入侵程度加重而降低,但土壤微生物多样性却随入侵程度加重反而呈上升趋势。今后,加强室内模拟与野外定点长期观测相结合试验是探究紫茎泽兰入侵对生物多样性影响机制的研究方向。     

Landscape constraints on functional diversity of birds and insects in tropical agroecosystems

In this paper, we analyzeatabases on birds and insects to assess patterns of functional diversity in human-dominated landscapes in the tropics. A perspective from developed landscapes is essential for understanding remnant natural ecosystems, because most species experience their surroundings at spatial scales beyond the plot level, and spillover between natural and managed ecosystems is common. Agricultural bird species have greater habitat and diet breadth than forest species. Based on a global data base, bird assemblages in tropical agroforest ecosystems were composed of disproportionately more frugivorous and nectarivorous, but fewer insectivorous bird species compared with forest. Similarly, insect predators of plant-feeding arthropods were more diverse in Ecuadorian agroforest and forest compared with rice and pasture, while, in Indonesia, bee diversity was also higher in forested habitats. Hence, diversity of insectivorous birds and insect predators as well as bee pollinators declined with agricultural transformation. In contrast, with increasing agricultural intensification, avian pollinators and seed dispersers initially increase then decrease in proportion. It is well established that the proximity of agricultural habitats to forests has a strong influence on the functional diversity of agroecosystems. Community similarity is higher among agricultural systems than in natural habitats and higher in simple than in complex landscapes for both birds and insects, so natural communities, low-intensity agriculture, and heterogeneous landscapes appear to be critical in the preservation of beta diversity. We require a better understanding of the relative role of landscape composition and the spatial configuration of landscape elements in affecting spillover of functionally important species across managed and natural habitats. This is important for data-based management of tropical human-dominated landscapes sustaining the capacity of communities to reorganize after disturbance and to ensure ecological functioning.     

Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) collected during the long term ecological research in a Hungarian oak forest

Along term ecological research was carried out in a Hungarian oak forest, in "Bükk" National Park starting with 1972. During the faunistical studies 3,602 insect species and more than 200,000 individuals were collected. The dominant orders were Coleoptera (1,051 species), Lepidoptera (803 species), Hymenoptera (470 species) and Diptera (400 species). The relative species abundance (RSA) for all insects collected in all years of sampling period suggests a rather J shape curve than a not clear scaling property. This means that we were able to identify almost three quarters of the insect species from one ha European oak forest during the survey (from 1987 to 2003), and two third of the staphylinides expected. Considering the staphylinid fauna a total number of 160 species and 4,022 individuals were collected. The most widely occurring species in dominance order were: Ocypus biharicus, Pseudocypus mus, Atheta gagatina, Philonthus quisquiliarius, Oxypoda acuminate, Platydracus chalcocephalus, Atheta crassicomis, Latrimaeum atrocephalum, Haploglossa puncticollis, Philonthus succicola and Anotylus mutator. The pooled value of alpha diversity was 1.51. The Shannon-Weiner Index (H') was relatively high (3.29) in comparison with other studies.     

Conservation of Insect Diversity: a Habitat Approach

Abstract: Neither time nor resources exist to design conservation plans for every species, particularly for little-studied, noncharismatic, but ecologically important taxa that make up most of biodiversity. To explore the feasibility of basing conservation action on community-level biogeography, we sampled a montane insect community. We addressed three issues: (1) the appropriate scale for sampling insect communities; (2) the association of habitat specialization—perhaps a measure of extinction vulnerability—with other ecological or physical traits; and (3) the correlation of diversity across major insect groups. Using malaise traps in Gunnison County, Colorado, we captured 8847 Diptera (identified to family and morphospecies), 1822 Hymenoptera (identified to morphospecies), and 2107 other insects (identified to order). We sampled in three habitat types—meadow, aspen, and conifer—defined on the basis of the dominant vegetation at the scale of hundreds of meters. Dipteran communities were clearly differentiated by habitat type rather than geographic proximity. This result also holds true for hymenopteran communities. Body size and feeding habits were associated with habitat specialization at the family level. In particular, habitat generalists at the family level—taxa perhaps more likely to survive anthropogenic habitat alteration—tended to be trophic generalists. Dipteran species richness was marginally correlated with hymenopteran species richness and was significantly correlated with the total number of insect orders sampled by site. Because these correlations result from differences in richness among habitat types, insect taxa may be reasonable surrogates for one another when sampling is done across habitat types. In sum, community-wide studies appear to offer a practical way to gather information about the diversity and distribution of little-known taxa.     

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Insect-Plant Interactions

Abstract: In the enriched carbon dioxide atmosphere expected in the next century, many species of herbivorous insects will confront less nutritious host plants that will induce both lengthened larval developmental times and greater mortality. The limited data currently available suggest that the effect of increased atmospheric CO₂ on herbivory will be not only highly species-specific but also specific to each insect-plant system. Several scenarios can be predicted, however: (1) local extinctions will occur; (2) the endangered species status as well as the pest status of some insect species will change; (3) geographic distributions for some insect species will shift with host-plant ranges; and (4) changes in the population dynamics of affected insect species will influence their interactions with other insects and plants. For insect conservation purposes, it is critical to begin long-term studies on the effects of enhanced CO₂ levels on insect populations. An analysis of the available literature indicates that many orders containing insect species important for ecosystem conservation, and even those important as agricultural or medical pests, have not been examined. Without a major increase in research on this topic, we will be unprepared for the species changes that will occur, we will lose the opportunity to document just how some insects adapt to elevated CO₂ levels, and we will lack the information necessary for effective conservation efforts.     

稻田生物多样性构建的生态效应

农业集约化生产方式加速了农业生态系统单一化的进程,导致系统平衡破坏,病、虫、草害频发。在以农业生态环境改善和修复为手段的农业可持续生产和发展的模式中,以农作物多样性的合理布局来提高农业生物多样性水平和控制病、虫、草害的实践,显示出其强大的生命力,即将不同物种的作物或同一作物的不同品种按一定的组合方式和栽种模式进行合理的间栽和套作,将病、虫、草害的发生控制在可以承受的范围内。构建水生动物、水生植物与水稻共存的稻作系统,利用物种多样性、遗传多样性控制有害生物,是农业可持续发展的重要途径。本文综述了国内外稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性利用模式的研究进展,论述了稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性对稻作生态系统的改善,特别是水稻病、虫、草的控制效果及作用机理。     

SO2污染对农业害虫的间接影响

用开顶式熏气罩研究了SO2污染对粘虫、黄地老虎、小菜蛾、桃蚜、萝卜蚜和豆蚜等农业害虫的影响．结果表明，适度SO2污染显著地促进了这些昆虫的生长和／或繁殖，但高浓度SO2污染对它们有明显的不良影响，这种作用是通过食料植物间接发生的．这些昆虫对适度SO2污染的反应因种类而异：3种鳞翅目昆虫表现为幼虫的平均相对生长速率（MRGR）明显加快，成虫繁殖力变化不大；3种蚜虫主要表现为成蚜的繁殖力大幅度提高．若蚜（除豆蚜外）的MRGR也显著增加．对被处理食料植物营养成分的分析表明，SO2污染诱导的蛋氨酸相对含量变化可能是它产生这些间接影响的重要原因．     

Plant chemistry and insect sequestration

Most plant families are distinguished by characteristic secondary metabolites, which can function as putative defence against herbivores. However, many herbivorous insects of different orders can make use of these plant-synthesised compounds by ingesting and storing them in their body tissue or integument. Such sequestration of putatively unpalatable or toxic metabolites can enhance the insects’ own defence against enemies and may also be involved in reproductive behaviour. This review gives a comprehensive overview of all groups of secondary plant metabolites for which sequestration by insect herbivores belonging to different orders has been demonstrated. Sequestered compounds include various aromatic compounds, nitrogen-containing metabolites such as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates and other sulphur-containing metabolites, and isoprenoids such as cardiac glycosides, cucurbitacins, iridoid glycosides and others. Sequestration of plant compounds has been investigated most in insects feeding or gathering on Apocynaceae s.l. (Apocynoideae, Asclepiaoideae), Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae, but it also occurs for some gymnosperms and even lichens. In total, more than 250 insect species have been shown to sequester plant metabolites from at least 40 plant families. Sequestration predominates in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but also occurs frequently in the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Sternorrhyncha. Patterns of sequestration mechanisms for various compound classes and common or individual features occurring in different insect orders are highlighted. More research is needed to elucidate the specific transport mechanisms and the physiological processes of sequestration in various insect species.     

广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林的群落结构动态

根据对广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林群落相隔６ａ的两次植被调查，分析了广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林在保护条件下，自然演变过程中的群落结构动态．群落的垂直结构变化主要以大量幼树进入第一层成树为特点；水平结构则以密度和盖度的增长为特点．在种类组成方面，６ａ前群落中居多的阳性树种现已逐渐为耐阴性较强的种类所代替．在组织结构水平上，乔木层的物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指标趋于增加，而生态优势度指标趋于降低，反映了群落向着组成结构复杂、物种多样性增高的方面演变，且前期变化速度较快，后期较慢并趋于稳定．     

Avian Diversity and Functional Insectivory on North-Central Florida Farmlands

Abstract:  We studied the potential for native birds to control insect pests on farms. We assessed habitat factors correlated with diversity, distribution, and insect-foraging activity of native birds on farms in north-central Florida and then characterized common bird species that consumed insect biomass in crops as "functional insectivores" (birds most likely to contribute to pest control). Analyses of point-count survey data and foraging observations collected over 2 years on paired organic and conventional farm sites indicated that (1) farms supported most (82–96%) land birds known to breed in the region; (2) bird species richness and abundance varied significantly with matrix habitat and field border type (but not with year or farm management type); (3) the highest bird abundances were associated with mixed crop plantings, field borders, and adjacent matrix composed of forest and hedge; and (4) abundances of 10 species identified as functional insectivores were primarily influenced by crop type (mixed crops attracted significantly more insect foragers into fields than monocrops). We documented birds eating pest insects in crops and did not observe substantive crop damage by birds during growing-season observations. We advocate use of the term functional insectivore to emphasize the potential positive role of avian insectivory on farms during the growing season.