Application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes treated by potassium permanganate for determination of trace cadmium prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study we investigated the enrichment ability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and established a new method for the determination of trace cadmium in environment with flame atomic absorption spectrometry.The MWCNTs were oxidized by potassium permanganate under appropriate conditions before use as preconcentration packing.Parameters influencing the recoveries of target analytes were optimized.Under optimal conditions,the target analyte exhibited a good linearity (R~2=0.9992) over the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/ml.The detection limit and precision of the proposed method were 0.15 ng/ml and 2.06%, respectively.The proposed method was applied to the determination of cadmium in real-world environmental samples and the recoveries were in the range of 91.3%-108.0%.All these experimental results indicated that this new procedure could be applied to the determination of trace cadmium in environmental waters.     

固相萃取高效液相色谱法测定水中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素

建立了以HLB固相萃取柱和反相液相色谱法测定水中8种邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的方法,利用正交试验进行萃取条件的优化,确定固相萃取的优化条件为:洗脱剂组成为V(甲醇)∶V(乙醚)=1∶19,洗脱速率为1 0mL min,洗脱体积为9mL,清洗剂组成为V(甲醇)∶V(水)=1∶19。8种物质峰面积对浓度进行线性回归的相关系数均大于0 999,最低检出限为0 10～0 62μg L,回收率为75 1%～115 5%,相对标准偏差为0 9%～2 2%。同时将该方法应用于废水中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的测定,检出DEP,BBP,DBP和DEHP4种邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素。      

How well does XAD resin extraction recover halogenated disinfection byproducts for comprehensive identification and toxicity testing?

Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are an unintended consequence of drinking water disinfection, and can have significant toxicity. XAD resins are commonly used to extract and enrich trace levels of DBPs for comprehensive, nontarget identification of DBPs and also for in vitro toxicity studies. However, XAD resin recoveries for complete classes of halogenated DBPs have not been evaluated, particularly for low, environmentally relevant levels (ng/L to low µg/L). Thus, it is not known whether levels of DBPs or the toxicity of drinking water might be underestimated. In this study, DAX-8/XAD-2 layered resins were evaluated, considering both adsorption and elution from the resins, for extracting 66 DBPs from water. Results demonstrate that among the 7 classes of DBPs investigated, trihalomethanes (THMs), including iodo-THMs, were the most efficiently adsorbed, with recovery of most THMs ranging from 50%-96%, followed by halonitromethanes (40%-90%). The adsorption ability of XAD resins for haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and haloacetaldehydes was highly dependent on the individual species. The adsorption capacity of XAD resins for haloacetic acids was lower (5%-48%), even after adjusting to pH 1 before extraction. Recovery efficiency for most DBPs was comparable with their adsorption, as most were eluted effectively from XAD resins by ethyl acetate. DBP polarity and molecular weight were the two most important factors that determine their recovery. Recovery of trichloromethane, iodoacetic acid, chloro- and iodo-acetonitrile, and chloroacetamide were among the lowest, which could lead to underestimation of toxicity, particularly for iodoacetic acid and iodo-acetonitrile, which are highly toxic.     

A SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of prioritised pharmaceuticals and EDCs with high environmental risk potential in freshwater

This work describes the development, optimisation and validation of an analytical method for the rapid determination of 17 priority pharmaceutical compounds and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Rather than studying compounds from the same therapeutic class, the analyses aimed to determine target compounds with the highest risk potential (with particular regard to Scotland), providing a tool for further monitoring in different water matrices. Prioritisation was based on a systematic environmental risk assessment approach, using consumption data; wastewater treatment removal efficiency; environmental occurrence; toxicological effects; and pre-existing regulatory indicators. This process highlighted 17 compounds across various therapeutic classes, which were then quantified, at environmentally relevant concentrations, by a single analytical methodology. Analytical determination was achieved using a single-step solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The fully optimised method performed well for the majority of target compounds, with recoveries >71% for 15 of 17 analytes. The limits of quantification for most target analytes (14 of 17) ranged from 0.07 ng/L to 1.88 ng/L in river waters. The utility of this method was then demonstrated using real water samples associated with a rural hospital/setting. Eight compounds were targeted and detected, with the highest levels found for the analgesic, paracetamol (at up to 105,910 ng/L in the hospital discharge). This method offers a robust tool to monitor high priority pharmaceutical and EDC levels in various aqueous sample matrices.     

Simultaneous preconcentration of cadmium and lead in water samples with silica gel and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method that utilizes pretreated silica gel as an adsorbent has been developed for simultaneous preconcentration of trace Cd(II) and Pb(II) prior to the measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of pH, the shaking time, the elution condition and the coexisting ions on the separation/preconcentration conditions of analytes were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the static adsorption capacity of Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 45.5 and 27.1mg/g, the relative standard deviations were 3.2% and 1.7% (for n = 11), and the limits of detection obtained were 4.25 and 0.60 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated by analyzing the certified reference materials GBW 07304a (stream sediment) and successfully applied to the analysis of various treated wastewater samples with satisfactory results.     

微波消解火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中六价铬

目前用于土壤中六价铬检测的提取方法较为单一,一般是使用HJ 1082—2019《土壤和沉积物 六价铬的测定 碱溶液提取-火焰原子吸收分光光度法》中提到的碱溶液提取法. 但该方法在进行大批量土壤检测时存在耗时长、试剂用量大、温度不易控制等问题. 因此,建立高效、准确的土壤中六价铬测试方法,对开展土壤中六价铬污染风险评价及修复工作具有十分重要的意义. 本研究提出了微波消解火焰原子吸收光谱法,用于快速、准确测试土壤中六价铬. 通过开展提取剂组成与用量、微波消解方式、消解液过滤及pH调整等参数优化研究,确定了土壤中六价铬提取与测试的优化条件:消解液组成为碱性提取液20 mL、氯化镁100 mg、磷酸氢二钾-磷酸二氢钾缓冲溶液0.2 mL,3次微波消解,消解液用中速定量滤纸过滤,待测液pH调节至7.0~8.0. 在优化条件下,土壤六价铬的有证标准样品的测量结果均在标准值范围内,土壤基体加标回收率为85.5%~88.7%,相对标准偏差为7.6%~8.0%. 与HJ 1082—2019相比,本文建立的微波消解火焰原子吸收光谱法更适用于大批量土壤样品的六价铬检测分析,所采用的微波消解技术,操作相对简单、提取效率较高,易于在不同种类实验室中普及和推广,可为土壤中六价铬的快速准确检测提供技术支持和方法补充.      

高效液相色谱法检测临沂化工厂四周土壤中的多环芳烃研究

利用快速溶剂提取-高效液相色谱-紫外/荧光检测器串联的方式检测土壤中16种多环芳烃,重点优化了梯度洗脱程序和紫外荧光检测波长程序,优化后的方法检出限在0.2~7.8μg/kg,回收率在88%~113%之间.对临沂某化工企业四周1000米以内的20个土壤样品进行了检测,结果发现,多环芳烃总量范围为27.4~553μg/kg,平均值为120μg/kg,参照Maliszewska-Kordybach建议的欧洲土壤中多环芳烃污染程度分级方法,在检测的20个土壤样品中有3个样品属于轻度污染,其他属于无污染.     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from sewage sludge on sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A by soils

Sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) by soil influences its fate and transport in the environment. The presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may complicate the sorption process in soil. The effects of DOM from sewage sludge on TBBPA sorption by three soils were investigated using batch equilibration experiments in the study. DOM was observed to be sorbed on the soils and the isotherms could be fitted by the Langmuir model. The effects of DOM on TBBPA sorption were dependent on the characteristics ...     

异烟酸铜磁力搅拌微固相萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃

建立了膜保护异烟酸铜微固相萃取的样品前处理方法,并采用气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器对土壤中的痕量荧蒽(Flt)、苯并［b］荧蒽(BbF)、苯并［k］荧蒽(BkF)、苯并［a］芘(BaP)进行了测定. 考察了水温、萃取时间和超声洗脱时间等对萃取效果的影响. 结果表明:在最佳试验条件下,Flt的检出限为1.0 ng/g;BbF,BkF和BaP的检出限为2.5 ng/g. Flt的线性范围为2.5～500.0 ng/g;BbF,BkF和BaP的线性范围均为12.5～500.0 ng/g. 相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.4%～13.7%(n9). 采用该方法分析了2种实际土壤中的4种多环芳烃,回收率为34%～90%.      

超高效液相/串联质谱法测定水中苯甲酰脲类农药残留

建立了固相萃取(SPE)-超高效液相色谱/大气压化学电离源/三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定水中7种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂残留的方法。过滤后的样品经HLB固相萃取柱富集净化后,目标化合物经10 mL二氯甲烷洗脱并浓缩,1 mL甲醇定容后,采用BEH C18柱,以水(5 mmol/L乙酸铵)-乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用串联质谱作为检测器进行检测。7种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂在相关线性范围内线性良好(r=0.999 1～0.999 5),回收率为71.8%～114%,相对标准偏差为3.3%～18.8%,方法检出限为7.0～16.0 ng/L。该方法快速,灵敏度高,适用于测定水体中7种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂的残留。     

高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中六溴环十二烷和四溴双酚A

为服务我国履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》和新污染物监测的需要，建立了同步分析土壤和沉积物中3种六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)异构体和四溴双酚A (TBBPA)的高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法. 样品经冷冻干燥，以正己烷与丙酮(体积比为1∶1)为提取溶剂进行加压流体提取，通过中性和酸性复合硅胶柱的净化处理，洗脱液转溶至甲醇后进行仪器分析，用同位素稀释内标法定量. 结果表明:①目标物在液相色谱上得到有效的基线分离，保留时间稳定，相对偏差小于3.0%，在2.0~200 ng/mL范围内标准曲线的平均相对响应因子的相对标准偏差小于15%. ②α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD和TBBPA的方法检出限分别为0.06、0.04、0.04和0.06 μg/kg. ③石英砂、背景土壤、工业土壤、河流沉积物和海洋沉积物的低中高浓度平行添加试验显示，方法的精密度为1.76%~10.6%，加标回收率为92.9%~121%. ④8种不同pH的土壤中目标物的加标回收率范围为85.9%~104%. 本研究建立的方法灵敏度高、适用性好，能够用于复杂土壤和沉积物样品中HBCDs和TBBPA的分析测试.      

Formation potential and analysis of 32 regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products: Two new simplified methods

Water disinfection is an essential process that provides safe water by inactivating pathogens that cause waterborne diseases. However, disinfectants react with organic matter naturally present in water, leading to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Multi-analyte methods based on mass spectrometry (MS) are preferred to quantify multiple DBP classes at once however, most require extensive sample pre-treatment and significant resources. In this study, two analytical methods were developed for the quantification of 32 regulated and unregulated DBPs. A purge and trap (P&T) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was optimized that automated sample pre-treatment and analyzed volatile and semi-volatile compounds, including trihalomethanes (THMs), iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKTs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs). LOQs were between 0.02-0.4 µg/L for most DBPs except for 8 analytes that were in the low µg/L range. A second method with liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of 10 haloacetic acids (HAAs) with a simple clean-up and direct injection. The LC-MS/MS direct injection method has the lowest detection limits reported (0.2-0.5 µg/L). Both methods have a simple sample pre-treatment, which make it possible for routine analysis. Hyperchlorination and uniform formation conditions (UFC) formation potential tests with chlorine were evaluated with water samples containing high and low TOC. Hyperchlorination formation potential test maximized THMs and HAAs while UFC maximized HANs. Ascorbic acid was found to be an appropriate quencher for both analytical methods. Disinfected drinking water from four water utilities in Alberta, Canada were also evaluated.     

Evaluation of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated disinfection by-products

Disinfection by-products (DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. The relatively low concentration of DBPs in finished water (low µg/L or even ng/L levels) and the interference from water matrix inhibited in situ determination of DBPs. Moreover, the further formation and degradation of DBPs by disinfectants during the holding time (several hours to several days) from sample collection to analysis could adversely affect the determination of DBPs. To obtain accurate, precise and reliable data of DBP occurrence and formation, robust and reliable sample preservation is indispensable. However, the commonly used quenching agents (e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid) for sample preservation can decompose reactive DBPs by reductive dehalogenation. This study evaluated the performance of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated DBPs by investigating the stoichiometry of the disinfectant-quenching agent reaction, the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination of NAC or GSH, and the effects of NAC or GSH on the stability of 18 individual DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX). Based on the results of this study, NAC and GSH were considered to be ideal quenching agents for the analysis of most DBPs and TOX, except halonitromethanes.     

Identification of unknown disinfection byproducts in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water

Although disinfection byproducts(DBPs) in drinking water have been suggested as a cancer causing factor, the causative compounds have not yet been clarified. In this study, we used liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight spectrometry(LC-QTOF MS) to identify the unknown disinfection byproducts(DBPs) in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water, which is known as a convergence point for the anthropogenic pollutants discharged from intensive industrial activities in the surroundi...     

固相萃取-气相色谱法快速分析水中硝基苯类化合物

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱定量分析水中硝基苯类化合物的分析方法,详尽地叙述了水样预处理过程.对固相萃取,水样预处理和色谱分离条件做了试验并予以优化.采用ODS-C18固相萃取柱将样品浓缩富集后,以DB-17色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm)为分离柱,以ECD和FID检测.方法检出限在0.12～90 μg/...     

土壤样品有机氯农药残留GC/MS测定方法的优化

近年来土壤样品中有机氯农药的测定需求迅速增加. 参考国内外测定方法,按照实验室批量测定实际样品的要求,从消除背景干扰、提高测定数据质量出发,对样品前处理和仪器分析的各环节进行了系统的试验研究,全面优化了有机氯农药的GC/MS测定方法. 采用严格的质量保证/质量控制措施,包括对进样口滴滴涕分解的控制、合理选择有机氯农药定性和定量离子、使用有证标准样品进行验证试验等. 22种有机氯农药的清洁基体加标回收率为70%～110%,方法检出限为0.032 5～0.445 0 ng/g.      

HF-LLLME-CE法测定偶氮染料氧化降解生成的有机酸

采用纤维膜三相液相微萃取(HF-LLLME)和毛细管电泳技术,对偶氮染料氧化降解过程中可能产生的小分子羧酸甲酸、乙酸、草酸、乳酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸进行了测定。以pH值为7.2的230 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠、115 mmol/L四硼酸钠和0.5 mmol/L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)溶液为缓冲液,分离电压-12 kV,检测波长200 nm的条件下,10 min内达到基线分离。三相液相微萃取以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为有机相,供体相pH为2.5,接收相pH为12.0,萃取时间为45 min,将萃取接收相直接进行毛细管电泳(CE)测定,富集倍数在7~67之间。样品相中7种有机酸的质量浓度在5 mg/L~1 000 mg/L的范围内与电泳峰面积呈良好线性(r2>0.999 1),方法的检出限为0.09 mg/L~0.54 mg/L。运用该法对TiO2光催化降解偶氮染料过程中产生的有机酸进行测定,检测到的4种羧酸的投加回收率在93%~110%之间。     

洱海表层沉积物与鱼体中四溴双酚A的环境暴露水平

应用UPLC-MS-MS,对洱海表层沉积物和5种鱼类(白鲢、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、白条鱼和太湖短吻银鱼)样品中TBBPA(四溴双酚A)的质量分数进行了测定. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TBBPA) (以干质量计,下同)为21.06~52.72ng/g,平均值为37.72ng/g,呈西部、南部和北部湖区明显高于中部和东部湖区的分布特征,其分布受所处区域的经济发展水平和生活生产状态等影响. 白鲢、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、白条鱼和太湖短吻银鱼肌肉中w(TBBPA)平均值分别为13.53、8.20、8.86、7.55和10.87ng/g,w(TBBPA)与鱼的体长度特征无关,可能与鱼类的食性、所处营养级有关. 在鱼体的内脏器官中,肾脏中w(TBBPA)最高,平均值为7.64ng/g;其次为鳃和肝脏,分别为7.07和5.68ng/g;卵巢和精巢中没有检测到TBBPA的存在. 与国内其他地区相比,洱海表层沉积物中w(TBBPA)呈较低水平,鱼体中w(TBBPA)为中等水平.      

Nontargeted identification of peptides and disinfection byproducts in water

A broad range of organic compounds are known to exist in drinking water sources and serve as precursors of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).Epidemiological findings of an association of increased risk of bladder cancer with the consumption of chlorinated water has resulted in health concerns about DBPs.Peptides are thought to be an important category of DBP precursors in water.However,little is known about the actual presence of peptides and their DBPs in drinking water because of their high sample complexity and low concentrations.To address this challenge and identify peptides and non-chlorinated/chlorinated peptide DBPs from large sets of organic compounds in water,we developed a novel high throughput analysis strategy,which integrated multiple solid phase extraction(SPE),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)separation,and non-target identification using precursor ion exclusion(PIE)high resolution mass spectrometry(MS).After MS analysis,structures of candidate compounds,particularly peptides,were obtained by searching against the Human Metabolome Database(HMDB).Using this strategy,we successfully detected 625 peptides(out of 17,205 putative compounds)and 617 peptides(out of 13,297)respectively in source and finished water samples.The source and finished water samples had 501 peptides and amino acids in common.The remaining 116 peptides and amino acids were unique to the finished water.From a subset of 30 putative compounds for which standards were available,25 were confirmed using HPLC-MS analysis.By analyzing the peptides identified in source and finished water,we successfully confirmed three disinfection reaction pathways that convert peptides into toxic DBPs.     

New methods for identification of disinfection byproducts of toxicological relevance: Progress and future directions

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) represent a ubiquitous source of chemical exposure in disinfected water. While over 700 DBPs have been identified, the drivers of toxicity remain poorly understood. Additionally, ever evolving water treatment practices have led to a continually growing list of DBPs. Advancement of analytical technologies have enabled the identification of new classes of DBPs and the quantification of these chemically diverse sets of DBPs. Here we summarize advances in new workflows for DBP analysis, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation with mass spectrometry (MS) detection, and data processing. To aid in the selection of techniques for future studies, we discuss necessary considerations for each step in the strategy. This review focuses on how each step of a workflow can be optimized to capture diverse classes of DBPs within a single method. Additionally, we highlight new MS-based approaches that can be powerful for identifying novel DBPs of toxicological relevance. We discuss current challenges and provide perspectives on future research directions with respect to studying new DBPs of toxicological relevance. As analytical technologies continue to advance, new strategies will be increasingly used to analyze complex DBPs produced in different treatment processes with the aim to identify potential drivers of toxicity.