空腔及其耦合水袋抑制瓦斯爆炸实验研究

为探索一种新型瓦斯抑爆技术,设计宽径比分别为1.5,2.5,4的矩形空腔体,并基于自行搭建的长36 m,管径为200 mm的大型瓦斯爆炸实验系统,通过在管网中铺设不同宽径比空腔体结构开展抑爆实验。此外依托支护简单的宽径比为2.5的空腔体,在腔体内填充不同质量水袋开展实验,以期进一步提高空腔体抑爆性能。结果表明:对于长径比为2.5、高径比为1的空腔体在实验宽径比范围内均能在一定程度上抑制瓦斯爆炸强度;随着腔体宽径比的增加,截面面积变化率增大,火焰及冲击波超压峰值衰减幅度越大,抑爆效果越佳;空腔耦合抑爆剂水能提高腔体的抑爆效果,在实验范围内较纯空腔可使火焰抑制率最大提高70%,超压峰值抑制率最大提高263%。     

西安市道路雨水口截污挂篮试验研究

结合西安市路面径流水质、水量特征及道路雨水口设置,设计道路雨水口截污装置——截污挂篮,试验研究截污挂篮的透水性能、工作状态、截污效果及清洗更换周期.结果表明,为避免在5 a-遇暴雨下道路积水,截污挂篮上部溢流孔孔口面积应至少0.009 8 m2.土工布的过滤通量与过滤水头呈线性关系,随单位面积质量增加,土工布的透水能力下降.为确保在5 a(一)遇暴雨下截污挂篮不发生溢流,由300g/m2、150 g/m2和130 g/m2土工布制作的截污网袋需至少保证175 mm、94 mm、75 mm的有效过滤高度,且截污挂篮对路面径流颗粒物的平均去除率分别为76.5％、69.4％和56.0％.     

雨水口截污技术研究进展

雨水口既是城市排水系统的咽喉,又是城市非点源污染进入水环境的重要通道。一旦堵塞,不仅导致排水不畅甚至会造成城市道路积水,还会对城市水体造成污染。建造雨水口截污设施既可以从管网源头控制径流污染物、防止水土流失,又可以防止雨水口堵塞,有效缓解城市内涝。介绍了国内外雨水口截污技术的发展历程,包括雨水口的截污改造、一体式截污雨水口、雨水口截污临时防护。通过比较多种应用于雨水口截污的技术和设施的优缺点,强调了不同雨水口截污技术的适用性。     

铁路真空卸污设备远程运行维护系统设计

以铁路真空卸污设备为研究对象,进行远程运行维护系统的开发设计。根据真空卸污设备的运行特点,确定系统具备的功能,采集的数据类型、信号传输方式,并进行硬件开发集成和软件开发。该系统可以实现对铁路真空卸污设备运行状态数据的采集与分析,加快真空卸污设备故障诊断和维护的响应速度,提高设备的安全性和可靠性,提升铁路真空卸污设备运行维护智能化水平。     

真空卸污系统技术标准的修订研究

通过对相关真空卸污技术标准的研究及结合实际运用,重点对系统配置及功能、质量及安全性能、应用条件、检验检测方法等内容进行分析,提出了真空卸污系统技术标准的具体修订内容。     

矿井水资源评价的研究现状及展望

结合当前水资源评价的研究特点和发展方向,根据矿井水资源本身特点,将矿井水和生态系统作为整体,提出了"矿井水资源评价"的概念,初步建立了面向生态的区域矿井水资源评价理论和方法,阐述了它的内涵、研究内容和技术体系.矿井水资源评价内容包括水质评价、水量评价、污染评价和开发利用条件评价.对矿井水资源评价的各组成部分研究进展及存在问题进行了总结,指出了未来亟须研究的科学问题.研究结果为矿区水环境治理及更科学、更有效地实现矿井水资源化提供了理论依据.     

不同温度条件下生态减污袋去除模拟污水中氨氮及磷的效果研究

研究在低温和常温条件下不同比例砂土与黏土混合制成的生态减污袋对模拟污水中氨氮及磷的去除效果。试验模拟污水中氨氮及磷的质量浓度分别为10 mg/L和1 mg/L,生态减污袋中砂土和黏土的质量比分别为1∶1、5∶1和10∶1,温度控制在22℃和4℃。结果表明,低温条件下砂土与黏土比例为1∶1的减污袋对模拟污水中氨氮和磷的去除率分别达到67%和38%;而砂土与黏土比例为10∶1的减污袋对低温条件下模拟污水中氨氮和磷的去除率均最低,分别为32%和28%,其对常温条件下污水中氨氮和磷的去除率也分别只有48%和52%。对比常温条件下的试验,低温条件下生态减污袋的去除效果明显偏低。由于黏土颗粒具有较大的比表面积和较好的离子交换能力,因此应选择黏土含量较高的生态减污袋,以在低温条件下保持良好的去氮除磷效果。     

青岛市中水回用研究

青岛是一个水资源严重短缺的城市,研究中水回用对缓解青岛用水紧张和节约水资源都有积极的意义.研究了青岛市中水回用的必要性、可行性及现状,进而提出了推进青岛中水回用的有关对策.     

北京市郊污灌区镉、铜在小麦中的富集特征

为探讨污灌农田重金属Cd、Cu在小麦中的迁移富集特征及对人类健康的安全性影响,选取北京城郊污灌区17块代表性小麦(Triticum aestivum)样地,运用BCR顺序提取法和高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)测定了土壤中Cd、Cu不同化学形态质量比和土壤及小麦根、茎、颖壳、籽粒中消解态全量.结果表明,污灌土壤中Cd、Cu质量比均值分别为0.25mg·kg-1和26.67 mg·kg-1,高于北京土壤元素背景值,已出现积累现象.小麦植株各组织中中Cd质量比从大到小为:根(210.09 μg·kg-1)、茎(100.19 μg·kg-1)、颖壳(60.71μg·kg-1)、籽粒(38.33 μg·kg-1).植株地上部分Cd质量比的加权平均值为52.62 μg·kg-1.Cu质量比从大到小为:根(9.47mg·kg-1)、籽粒(6.03mg·kg-1)、茎(3.53 mg·kg-1)、颖壳(2.94mg·kg-1).植株地上部分Cu质量比的加权平均值为5.30mg·kg-1.Cd、Cu富集系数(BCF)分别为0.38和0.27,转移系数(TI)分别为0.25和0.69.土壤中Cd酸提取态(生物有效态)比例和风险评价(RAC)值显著高于Cu.小麦Cd和Cu的有效性系数(BEC)均值分别为0.18和0.28,表明Cu向地上部分转移能力强于Cd,Cu容易被小麦籽粒吸收;小麦籽粒中Cd、Cu最大质量比分别为0.125mg·kg-1和15.48 mg·kg-1,高于食品中污染物限量标准值25%和50%,应对食品安全给予更多关注.从保证粮食安全性角度出发,建议选择种植有效性系数较低的作物品种(如玉米、豆类),以减少重金属向食物链的迁移.     

城市排水系统在水污染防治中的作用

本文介绍了城市排水系统的组成、分类和功能,通过介绍目前国内外城市的排水体制,对比了合流制和分流制的优缺点,并重点对雨污分流排水系统存在的问题、改造措施以及雨污分流效益分析进行了详细的介绍,最后指出城市排水系统在水污染防治中的作用和发展前景。     

Dilution with air to minimise consequences of toxic/flammable gas releases

Dilution has long been considered a solution to many problems of toxic/flammable material releases. It implies diluting to a concentration that is below physiologically dangerous levels for a toxic substance (generally below TLV), or to a level below LFL for a flammable material release, ensuring that the process adopted for dilution does not itself enhance the risks.

In this paper, we discuss the dilution of a gaseous release by deliberate and cautious mixing with air to reduce its concentration to a harmless level. The idea bears its origin to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy where some families saved themselves by turning the ceiling fans on when MIC reached their bedrooms at the dead of very cold night on December 2–3, 1984. The air pushed in by the fans diluted the MIC to below the harm level.

Some of the advantages of using air dilution are: no cost of air, no air storage needed, no need to treat the air after use as in case of water curtains; required equipment, its maintenance and staff training in its use are very likely to cost less than in other ways of handling a release.

Air dilution may not be feasible in all cases, such as gaseous release within a congested equipment layout, release that forms a liquid pool, etc. The method needs to be evaluated for each case.     

扇形水幕抑制丙烷气体扩散的数值模拟

由于丙烷气体具有易燃易爆的危险性,不宜采用试验研究.二氧化碳与丙烷在标准状况下密度相当,同属于重气,因此,在研究中拟用二氧化碳代替丙烷.首先利用Fluent对扇形水幕抑制二氧化碳的扩散进行了数值模拟,模拟所设定的参数均与试验相同,在与试验数据进行对比后验证了Fluent模拟重气扩散的有效性及可行性.然后利用Fluent对水幕抑制丙烷扩散进行了数值模拟,从模拟过程中得出,水幕产生的阻挡作用、机械湍流作用及造成的空气卷吸作用对丙烷的扩散起到很好的抑制效果.通过设置不同水幕压力和泄漏源与水幕之间的距离,对其影响扇形水幕抑制丙烷扩散的效果进行了数值模拟,结果表明扇形水幕压力越大抑制效果越好、水幕距泄漏源距离越近抑制效果越好.     

消防水幕对有害气体阻隔效果的试验研究

为研究消防水幕对有害气体的阻隔效果,通过大型和小型2种尺度的试验,测定大型真实水幕对液化石油气的阻隔效果,并建立实验室小尺寸水幕模型,测定水幕对液化石油气、氯气、氨气、二氧化碳等气体的阻隔效果。此外,在小尺寸模型中,添加特定化学药剂测定水幕对氨气和氯气的阻隔效果。结果表明:消防水幕可以有效地阻隔和稀释有害气体;在水源中添加特定的化学药剂,可以有效地提高水幕阻隔和稀释的效果,阻隔效率达到90%以上。为消防部队今后处置化学事故提供切实可靠的数据支撑。     

一体式A/O生物接触氧化法处理生活污水回用研究

采用一体式A/O生物接触氧化工艺处理生活污水,研究回流比和在有无回流的情况下改变气水比等因素对系统性能的影响.结果表明,在进水流量5L/h,气水比为20:1,进水有机负荷0.517 kg/(m<'3>·h),回流比为3时,出水COD和氨氮分别为8.86mg/L和4.32mg/L,达到城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T1892...     

正压法测除尘器漏风率的理论探讨

目前,漏风率测试一般在整个系统安装完成后进行,测试结果对保证除尘器漏风率指标意义不大。针对这一问题,提出在除尘器安装保温层前用正压法测除尘器的漏风率,并对该方法进行了详细介绍。     

Workspace design for crane cabins applying a combined traditional approach and the Taguchi method for design of experiments

Procedures in the development process of crane cabins are arbitrary and subjective. Since approximately 42% of incidents in the construction industry are linked to them, there is a need to collect fresh anthropometric data and provide additional recommendations for design. In this paper, dimensioning of the crane cabin interior space was carried out using a sample of 64 crane operators’ anthropometric measurements, in the Republic of Serbia, by measuring workspace with 10 parameters using nine measured anthropometric data from each crane operator. This paper applies experiments run via full factorial designs using a combined traditional and Taguchi approach. The experiments indicated which design parameters are influenced by which anthropometric measurements and to what degree. The results are expected to be of use for crane cabin designers and should assist them to design a cabin that may lead to less strenuous sitting postures and fatigue for operators, thus improving safety and accident prevention.     

轴向约束钢柱温度应力影响因素研究

建筑结构多为超静定结构.火灾条件下,组成结构的各构件在受到不均匀温度作用时,构件内将会产生温度应力.温度应力增加了构件的作用荷载,并影响受火钢柱的稳定性,是导致约束钢柱屈服破坏的主要原因.根据文献分析,轴向约束钢柱的温度应力影响因素主要有轴向约束刚度、长细比、初应力水平和构件升温.采用试验方法研究各因素对约束钢柱温度应力的影响规律.在温度应力增长阶段,构件所产生的温度应力与构件的温度升高值之间为线性关系,温度越高,温度应力越大.温度应力随轴向约束刚度和长细比的增大而增大;初应力水平越高,温度应力值越小.初应力水平的大小不影响温度应力的增长,但决定构件何时进入塑性状态.     

工伤保险第一讲工伤保险的意义与作用

目前 ,我国工伤保险加快了改革的步伐 ,工伤保险必将对安全生产起到很大的促进作用。讲座从工伤保险的意义与作用、现状与发展、基本原则和特点、工伤保险补偿待遇、工伤保险费率水平与调节作用及工伤保险基金管理等方面讲述了工伤保险及其相关知识     

温度和C/N比对生物膜反硝化速率的影响

温度和C/N比是影响生物反硝化速率的2个重要参数,以反硝化生物膜为对象,研究了温度和C/N比对生物膜反硝化速率的影响.实验结果表明,生物膜在25 ℃下的反硝化速率要比13 ℃下的大;C/N比越高生物膜反硝化速率越大.     

Bicycle helmet effectiveness is not overstated

Objective: The objective of this study was to discuss the challenges in estimating bicycle helmet effectiveness from case–control studies of injured cyclists and to estimate helmet effectiveness from cases and available exposure data.

Methods: Data were extracted from studies of cyclists in Seattle; Victoria and New South Wales, Australia; and The Netherlands. Estimates of helmet use were used as exposure to compute relative risks for Seattle and Victorian data. Cycling distance data are routinely collected in The Netherlands; however, these data cannot be disaggregated by helmet use, which makes it unsuitable for estimating helmet effectiveness. Alternative controls were identified from larger cohorts for the Seattle and New South Wales cases.

Results: Estimates of helmet effectiveness were similar from odds ratios (ORs) using hospital controls or from relative risks (RRs) using helmet use estimates (Seattle: OR = 0.339, RR = 0.444; Victoria: OR = 0.500, RR = 0.353). Additionally, the odds ratios using hospital controls were similar when controls were taken from a larger cohort for head injury of any severity (Seattle: OR = 0.250, alt OR = 0.257; NSW: OR = 0.446, alt OR = 0.411) and for serious head injury (Seattle: OR = 0.135, alt OR = 0.139; NSW: OR = 0.335, alt OR = 0.308). Although relevant exposure data were unavailable for The Netherlands, the odds ratio for helmet effectiveness of those using racing, mountain, or hybrid bikes was similar to other estimates (OR = 0.371).

Conclusions: Despite potential weaknesses with case–control study designs, the best available evidence suggests that helmet use is an effective measure of reducing cycling head injury.