以设计精准修复方案为目标的土壤重金属形态分布研究

农田土壤原位钝化/稳定化修复是通过向土壤中添加化学药剂以降低重金属活性、抑制土壤重金属向农作物迁移进而降低重金属风险的一种修复技术。针对河南省某重金属污染农田土壤,为制定精准的原位稳定化修复方案,采集32个表层土壤样品测定其Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 7种元素全量,并利用BCR连续提取法测定弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态4种形态含量。结果表明:土壤Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr含量的平均值分别为1.90、144.91、7.33、32.24、91.40、28.80和19.76 mg·kg-1,Cd和Pb含量分别超过HJ/T 332—2006《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》的3.17和1.81倍。BCR形态分析表明,弱酸提取态Cd含量占全量比例较高,平均值为24.06%;土壤80.35%的Pb以可还原态存在,其余5种元素主要以残渣态存在。基于不同元素的弱酸提取态含量与全量建立回归分析模型,结果显示各元素的弱酸提取态含量随全量呈线性变化且两者的正相关关系显著;根据Cd、Pb 2种元素全量与弱酸提取态含量的空间分布差异对研究区域进行分区,基于土壤全量Cd和弱酸提取态Cd含量的分区结果有一定差异,而基于弱酸提取态Cd与弱酸提取态Pb含量的分区结果大致相同,能够为设计精准的修复方案提供依据。最后,分别以重金属全量与有效态含量为出发点对研究区域重金属的污染程度与存在风险给予评价,Hakanson风险评价结果表明土壤Cd存在极强的潜在生态风险,风险评价编码法评价结果则显示Cd为中等风险,两者之间的差异提示土壤重金属修复需综合考虑不同评价方法的评价结果,这为重金属的修复评价奠定基础。     

华北平原地区某铅冶炼厂附近土壤重金属有效性研究(Heavy Metal Availability in Soil near a Lead Smelter in the North China Plain)

为研究华北平原地区某铅冶炼厂对附近农田土壤和居民点内土壤重金属有效性的影响,在距离冶炼厂烟囱1000m和2500m处设置A1和A2两个采样断面(两断面间有一居民点),采取0～20cm土样,测定DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量.结果表明,A1断面DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd平均含量均低于A2断面.A1断面土壤DTPA-Pb和Cd变化范围分别为7.18～37.8和0.250～0.950mg·kg-1,平均值分别为25.2和0.580mg·kg-1;A2断面DTPA-Pb和Cd变化范围分别为14.7～133和0.280～2.35mg·kg-1,平均值分别为59.9和1.16mg·kg-1.所有样品的DTPA-Ni、Cu和Zn含量均小于5.5mg·kg-1.随着采样点距离冶炼厂烟囱距离的增加,土壤中DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量呈非线性下降,可用幂方程(Ni、Cu和Pb)或对数方程(Zn和Cd)拟合.用Pb和Cd的拟合方程计算得到的研究区内居民点中心位置土壤DTPA-Pb和Cd含量分别为30.0和0.731mg·kg-1,高于地带性土壤背景值.DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的含量之间均存在极显著线性正相关关系(p<0.01).以上结果表明,冶炼厂造成研究区内土壤Pb和Cd有效性远高于正常水平,并导致Ni、Cu和Zn有效性有一定程度的升高,附近居民点内居民受到土壤高铅和高镉有效性的威胁;土壤铅和镉升高的范围达到距离冶炼厂烟囱2.8km以外区域.     

单一及复合重金属污染对土壤酶活性的影响

采用外源添加重金属和室内培养的方法研究重金属Cd、Pb对滩涂盐渍土脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响,为中国沿海地区土壤重金属污染的监测及重金属对潜在生态环境影响等方面的研究提供参考依据。重金属Cd添加至土壤的质量分数为0、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg.kg-1,重金属Pb添加至土壤的质量分数为0、100、200、400 mg.kg-1,采用完全随机区组设计,3次重复。结果表明：重金属质量分数较低时,单一重金属对土壤脲酶活性具有促进,对过氧化氢酶活性具有抑制作用;重金属质量分数较高时,对土壤脲酶活性具有抑制作用,对土壤过氧化氢酶具有促进作用。重金属Cd、Pb对土壤酶活性的影响存在交互作用,重金属Cd对土壤脲酶活的性影响起主导作用,重金属Pb对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响起主导作用。经逐步回归分析,有效态重金属的质量分数低水平时,土壤脲酶活性与重金属Cd呈现显著负相关;土壤过氧化氢酶活性与重金属Pb呈现显著正相关。     

不同土地利用方式下Cd、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

为探寻合理的土地利用方式,减轻重金属污染,以上海市崇明岛为研究对象,结合室内盆栽模拟试验,研究了不同土地利用方式下Cd、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响,以期为合理规划土地功能和提高土壤健康程度提供科学依据。试验结果表明,农田、生活用地等受人类活动影响较明显的地区,其土壤酶活性低于湿地、林地、河道旁等人为扰动较少且水分充足的地区;土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性两两之间呈显著正相关(P<0.01),且土壤脲酶对Cd、Pb较敏感;土壤有机质与土壤酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05);Cd、Pb复合污染在低含量(Cd:0～1mg.kg-1;Pb:0～60mg.kg-1)时对土壤酶活性表现为促进作用,而高含量(Cd:0～20mg.kg-1;Pb:0～100mg.kg-1)时则表现为抑制作用。     

沙颍河沈丘段底泥、土壤中砷及重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价

为查明沙颍河沈丘段底泥、土壤中砷(As)和重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险,对底泥和土壤样品中的砷(As)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的含量水平进行测定,并进行潜在生态风险指数计算。结果表明,沙颍河沈丘段底泥中As含量为9.206～11.641mg·kg-1,距河5km的白果村农田土壤中As含量为8.52～80.31mg·kg-1,超标率达到57.8%,Cr、Hg、Cd和Pb的超标率分别达到32.8%、59.4%、67.2%和39.1%。沙颍河沈丘段底泥和附近村庄农田土壤中As和4种重金属的总潜在生态风险为中等生态风险,主要来源于Hg和As。     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅱ．分布于人居环境（村镇）内的电子废物拆解作坊及其附近农田的土壤重金属污染

电子废物拆解活动一般集中于村镇内靠近人居环境的区域,其污染对当地居民身体健康的影响最为直接.为了了解电子废物拆解活动所造成的重金属污染,对广东省清远市龙塘镇、石角镇内电子废物拆解作坊共29个表土样本以及附近农田33个土壤样本进行了取样,并分析了重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量.结果表明,龙塘镇电子废物拆解作坊表土中4种重金属的总含量平均值高达11086mg·kg-1,远高于电子废物焚烧迹地,其中Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd平均含量分别为3039.6、6371.5、1635.4和39.3mg·kg-1.从事电子废物拆解业历史较短的石角镇的拆解作坊表土中,4种重金属总含量和各金属平均含量均低于龙塘镇,显示出拆解历史越长,污染越严重的倾向.与焚烧工序相比,拆解工序中的Zn、Cd污染更为严重,Cu污染相近,Pb污染相对较低.在拆解作坊附近33个农田土壤样本中,Zn含量不超标,Cd含量超标最严重,超标率为78.8%,最大超标倍数达25.7倍,其次是Cu,超标率为63.7%,最大超标倍数达6.3倍,再次为Pb,超标率为48.5%,最大超标倍数为2.1倍.4种重金属的综合超标率达到81.8%.农田土壤中4种重金属与拆解作坊表土中重金属具有一定的同源性,并表现出共迁移特征.由此可见,研究地区大规模的电子废物拆解活动已对当地居民造成了严重的健康风险。     

云贵地区磷矿分布区农田土壤重金属污染特征及对农产品质量的影响

为了解云贵地区磷矿背景下农田土壤重金属污染和生物有效性特征,对云贵地区重点磷矿分布区玉米、水稻和设施蔬菜3种农田土壤和作物可食部分重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn)含量进行测定,分析农田土壤重金属污染特征,并探究其对农产品重金属含量的影响。结果表明,云贵地区磷矿分布区农田土壤普遍富集Cd和Pb,与当地背景值相比,Cd和Pb的平均富集系数分别达到2.31和2.39;玉米、水稻和大棚青菜可食部分中Cd的生物富集因子平均值分别为0.09、0.17和0.32,而Pb的生物有效性水平较低;磷矿分布区不同类型农作物对土壤重金属的吸收能力不同,大棚青菜对重金属的富集能力最强,水稻对Cd和Pb的吸收能力高于玉米;回归模型结果表明,土壤有效态重金属含量以及pH、有机质和MgO等理化性质显著影响3种农作物可食部分重金属含量(P0.05)。     

Cd、Pb污染对几种叶类蔬菜生长的影响及其毒害症状

通过生物盆栽试验,研究了重金属Cd、Pb污染对3种叶类蔬菜(青菜、白菜、菠菜)生长的影响.结果表明,1)重金属污染对叶类蔬菜生长的影响及毒害症状因重金属种类和蔬菜品种而异.其中青菜对Pb污染敏感性最低,仅在高浓度污染时才表现出生长抑制作用.较低浓度Cd、Pb对蔬菜生长还具有一定促进作用.青菜、白菜和菠菜体内Cd累积量与土壤中Cd投加量呈显著线性关系(r2分别为0.995、0.992、0.958);2)蔬菜在不同重金属污染浓度下的吸收和富集能力存在差异.青菜和白菜在300mg·kg-1Cd投加量时表现出最大的富集能力(p<0.05).Pb处理下,白菜Pb富集系数始终低于青菜和菠菜,青菜的最大Pb富集系数出现在Pb投加量为2900mg·kg-1时;而菠菜则在Pb投加量1500mg·kg-1时表现出最强的Pb富集能力.     

我国典型土壤上重金属污染对番茄根伸长的抑制毒性效应

采用盆栽试验观测了我国3种典型土壤——黄泥土、褐土、红壤上不同重金属(铜、锌、铅)作用下敏感植物番茄的根伸长,其中黄泥土和褐土上重金属添加量范围为Cu(0～2000mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～4000mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～5000mg·kg-1),红壤上为Cu(0～400mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～750mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～2000mg·kg-1).对不同土壤上Cu、Zn、Pb对番茄的根伸长抑制率进行了比较,以阐明不同土壤上重金属种类及用量对蔬菜根生长的抑制及毒性效应.结果表明,相同Cu、Zn、Pb污染水平(添加量)下,土壤中重金属对番茄的根伸长抑制率大小顺序基本表现为:红壤>黄泥土>褐土.番茄对红壤中的重金属最敏感,其次是黄泥土,再次是褐土.番茄对不同重金属的毒性响应不同,对Cu最敏感,Zn和Pb次之.土壤中有效态重金属含量与番茄根伸长呈显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)负相关,表明有效态重金属含量是影响蔬菜根伸长的重要因素.     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅳ. 电子废物不当回收地区流域水体沉积物的重金属污染

为了解电子废物不当处置活动对小流域内水体沉积物金属污染的影响,采集了位于广东省清远市龙塘镇和石角镇的电子废物焚烧和酸解活动核心区内水塘和水库的0～40cm沉积物以及附近河流大燕河表层(0～5cm)沉积物样本,分析了样本中的金属(水塘、水库:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr;大燕河:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Mg、Mn)含量.作为对照,对珠江口伶仃洋沉积物中的5种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr)含量也进行了分析.结果表明,1)在核心区内,5种重金属的平均含量在接近酸解作坊的水塘沉积物中呈Cu(766.16mg·kg-1)>Zn(181.12mg·kg-1)>Pb(129.56mg·kg-1)>Cr(1.89mg·kg-1)≈Cd(1.12mg·kg-1),在其下游的水库沉积物中呈现相同的规律,但水塘沉积物的Cu、Zn、Pb含量均高于水库.水塘、水库沉积物重金属含量分布规律明显不同于伶仃洋沉积物,与伶仃洋沉积物相比,核心区水体沉积物Cu含量特别高,是伶仃洋沉积物的7～17倍,Pb和Cd则分别是伶仃洋的2.3～3.0倍和1.9～2.4倍,Zn、Cr含量与伶仃洋沉积物相近.2)Zn含量在核心区水体沉积物中均呈现出在20.0～30.0cm深度最高的趋势,Cu、Pb含量在水库沉积物中也有类似的表现,说明该深度的沉积物可能是电子废物回收处置活动最频繁的时期形成的,近年来随着政府取缔工作的加强,电子废物非法处置活动的减少,Zn、Cu、Pb含量有明显的下降.3)大燕河沉积物中6种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni)的总含量表现为中游下段(1261.3mg·kg-1)>中游中段(1049.2mg·kg-1)>中游上段(401.8mg·kg-1)>上游(364.6mg·kg-1)>下游(215.4mg·kg-1).Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量均在中游下段的沉积物中出现最大值,次大值出现在中游中段,Ni、Cd在中游中段出现最大值,次大值出现在中游下段.中游中、下段沉积物中金属含量最大值和其上游(或中游上段)河段含量最低值的比值呈现Cu(10.1)>Cr(7.8)>Zn(3.8)>Cd(2.0)>Pb(1.9)>Ni(1.8),显示这些重金属主要从中游中、下段进入大燕河沉积物,其中Cu污染最为严重,而Cr污染可能与水土流失或当地其他活动释放的Cr有关.4)比较流域内土壤和各种沉积物以及伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的构成比例发现,核心区土壤和沉积物以及大燕河沉积物中的重金属具有明显的同源性.随着离源区距离的增加,重金属的构成比例中最明显的变化是Cu的比例下降以及Zn的比例上升。     

Assessment of heavy metals contamination in soils surrounding a gold mine: comparison of two digestion methods

This study investigated two digestion methods (USEPA 3051: microwave, HNO₃ or Hossner: hot plate, HF–H₂SO₄–HClO₄) for heavy metals analysis in contaminated soil surrounding Mahad AD'Dahab mine, Saudi Arabia. Moreover, contamination metal levels were estimated. The Hossner and USEPA 3051 methods showed, respectively, average total contents of 17.2 and 18.1 mg kg^?1 for Cd, 11.6 and 10.6 mg kg^?1 for Co, 45.7 and 34.7 mg kg^?1 for Cr, 1030 and 1100 mg kg^?1 for Cu, 33,300 and 27,400 mg kg^?1 for Fe, 963 and 872 mg kg^?1 for Mn, 33.2 and 22.8 mg kg^?1 for Ni, 791 and 782 mg kg^?1for Pb, and 6320 and 2870 mg kg^?1 for Zn. A lack of significant differences and a high correlation coefficient (>90%) for Cd, Pb and Cu between the two digestion methods suggest that the total-recoverable method (USEPA 3051) may be equivalent to the total-total digestion method (Hossner) for determining these metals in the studied soil. However, significantly higher concentrations of Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn were found by the Hossner method comapred with the USEPA 3051 method. The soil samples have very or extremely high levels of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb contamination, indicating very high potential ecological risk.     

Heavy metals and soil microbes

Heavy metal pollution is a global issue due to health risks associated with metal contamination. Although many metals are essential for life, they can be harmful to man, animal, plant and microorganisms at toxic levels. Occurrence of heavy metals in soil is mainly attributed to natural weathering of metal-rich parent material and anthropogenic activities such as industrial, mining, agricultural activities. Here we review the effect of soil microbes on the biosorption and bioavailability of heavy metals; the mechanisms of heavy metals sequestration by plant and microbes; and the effects of pollution on soil microbial diversity and activities. The major points are: anthropogenic activities constitute the major source of heavy metals in the environment. Soil chemistry is the major determinant of metal solubility, movement and availability in the soil. High levels of heavy metals in living tissues cause severe organ impairment, neurological disorders and eventual death. Elevated levels of heavy metals in soils decrease microbial population, diversity and activities. Nonetheless, certain soil microbes tolerate and use heavy metals in their systems; as such they are used for bioremediation of polluted soils. Soil microbes can be used for remediation of contaminated soils either directly or by making heavy metals bioavailable in the rhizosphere of plants. Such plants can accumulate 100 mg g^?1 Cd and As; 1000 mg g^?1 Co, Cu, Cr, Ni and 10,000 mg g^?1 Pb, Mn and Ni; and translocate metals to harvestable parts. Microbial activity changes soil physical properties such as soil structure and biochemical properties such as pH, soil redox state, soil enzymes that influence the solubility and bioavailability of heavy metals. The concept of ecological dose (ED₅₀) and lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was developed in response to the need to easily quantify the influence of pollutants on microbial-mediated ecological processes in various ecosystems.     

Biosolids application affects the competitive sorption and lability of cadmium,copper, nickel,lead, and zinc in fluvial and calcareous soils

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of biosolids on the competitive sorption and lability of the sorbed Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in fluvial and calcareous soils. Competitive sorption isotherms were developed, and the lability of these metals was estimated by DTPA extraction following their sorption. Sorption of all metals was higher in the fluvial than in the calcareous soil. Sorption of Cu and Pb was stronger than that of Cd, Ni, and Zn in all soils. Biosolids application (2.5%) reduced the sorption of all metals especially Cu and Pb (28–43%) in both soils (especially the calcareous soil) at the lower added metal concentrations (50 and 100 mg L^?1). However, it increased the sorption of all metals especially Pb and Cu in both soils (especially the calcareous soil; 15.5-fold for Cu) at the higher added concentrations (250 and 300 mg L^?1). Nickel showed the highest lability followed by Cd, Zn, and Pb in both soils. Biosolids increased the lability of the sorbed Ni in the fluvial soils at all added concentrations and the lability of Cd, Pb, and Zn at 50 mg L^?1, but decreased the lability of Cd, Pb, and Zn at 250 and 300 mg L^?1 in both soils. We conclude that at low loading rate (e.g., 50 mg L^?1) biosolids treatment might increase the lability and environmental risk of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. However, at high loading rate (e.g., 300 mg L^?1) biosolids may be used as an immobilizing agent for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and mobilizing agent for Ni.     

Heavy metal pollution in soil and plants at bone char site

This study determined the heavy metal concentration in soil and plants at a bone char site in Umuahia, Nigeria. Soil and plant samples collected in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were analyzed for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). The concentration of metals in soil and plants in the vicinity of the bone char site are as follows: Zn (172?mg?kg^?1) and Ni (0.62?mg?kg^?1) in soil were highest at site P₃, Pb (2.37?mg?kg^?1) and As (0.08?mg?kg^?1) at site P₁, and Cd (18.30?mg?kg^?1) at site P₂. In plants, the concentrations of Zn (41.17?mg?kg^?1) and Cd (3?mg?kg^?1) were highest in Albizia ferruginea, Ni in Dialium guineense (0.09?mg?kg^?1), while Pb was in D. guineense (0.08?mg?kg^?1) and Spathodea companulata (0.06?mg?kg^?1). The levels of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and As in soil ranged from 11.2 to 172, 2.68 to 18.2, 0.026 to 2.37, 0.33 to 0.62, and 0.02 to 0.08?mg?kg^?1, respectively. In plants, the concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni ranged from 2.01 to 41.17, 0.12 to 3, 0.02 to 0.08, and 0.03 to 0.09?mg?kg^?1, respectively. There were significant correlations between Zn and Cd, and Pb and As in soil. The high concentration of Cd in soil might affect soil productivity.     

Background levels of heavy metals in plants of different taxonomic groups from a montane rain forest in Sri Lanka

An undisturbed natural reserve area iocated in a tropical montane rain forest at about 1800 m altitude in Sri Lanka served as a study site to investigate and assess the natural background concentration levels of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in plants representing different taxonomic groups (divisions) in the plant kingdom. The plants selected were: the lichen,Usnea barbata (old man's beard);Pogonatum sp. (a moss);Lycopodium selago (epiphytic lycopod);Polypodium lanceolatum (epiphytic fern);Bulbophyllum elliae (epiphytic orchid) andActinodaphne ambigua (dicotyledonous large tree). Degree of homogeneity with respect to Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in homogenised materials of all samples were within acceptable limits, whereasPogonatum sp. showed the highest degree of homogeneity for Pb. In addition to confirming extremely low levels of heavy metals in all plant species, the survey also found that generally the primitive plants,Usnea andPogonatum appear to have a greater tendency to accumulate As, Cd, Co and Pb; in particular,U. barbata appears to be an efficient accumulator for those heavy metals, suggesting its potential use in environmental studies.Actinodaphne ambigua was found to have a specific accumulating ability for nickel. Surface cleaning of theA. ambigua leaves resulted in a substantial decrease in the foliar contents of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn. Variations in heavy metal contents observed in different plant genera are discussed in terms of their habits and place of growth in the forest. It is anticipated that the background levels presented in this paper from a remote, unpolluted tropical ecosystem will provide useful reference data for comparative environmental studies.     

Assessment of metal contamination in soil banks of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria)

Levels of six trace metals were assessed in bank soils of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria) and their association with soil properties was investigated. Samples were collected at 10 sites. The soils are neutral to moderately alkaline, have high contents of carbonate, and are low in organic carbon and clay. Mean metal concentrations are 1.1 (Cd), 63 (Cr), 20 (Cu), 26 (Ni), 31 (Pb), and 98 (Zn) mg kg^?1. The Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents in soil from sites closest to Constantine City were higher than in uncontaminated soils worldwide, indicating accumulation due to human activities (residential, industrial, and agricultural). Statistical analyses (correlation and principal component analysis) demonstrated that Cd, Pb, and Zn are of anthropogenic origin in the urban areas, whereas Cr and Cu enrichment in some situations is caused by industrial activities, while Ni was geogenic.     

基于土壤酶总体活性评价铅锌尾矿砂坍塌区土壤重金属污染

为探讨利用土壤酶总体活性表征铅锌尾矿砂造成的土壤重金属污染程度,本文对阳朔思的村水稻田、柑橘园和玉米地土壤中铅、锌、铜、镉的有效态质量分数以及参与土壤碳、氮、磷循环的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶活性进行了测定。结果表明：供试土壤中镉、铅、锌的有效态质量分数（分别为2.39-4.42、173.71-221.66、140.11-244.10 mg＆#183; kg-1）均高于其全量在GB15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的Ⅱ级标准,分别是Ⅱ级标准值的9.56-14.73、2.18-2.77、0.77-1.22倍,并且土壤中有效态镉带来的潜在生态风险最高。为进一步评价铅锌尾矿砂给不同土地利用类型土壤带来的生态环境风险,在对土壤重金属有效态质量分数进行归一化处理后,发现土壤重金属污染程度从高到低依次为水稻田、柑橘园、玉米地。由于土壤中的重金属复合污染物铅、锌、铜、镉对土壤酶活性的影响既有抑制作用,又有激活作用,因此不同土地利用类型下的单一土壤酶活性状态与土壤所遭受的重金属污染程度呈现出不一致的变化规律。而以土壤总体酶活性指数对各样本进行分类,发现水稻田、柑橘园、玉米地的土壤总体酶活性指数分别为4.345、5.153、5.502,其结果与以重金属有效态归一化处理之后获得的综合污染指数划分结果呈反比,从而说明利用土壤总体酶活性指数来表征不同土地利用类型下的土壤重金属综合污染状况是切实有效的。     

宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物重金属形态迁移特征

在宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物基本理化性质和重金属元素含量分析的基础上,重点研究了重金属元素在街尘、土壤及河流沉积物中的赋存形态和迁移特征.结果表明:在街尘中Cu主要以可氧化态和残余态形式存在,Pb主要以可还原态和可氧化态形式存在,Zn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cr主要以残余态形式存在...