湿法脱硫石膏特性研究进展

脱硫石膏作为燃煤电厂湿法脱硫工艺的主要副产物,广泛用作建筑和工业材料。对脱硫石膏和天然石膏从多角度进行了对比分析,并对脱硫石膏品质的各种影响因素进行了综述,详细介绍了脱硫浆液品质、p H值、石灰石品质、停留时间和烟气杂质的影响机理最新研究成果。从结晶过程角度总结了温度改变结晶诱导时间和石膏晶形的研究进展,针对浆液过饱和度、搅拌速率、金属离子影响结晶的研究进行概述。各种研究成果表明,较低的浆液温度降低和较高的过饱和度均不利于维持稳定的柱状晶形,从而影响石膏脱水效率。     

基于pH值分区控制的湿法烟气脱硫增效研究

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统在我国具有广泛的应用,如何提高传统WFGD系统的污染物脱除效率,对燃煤电站SO_2实现超低排放具有重要的意义.本文基于pH分区控制,设计搭建了新型双循环湿法烟气脱硫试验系统,重点研究了烟气量、SO_2浓度、喷淋密度等对pH分区特性及系统脱硫性能的影响.研究发现,随着烟气量、入口SO_2浓度的增加,喷淋密度的降低,主副浆液池pH值差值增大;脱硫效率随着烟气量、入口SO——2浓度的降低,喷淋密度的增加而升高.基于pH分区控制的新型双循环湿法烟气脱硫系统相比传统脱硫系统内部结构简单、同时具有较高的污染物脱除效率,可为现有脱硫系统增效改造提供一条有利途径.     

复合脱硫添加剂在湿法烟气脱硫系统中的工程应用

在某300MW脱硫机组对添加剂强化SO2吸收,实现高效SO2脱除的作用规律进行了研究.结果表明,脱硫添加剂的加入可以有效提高WFGD系统污染物的脱除效率,减少吸收塔浆液池浆液pH值的波动,提高石灰石传质,增加石灰石利用率和脱硫副产品石膏的品质;添加剂对SO2浓度变化具有良好的适应性,能够保证系统高效、长期稳定的运行;添加剂在脱硫系统的主要损失是石膏携带导致.通过添加剂实现WFGD系统的高效稳定运行是一种有效的手段.     

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫浆液质量监控方法的研究

按照现行检测技术规范中对石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫吸收浆液和循环浆液中主要化学成分的测定方法有时又不一定适用于企业的脱硫工艺,为此结合企业对监控时间、效率和烟气脱硫石膏品质的不同要求,对脱硫吸收浆液和循环浆液测定方法进行研究,制定了脱硫过程各浆液质量监控的测定方法。     

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫技术研究

本文以内蒙古某发电厂两个机组的脱硫项目为依托,深入分析研究了石灰石-石膏脱硫工艺,对其化学反应过程和机理进行了总结和探讨;对石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫系统工艺流程及设备进行了剖析;并通过绘制曲线具体分析了主要参数对脱硫效率的影响,如烟气温度、原烟气进口SO2浓度、烟气中O2含量、循环浆液 pH 值、吸收塔烟气流速、液气比及Ca/S等对脱硫效率的影响.     

白泥烟气脱硫技术与燃煤电厂工程应用

系统地考察了白泥的物化特性、白泥脱硫浆液的特性,并对w（白泥浆液）、pH等因素对脱硫性能的影响进行了研究.在国电肇庆热电有限公司2×350 MW超临界锅炉机组上开展了工程化应用研究,对比研究了白泥脱硫与传统石灰石-石膏法脱硫的性能与石膏副产物特性.结果表明:w（白泥浆液）和pH对脱硫效率影响较为明显,w（白泥浆液）低于12.5%的条件（5.0%、8.0%）下,pH由10.0减至6.0时,脱硫效率逐渐减小;w（白泥浆液）为12.5%的条件下,pH对脱硫效率的影响基本可以忽略;在三层浆液喷淋填料塔内,液气比为8 L/m3,空塔气速为0.4 m/s,脱硫效率最高可达96.7%以上.350 MW燃煤电厂白泥脱硫工程应用结果表明,采用单塔双循环工艺,在运行负荷为240~249 MW范围内,ρ（SO₂）为1 948~1 999 mg/m3的条件下,白泥脱硫的效率（99.25%~99.49%）优于石灰石-石膏法（99.18%~99.20%）;白泥作为脱硫剂时,烟气出口ρ（SO₂）最低仅为10 mg/m3,可满足超低排放标准对SO₂控制的要求.研究显示,与石灰石-石膏法生成的石膏副产物相比,白泥脱硫石膏在酸不溶物、含水率等指标及外观方面基本接近,符合建材制品要求,满足副产物资源化要求.      

湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔仿真模型开发及应用

吸收塔作为石灰石/石膏湿法烟气脱硫系统的核心部件,关于其脱硫效率影响因素众多,动态特性非常复杂,一直难以通过化学反应动力学模型以及计算流体力学模型对其进行精确定量描述。文章首先引用典型相关分析理论,对吸收塔输入参数与输出参数两组变量之间的相关性进行统计分析,完成数据初步筛选;然后引用主成分分析方法,把多元变量间的相关性研究化为少数几对变量之间的相关性研究,最后以进口烟气流量、进口烟气温度、进口烟气SO2浓度、液气比、进口烟尘浓度、烟气流速、石膏浆液密度、石膏浆液pH值等参数为输入变量,运用多神经网络建模技术来完成吸收塔动态实时仿真模拟。太仓港环保电厂脱硫装置实际应用表明:该模型脱硫效率预测误差小于1%,吸收塔内出口压力预测误差小于50 Pa,完全满足工程应用精度。壤剖面多环芳烃主要来源于煤的高温不完全燃烧产物,兼有少量的石油污染贡献。这与武汉市以煤为主的复合型能源利用结构相符合。     

控制氧化对湿法烟气脱硫过程的影响研究

在喷射鼓泡反应器上进行了控制氧化对湿法烟气脱硫过程的影响研究,测定了脱硫率η和pH随时间t的变化规律,得出了η与t的回归式及η与pH值的关系规律,讨论了不同曝气强度及抑制剂浓度对CaCO3利用率α、pH值及脱硫率η的影响。实验表明强制氧化及抑制氧化均能提高脱硫效率η及CaCO3利用率α,但对浆液pH值的影响正好相反,强制氧化使浆液pH值下降的更快,而抑制氧化则使浆液pH值有所提高。     

粉煤灰对脱硫用石灰石溶解特性的影响研究

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫是我国广泛应用的脱硫技术,其中石灰石（CaCO3）活性对优化脱硫装置的设计,降低脱硫成本,提高脱硫效率显得尤为重要。通过实验对CaCO,活性进行了研究,在固定pH值的条件下,采用酸滴定CaCO3浆液的方法,研究了不同pH值以及粉煤灰对CaCO3溶解率的影响。结果表明,在所测的pH值范围内,较低的pH值有利于CaCO3的溶解,pH值每降低0．5,CaCO3的溶解率增加8％左右。但为了保持吸收溶液的脱硫效果,一般选择pH值=5．0～5．5之间。粉煤灰对石灰石硫酸溶解的影响较小,初始2h内粉煤灰对CaCO3的溶解有较大的促进作用,2h后变为微弱的阻碍作用。     

湿法烟气脱硫用石灰石溶解数学模型研究

石灰石／石膏湿法烟气脱硫是我国广泛应用的脱硫技术,其中石灰石活性对优化脱硫装置的设计,降低脱硫成本．提高脱硫效率显得尤为重要。通过实验对石灰石活性进行了研究,在固定pH值的条件下,采用酸滴定石灰石浆液的方法．研究了不同pH值以及Cl-对石灰石溶解率的影响。结果表明,在所测的pH值范围内,较低的pH值有利于石灰石的溶解,pH值每降低0．5,石灰石的溶解率增加8％左右。但为了保持吸收溶液的脱硫效果,一般选择pH值在5．0．5．5之间。Cl-阻碍石灰石的溶解,Na^＋促进石灰石的溶解,且pH值越高作用越明显。此外,建立了石灰石溶解的数肇模型并与实验结果进行了比较．得到了较好的相似性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...