乌鲁木齐采暖期、非采暖期中学教室室内空气质量的监测分析

本文以乌鲁木齐市65中教室为研究对象,对采暖期和非采暖期教学环境空气质量进行了监测和分析,鉴于新疆地区的气候特征、民族组成特征及学校教学环境现状,本文对影响教学环境舒适性的4项指标:二氧化碳(CO_2)、苯系物、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)进行了监测,监测结果显示:在采暖期和非采暖期,TVOC均超过中小学教室卫生标准限制,其他指标均未超限,采暖期4项指标均高于非采暖期,采暖期CO_2、苯系物、TVOC和PM10四项指标监测平均值分别是899ppm、0.055mg/m~3、0.7 mg/m~3和0.1 mg/m~3。24h监测值显示除了苯系物浓度与教学时段和非教学时段没有明显的差异性,其他3项指标在教学时间明显升高。     

乌鲁木齐市非采暖期环境空气质量变化特征分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市2013年至2014年非采暖期主要大气污染物的浓度变化进行比较,分析了乌鲁木齐市非采暖期PM10的浓度的变化特征,为非采暖期扬尘污染的治理提供了数据基础,并提出有效治理建议。     

小型乘用车内直链烃和芳香烃污染特征研究

文章依托美国EPA TO-15建立的罐采样-GC/MS测定环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法,对重庆市在售的国产/进口各类小型乘用车内空气VOCs进行测定。分析结果表明,车内空气均存在不同程度的污染,TVOC浓度范围在0.20~50.80 mg/m3之间,均值为5.42mg/m3,约75%新车TVOC浓度大于5 mg/m3。检测出烷烃和烯烃等直链烃15种,芳香烃13种,并且芳香烃浓度明显高于烷烃和烯烃。在直链烃中,四氯乙烯及二氯甲烷的浓度最高,均值为0.235 mg/m3和0.208 mg/m3,芳香烃以甲苯居多,均值为0.58 mg/m3。80%以上的新车含有二氯甲烷、二氯乙烯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯及苯乙烯等污染物。     

大庆市居民室内空气中TVOC污染现状分析

对大庆市119套精装修房屋室内的总挥发性有机物(TVOC)进行了检测,结果表明装修后大庆市居民室内TVOC户均值范围为0.1～10.9 mg/m3,户均值超标率为73.1%,最大超标倍数达17.2倍;超标2倍以上的占总户数的39.4%.刚装修完的房屋污染最严重,超标率达90%;TVOC挥发主要集中在装修后的两个月之内,之后TVOC浓度逐渐下降,刚完成装修时TVOC平均超标4.89倍,半年后TVOC浓度下降43.7%,一年后下降65.3%,两年后下降80.9%.各功能区的TVOC监测值接近,平均值范围在1.8～2.2 mg/m3之间,阳面卧室TVOC浓度略高于客厅;装修是造成居民室内TVOC污染的主要原因.     

乌鲁木齐市大气PM2.5中元素特征及风险评价

该文用玻璃纤维滤膜采集2019年乌鲁木齐市不同功能区采暖期和非采暖期的PM_(2.5)样品,经电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、冷原子荧光分光度仪对8种元素进行测定,运用地累积指数法和PMF模型进行元素来源分析,并对元素的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市非采暖期PM_(2.5)中各元素浓度水平为FeZnAsCuPbMnNiHg,采暖期整体表现为FeZnCu≈AsMnPbNiHg,且呈采暖期高于非采暖期特点。Igeo结果表明,乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(2.5)中Fe、As、Cu、Hg、Pb为极重污染,Zn为重度污染,Ni为中-重污染,Mn为无污染。PMF源解析结果表明,乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(2.5)中元素来源主要是机动车尾气排放、工业冶金和燃煤,其次燃油排放及燃煤排放产生的二次污染也是重要的来源。健康风险模型评估结果显示,乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(2.5)中非致癌元素均不存在非致癌风险。致癌元素As存在对人体致癌的风险。     

室内不同燃烧模式香烟污染的研究

香烟燃烧的主动吸烟、呼出烟雾、自由燃烧3种排放方式中,对一氧化碳CO、总挥发性有机物TVOC进行测定分析。自由燃烧模式较主动吸烟模式造成的CO和TVOC污染更高。对于室内环境的污染和被动吸烟者的危害,自由燃烧模式与呼出烟气模式的贡献比例CO和TVOC分别约为15/1和4/1。主动吸烟者吸入的烟气中CO和TVOC浓度可分别高达约10000mg/m3和800mg/m3,高出国家室内空气环境标准限量约1000倍,吸入的烟气中约有40%的CO通过肺部被人体吸收。     

博斯腾湖流域大气多环芳烃污染特征、干沉降通量及来源

本研究使用大气被动采样器(PAS-PUF)和干沉降被动采样器(Pas-DD),分别于2016年采暖期和2017年非采暖期对新疆博斯腾湖流域及周边地区15种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)大气浓度和干沉降进行了观测,并对其污染特征和来源进行了研究。结果表明,采暖期和非采暖期博斯腾湖流域PAHs大气浓度范围分别为6.38~245.43 ng·m-3和2.33~74.76 ng·m-3;采暖期与非采暖期均呈现出居民区湖泊周边塔中的空间分布。采暖期和非采暖期PAHs大气干沉降通量范围分别为0.45~18.10μg·(m2·d)-1和0.25~8.15μg·(m2·d)-1;采暖期居民区PAHs干沉降通量比湖泊周边和塔中采样点高,但在非采暖期塔中采样点高于其它采样点。整体而言,博斯腾湖流域大气及干沉降中PAHs在采暖期显著高于非采暖期,在采暖期与非采暖期均以菲(Phe)、芴(Flu)、荧蒽(Flua)和芘(Pyr)等3~4环PAHs为主。比值法源解析结果显示,博斯腾湖流域大气和干沉降中PAHs主要来源于煤炭和生物质燃烧;HYSPLIT前向和后向轨迹模拟结果表明,非采暖期居民区较高PAHs排放通过大气传输到达博斯腾湖区,经大气干沉降进入水体,可能会对博斯腾湖水生环境造成影响。     

西安市地下商场甲醛和TVOC污染水平与来源分析

为了解西安市地下商场室内甲醛和TVOC污染水平及来源。采用Z-300XP型便携式甲醛检测仪和Mini 3000型手持式VOCs气体检测仪对该市9个地下商场室内甲醛和TVOC质量浓度进行监测,并对地下商场内甲醛和TVOC的影响因素进行分析。结果显示西安市地下商场室内甲醛和TVOC质量浓度严重超标;各监测地下商场内甲醛和TVOC的平均质量浓度分别为0.05~0.26,0.34~3.56 mg/m3;6个地下商场的甲醛质量浓度超标,超标率为66.7%;7个地下商场的TVOC质量浓度超标,超标率为77.8%。大型地下商场内的甲醛和TVOC质量浓度污染比中小型地下商场的更为严重;室内装修和销售的商品是地下商场内甲醛和TVOC的主要来源,同时说明地下商场内的通风换气量严重不足。     

我国城市住宅室内空气挥发性有机物污染特征

通过调研1990年以来我国城市住宅室内空气污染的研究资料,提炼城市住宅室内空气中挥发性有机物的浓度数据,总结甲醛、苯系物等常见住宅室内挥发性有机物的污染水平和分布规律,并且对主要由装修引起的污染物浓度与装修时间的关系进行了探讨. 分析发现,我国城市居民住宅室内普遍呈现以甲醛、苯、二甲苯等污染物为主的装修型污染,甲醛是首要污染物,ρ(甲醛)平均值为0.05～0.61 mg/m3,ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(二甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)和ρ(TVOC)平均值分别为0.001~0.134、0.003~0.645、0.001~1.012、0.001~0.091和0.11~1.81 mg/m3. 新装修住宅室内空气中各种污染物均呈现较高的浓度水平,除甲醛外,其他挥发性有机物随着竣工时间的推移而快速下降.      

阜康大气气溶胶中水溶性无机离子粒径分布特征研究

为了解阜康大气气溶胶中水溶性无机离子的浓度水平、来源以及粒径分布,本研究于2011年2月~2012年2月利用8级惯性撞击式分级采样器采集了阜康大气气溶胶样品,使用离子色谱测定了其中水溶性无机离子含量.分析比较了非采暖期和采暖期主要离子的变化趋势、浓度水平、构成、来源以及粒径分布,在此基础上选取特殊采样日分析了重污染、秸秆燃烧以及春耕期的离子组成以及粒径分布的差异.结果表明,阜康细粒子、粗粒子中总水溶性无机离子(TWSI)在非采暖期和采暖期的浓度分别为11.17、12.68μg·m-3和35.98、22.22μg·m-3;非采暖期的SO2-4主要来自盐碱土扬尘,NO-3和NH+4主要来自农田土壤扬尘,而采暖期的SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4主要来自煤炭等化石燃料燃烧.8种离子在非采暖期和采暖期均呈现双峰分布,相对于非采暖期,采暖期的SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4在细粒径段的峰值发生了粒径增长,SO2-4和NH+4在粗粒径段的峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm处.重污染期间二次污染严重,离子主要分布在1.1~2.1μm处;秸秆燃烧期受生物质燃烧影响大,离子主要分布在<0.65μm粒径段;春耕期土壤扬尘较多,离子主要分布在>3.3μm粒径段.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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