Triton X-100在土壤颗粒上的吸附特征研究

采用平衡振荡法，研究了砂土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100的吸附特征。结果表明，砂颗粒对Triton X-100的吸附能力总体较低，单位吸附含量均＜1.1 mg/g；砂颗粒吸附Triton X-100过程中存在显著的吸附剂浓度效应，砂颗粒上Triton X-100含量随着固液比（吸附剂浓度）的增大而减小；吸附容量q_m与平衡常数K_L值随固液比变化而变化，Langmuir方程适用范围是起始浓度C₀相对较小的固液吸附体系；0.5～1 mm石英砂的吸附能力略＞0.2～0.5 mm石英砂，0.5～1 mm和0.2～0.5 mm石英砂吸附Triton X-100变化特征具有显著的一致性，采用高斯拟合模型可以反映出石英砂吸附Triton X-100的变化规律，相关系数R²均＞0.98。     

Surfactant-enhanced release of carbaryl and ethion from two long-term contaminated soils

The potential of five nonionic surfactants, Triton X-100, Brij35, Ethylan GE08, Ethylan CD127, and Ethylan CPG660 for enhancing release of carbaryl and ethion from two long-term contaminated soils was evaluated using the batch method. Incorporation of the surfactants into soils enhanced the release of both pesticides to various extents, which could be related to the type of pesticides and type and the amount of surfactants added. Release of ethion was dramatically enhanced by aqueous concentrations of surfactants above their critical micelle concentration values. This was attributed to solubility enhancement through incorporation of the highly hydrophobic compound within surfactant micelles. A concentration of 10 g L(-1) of various surfactants released >70% of the total ethion from the soil irrespective of the surfactant. For carbaryl, the surfactants were effective at low concentrations and dependence on concentration was lower than in the case of ethion. The ethylan surfactants (GE08, CD127, and CPG660) had a higher potential than Triton X-100 and Brij35 for releasing the pesticides. However, there was still a significant portion of carbaryl (11% of the total) and ethion (17% of the total) left in the soil. Our study also showed that there must be an optimal concentration of each surfactant to maximize the mass transfer of pesticides. At some threshold concentration level, additional surfactant started to inhibit the mass transfer of solute from the soil into the water. The results suggested that surfactants could help remediation of soils polluted by pesticides. The choice of surfactant should be made based on the properties of pesticides.     

Adsorption of methabenzthiazuron on six allophanic and nonallophanic soils: effect of organic matter amendment

This article reports on methabenzthiazuron [1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea] (MBT) adsorption process on six agricultural allophanic and nonallophanic soils. The effect of amendment with exogenous organic matter was also studied. Adsorption kinetic fits an hyperbolic model. MBT adsorption reached an apparent equilibrium within 2 h and followed a second-order reaction. The maximum adsorbed amounts for natural soils ranged from 32 to 145 microg g(-1). Rate constants were considered relatively low (0.27-1.5 x 10(-4) [microg g(-1)](1-n) s-1); the slow process was attributed to a combined effect of difussion and adsorption. MBT adsorption fits the Freundlich model with r values > or =0.998 at P < or = 0.001 significance levels. Kf and Freundlich exponents (l/n) ranged from 5.3 to 82.1 cm3 g(-1) and from 0.66 to 0.73, respectively. Kf values for soils with a low organic matter content were lower than that obtained from the only typical allophanic soil derived from volcanic ash under study. Lineal regression analysis between Kf and organic matter content of nonallophanic soils gave a correlation coefficient of 0.980 (P = 0.02). Dispersion of Kd values together with close values of K(OM) indicate that organic matter (OM) was the principal component responsible for MBT adsorption in unamended soils. Addition of peat decreased soil pH and increased adsorption capacity for allophanic and nonallophanic soils. Kinetic experiments showed enhancements of Xmax values and lower rate constants.     

蓖麻油衍生微乳液对菲的增溶和洗脱作用及其对菲污染土壤的修复机理

比较研究了蓖麻油硫酸盐(SCOS)与普通表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX100)、Tween 80(TW80)、Brij35、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)等对菲的增溶和洗脱作用.结果表明,菲表观溶解度与SCOS的浓度呈单一线性关系,SCOS微乳液对菲的增溶比SR=0.0314为最大,菲在微乳相和水相之间的分配系数logKem=4.44,大于菲在胶束相和水相之间的分配系数(logKmc).1:10土-水体系下,SCOS微乳液对菲污染土壤的清洗速率最快,清洗效率最高.SCOS有望成为土壤有机污染淋洗修复的增效试剂.     

Enhanced desorption of phenanthrene from contaminated soil using anionic/nonionic mixed surfactant

A new approach using an anionic/nonionic mixed surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) with Triton X-100 (TX100), was utilized for the desorption of phenanthrene from an artificial contaminated natural soil in an aim to improve the efficiency of surfactant remediation technology. The experimental results showed that the presence of SDS not only reduced the sorption of TX100 onto the natural soil, but also enhanced the solubilization of TX100 for phenanthrene, both of which resulted in the distribution of phenanthrene in soil-water systems decreasing with increasing mole fraction of SDS in surfactant solutions. These results can be attributed to the formation of mixed micelles in surfactant solution and the corresponding decrease in the critical micelle concentration of TX100 in mixed solution. The batch desorption experiments showed that the desorption percentage of phenanthrene from the contaminated soil with mixed solution was greater than that with single TX100 solution and appeared to be positively related to the mole fraction of SDS in surfactant solution. Thus, the anionic/nonionic mixed surfactants are more effective for the desorption of phenanthrene from the contaminated soil than a single nonionic surfactant.     

Soil remediation: humic acids as natural surfactants in the washings of highly contaminated soils

The remediation of the highly contaminated site around the former chemical plant of ACNA (near Savona) in Northern Italy is a top priority in Italy. The aim of the present work was to contribute in finding innovative and environmental-friendly technology to remediate soils from the ACNA contaminated site. Two soils sampled from the ACNA site (A and B), differing in texture and amount and type of organic contaminants, were subjected to soil washings by comparing the removal efficiency of water, two synthetic surfactants, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and Triton X-100 (TX100), and a solution of a natural surfactant, a humic acid (HA) at its critical micelle concentration (CMC). The extraction of pollutants by sonication and soxhlet was conducted before and after the soil washings. Soil A was richer in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas soil B had a larger content of thiophenes. Sonication resulted more analytically efficient in the fine-textured soil B. The coarse-textured soil A was extracted with a general equal efficiency also by soxhlet. Clean-up by water was unable to exhaustively remove contaminants from the two soils, whereas all the organic surfactants revealed very similar efficiencies (up to 90%) in the removal of the contaminants from the soils. Hence, the use of solutions of natural HAs appears as a better choice for soil washings of highly polluted soils due to their additional capacity to promote microbial activity, in contrast to synthetic surfactants, for a further natural attenuation in washed soils.     

Effect of surfactant alkyl chain length on soil cadmium desorption using surfactant/ligand systems

The effect of surfactant alkyl chain length on soil Cd desorption was studied using nonionic surfactants of polyethylene oxide (PEO) of PEO chain lengths of 7.5 (Triton X-114), 9.5 (Triton X-100), 30 (Triton X-305), or 40 units (Triton X-405) in combination with the I- ligand. Triplicate 1 g soil samples were equilibrated with 15 ml of surfactant-ligand mixture, at concentrations of 0.025, 0.50 or 0.10, and 0.0, 0.168 or 0.336 mol/l, respectively. After shaking the samples for 24 h, the supernatant fraction was analyzed for Cd content to determine the percent of Cd desorbed from the soil. After five successive washings, 53%, 40% and 25% of Cd had been desorbed by 0.025, 0.050 or 0.10 mol/l of Triton X-114, respectively, in the presence of 0.336 mol/l of I-, whereas with the same conditions, Triton X-100 desorbed 61%, 57% and 56% Cd and either Triton X-305 or Triton X-405 desorbed 51, 40 and 14 to 16% Cd. The most efficient Cd desorption was obtained using 0.025 mol/l Triton X-100 in admixture with 0.336 mol/l I-. Increased surfactant concentration was detrimental to Cd desorption consistent with a process that blocked ligand access to the soil particle surface. After 5 washings,the cumulative cadmium desorption decreased with increasing surfactant alkyl chain length, indicating that the metal-ligand complexes are preferably stabilized by the micelles' hydrophobic octyl phenyl (OP) group rather than by the hydrophilic PEO group. In the absence of ligand, the surfactants alone desorbed less than 1% Cd from the contaminated soil, suggesting that the ligand, rather than the surfactant, extracts the metal, to be subsequently stabilized within the surfactant micelles.     

Sodium dodecyl sulphate-enhanced desorption of atrazine: effect of surfactant concentration and of organic matter content of soils

A study was made of the adsorption-desorption of atrazine in aqueous medium in five soils with organic matter (OM) contents in the range 1.4-10.3% and also of the desorption of the herbicide in aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of 0.75, 1.50, 5 and 10. The adsorption and desorption isotherms in water together with the desorption isotherms in SDS solutions with concentrations of 0.75 and 1.50 cmc fit the Freundlich adsorption equation. All the desorption isotherms displayed hysteresis. The increase or reduction in hysteresis of the desorption isotherms in SDS solutions with respect to those of desorption in water depend on the SDS concentration and on the OM content of the soils. Below the cmc, SDS only increases the desorption of atrazine in the soil with the highest OM content (10.3%). However, above the cmc (5 and 10 cmc) the desorption of atrazine increases in all soils, the efficiency of desorption increasing with the OM content of the soils.     

表面活性剂在北京碱性土壤中的吸附行为研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京碱性土壤对阴离子表面活性剂SDS、阳离子表面活性剂CTAB和非离子表面活性剂Tween80的吸附行为,考察了温度对表面活性剂吸附的影响.结果表明:7种不同土样对SDS、CTAB和Tween80的吸附等温线均较好地符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力的大小顺序为2号轻壤土》轻粘土》中壤土》砂壤土》5号轻壤土》重壤土》紧砂土,这主要是由于7种土样的pH、有机质含量和机械组成不同的缘故;同一土壤中,CTAB的吸附量》Tween80的吸附量》SDS的吸附量;温度的升高,不利于SDS和CTAB在土壤中的吸附,而有利于Tween80的吸附.     

Synergistic solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants

Water solubility enhancements of naphthalene (Naph), acenaphthylene (Acen), anthracene (An), phenanthrene (Phen) and pyrene (Py) by micellar solutions of single and mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants were measured and compared. Effects of typical inorganic ions, such as NH(4)(+), Na(+) and Mg(2+) coexisted with the organic pollutants (in soils) on water solubilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the presence of single and mixed surfactants were also investigated. Solubilities of PAHs in water are greatly enhanced in a linear fashion by each of Triton X-100 (TX100), Triton X-305 (TX305), Brij 35, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Solubility enhancement efficiencies of surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) follow the order of TX100>Brij 35>TX305>SDS. PAHs are solubilized synergistically in mixed anionic-nonionic surfactant solutions, especially at low surfactant concentrations. The synergistic power of the mixed surfactants is SDS-TX305>SDS-Brij 35>SDS-TX100. Synergistic effect of a given mixed-surfactant solution on different PAHs also appears to be linearly related to the solute logK(ow). The noted synergism for the mixed surfactants is attributed to the formation of mixed micelles, the lower CMC of the mixed-surfactant solutions, and the increase of the solute's molar solubilization ratio or micellar partition coefficients (K(mc)) because of the lower polarity of the mixed micelles. Suitable quantity of inorganic cations can enhance the solubilization capacities of anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants, the effect being Mg(2+)>NH(4)(+)>Na(+). The water solubility of pyrene was slightly increased by anthracene and significantly increased by 1,2,3-TCB in the presence of SDS-Brij 35. Mixed surfactants may improve the performance of surfactant-enhanced remediation of soils and sediments by decreasing the applied surfactant level and thus the remediation cost.     

Effects of SOM, surfactant and pH on the sorption-desorption and mobility of prometryne in soils

Sorption and desorption of the herbicide prometryne in two types of soil subjected to the changes of pH and soil organic matter and surfactant were investigated. The sorption and desorption isotherms were expressed by the Freundlich equation. Freundlich K_f and n values indicate that soil organic matter was the major factor affecting prometryne behavior in the test soils. We also quantified the prometryne sorption and desorption behavior in soils, which arose from the application of Triton X-100 (TX100), a nonionic surfactant and change in pH. Application of TX100 led to a general decrease in prometryne sorption to the soils and an increase in desorption from the soils when applied in dosages of the critical micella concentration (CMC) 0.5, 1 and 2. At the concentration below the CMC, the non-ionic surfactant showed a tendency to decrease prometryne sorption and desorption. It appeared that TX100 dosages above CMC were required to effectively mobilize prometryne. Results indicate that the maximum prometryne sorption and minimum prometryne desorption in soils were achieved when the solution pH was near its pK_a. Finally, the influence of TX100 on the mobility of prometryne in soils using soil thin-layer chromatography was examined.     

Solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene in mixed anionic-nonionic surfactant solutions

The effects of mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixed with Tween80 (TW80), Triton X-100 (TX100) and Brij35 respectively on the solubility enhancement and biodegradation of phenanthrene in the aqueous phase were investigated. The efficiency of solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene in single-, and mixed-surfactant solutions were also compared. The critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) of mixed surfactants were sharply lower than that of sole SDS. The degree of solubility enhancements by the mixed surfactants followed the order of SDS-TW80>SDS-Brij35>SDS-TX100. Synergistic solubilization was observed in the mixed surfactant solutions, in which the molar ratios of SDS to nonionic surfactant were 1:0, 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 1:9 and 0:1 while the total concentration of surfactants was kept at 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively. SDS-Brij35 exhibited more significant degree of synergistic solubility enhancement for phenanthrene. The mixed surfactants exhibited no inhibitory effect on biodegradation of phenanthrene. Substantial amounts of the solubilized phenanthrene by mixed surfactants were completely degraded by phenanthrene-degrading microorganisms within 96 h. The results suggested that anionic-nonionic surfactants would improve the performance of remediation of PAH-contaminated soils.     

Selective adsorption of phenanthrene dissolved in surfactant solution using activated carbon

Selective adsorption of a hazardous hydrophobic organic compound (HOC) by activated carbon as a means of recovering surfactants after a soil washing process was investigated. As a model system, phenanthrene was selected as a representative HOC and Triton X-100 as a nonionic surfactant. Three activated carbons that differed in size (Darco 20–40 (D20), 12–20 (D12) and 4–12 (D4) mesh sizes) were used in adsorption experiments. Adsorption of surfactant onto activated carbon showed a constant maximum above the critical micelle concentration, which were 0.30, 0.23, 0.15 g g⁻¹ for D20, D12, and D4, respectively. Selectivity for phenanthrene to Triton X-100 was much higher than 1 over a wide range of activated carbon doses (0–6 g l⁻¹) and initial phenanthrene concentrations (10–110 mg l⁻¹). Selectivity generally increased with decreasing particle size, increasing activated carbon dose, and decreasing initial concentration of phenanthrene. The highest selectivity was 74.9, 57.3, and 38.3 for D20, D12, and D4, respectively, at the initial conditions of 10 mg l⁻¹ phenanthrene, 5 g l⁻¹ Triton X-100 and 1 g l⁻¹ activated carbon. In the case of D20 at the same conditions, 86.5% of the initial phenanthrene was removed by sorption and 93.6% of the initial Triton X-100 remained in the solution following the selective adsorption process. The results suggest that the selective adsorption by activated carbon is a good alternative for surfactant recovery in a soil washing process.     

Adsorption of arsenate on soils. Part 2: modeling the relationship between adsorption capacity and soil physiochemical properties using 16 Chinese soils

An attempt has been made to elucidate the effects of soil properties on arsenate adsorption by modeling the relationships between adsorption capacity and the properties of 16 Chinese soils. The model produced was validated against three Australian and three American soils. The results showed that nearly 93.8% of the variability in arsenate adsorption on the low-energy surface could be described by citrate-dithionite extractable Fe (Fe(CD)), clay content, organic matter content (OM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC); nearly 87.6% of the variability in arsenate adsorption on the high-energy surface could be described by Fe(CD), DOC and total arsenic in soils. Fe(CD) exhibited the most important positive influence on arsenate adsorption. Oxalate extractable Al (Al(OX)), citrate-dithionite extractable Al (Al(CD)), extractable P and soil pH appeared relatively unimportant for adsorption of arsenate by soils.     

Influence of surfactant sorption on the removal of phenanthrene from contaminated soils

Laboratory column flushing experiments were conducted to remove phenanthrene from contaminated soils by Triton X-100 (TX100) with an aim to investigating the effect of surfactant sorption on the performance of surfactant-enhanced remediation process. The effluent concentration of phenanthrene from soil columns showed strong dependence on the sorption breakthrough curves of TX100. The removal of phenanthrene from contaminated soils was enhanced only when the sorption breakthrough of TX100 occurred and the influent concentration of TX100 was greater than the critical enhanced flushing concentration (CEFC). The sorption of surfactant onto soils and the subsequent partitioning of contaminants into soil-sorbed surfactant had a significant effect on the solute equilibrium distribution coefficient (KD) and thus the flushing efficiency for phenanthrene. A model was developed to predict KD and CEFC values for simulating the performance of surfactant-enhanced flushing for contaminated soils. These results are of practical interest in developing effective and safe surfactant-enhanced remediation technologies.     

Sorption of 2,4-d on natural and organic amended soils of different characteristics

The effect of one organic amendment consisting of an urban waste compost (UWC) was assessed on the sorption properties of the herbicide 2,4-D on four soils of different physicochemical characteristics. The soils chosen were a Typic Haphorthod (ST), a Typic Endoaquept (SR), an Entic Pelloxerert (TO), and a Typic Eutrochrept (AL). Adsorption experiments were performed on the original soils, and on mixtures of these soils with UWC at a rate of 6.25% (w/w). These mixtures were used just after preparation, and after aging for 8 and 25 weeks. 2,4-D adsorption was the highest on ST soil, whereas the lowest adsorption was for SR soil. This behavior is related to the high amount of organic matter (OM) and amorphous iron and aluminum oxides content on soil ST, whereas soil SR had the lowest OM content and specific surface area of the soils of this study. Addition of exogenous OM to soils caused an increase in the 2,4-D adsorption by three of the soils treated with UWC, with the only exception being ST soil, due to an observed decrease in its specific surface area. The adsorbed amounts of the herbicide on aged organic fertilized soils diminished in three of the amended soils, but was still greater than on unammended soils. In contrast, the ST soil showed the largest adsorption for unammended soil.     

Adsorption, desorption, and mobility of permethrin in Malaysian soils

The adsorption, desorption, and mobility of permethrin in six tropical soils was determined under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The six soils were selected from vegetable growing areas in Malaysia. Soil organic matter (OM) was positively correlated (r2 = 0.97) with the adsorption of permethrin. The two soils, namely, Teringkap 1 and Lating series with the highest OM (3.2 and 2.9%) released 32.5 and 30.8% of the adsorbed permethrin after four consecutive repetitions of the desorption process, respectively, compared to approximately 75.4% of the Gunung Berinchang soil with the lowest OM (1.0%) under the same conditions. The mobility of permethrin down the soil column was inversely correlated to the organic matter content of the soil. Permethrin residue penetrated only to the 10-15 cm zone in the Teringkap 1 soil with 3.2% OM but penetrated to a depth of more than 20 cm in the other soils. The Berinchang series soil with the lowest OM (1.0%) yielded leachate with 14.8% permethrin, the highest level in leachates from all the soils tested. Therefore, the possibility for permethrin to contaminate underground water may be greater in the presence of low organic matter content, which subsequently allows a higher percentage of permethrin to move downwards through the soil column.     

Surfactant-induced mobilisation of trace metals from estuarine sediment: implications for contaminant bioaccessibility and remediation

The mobilisation of metals (Al, Fe, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) from contaminated estuarine sediment has been examined using commercially available surfactants. Metal release by the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), increased with increasing amphiphile concentration up to and above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Metal mobilisation by the bile acid salt, sodium taurocholate, and the nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, however, did not vary with amphiphile concentration. SDS was the most efficient surfactant in mobilising metals from the sample, and Cd, Cu and Ni were released to the greatest extents (12-18% of total metal at [SDS] > CMC). Metal mobilisation appeared to proceed via complexation with anionic amphiphiles and denudation of hydrophobic host phases. Surfactants may play an important role in the solubilisation of metals in the digestive environment of deposit-feeding animals and, potentially, in the remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment.     

Paraquat adsorption, degradation, and remobilization in tropical soils of Thailand

Paraquat adsorption, degradation, and remobilization were investigated in representative tropical soils of Yom River Basin, Thailand. Adsorption of paraquat in eight soil samples using batch equilibration techniques indicated that adsorption depended on soil characteristics, including exchangeable basic cations and iron content. Multiple regression analysis indicated significant contribution of exchangeable calcium percentage (ECP), total iron content (TFe) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to paraquat sorption (Q). ESP and TFe were significant at all adsorption stages, whereas ESP was significant only at the initial stage of paraquat adsorption. Adsorption studies using two soils representing clay and sandy loam textures showed that paraquat adsorption followed the Freundlich model, exhibiting a nonlinear sorption curve. Paraquat adsorption was higher in the clay soil compared to the sandy loam soil with Kf values of 787 and 18, respectively. Desorption was low with 0.04 to 0.17% and 0.80 to 5.83% desorbed in clay and sandy loam soil, respectively, indicating some hysteresis effect. Time-dependent paraquat adsorption fitted to the Elovich kinetic model indicated that diffusion was a rate-limiting process. Paraquat mobility and degradation studies conducted using both field and laboratory soil column experiments with clay soil showed low mobility of paraquat with accumulation only in the surface 0-5 cm layer under field conditions and in the 0-1 cm layer in a laboratory soil column experiment. Degradation of paraquat in soil was faster under field conditions than at ambient laboratory conditions. The degradation rate followed a first-order kinetic model with the DT50 at 36-46 days and DT90 around 119-152 days.     

表面活性剂淋滤对土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯纵向迁移的影响

以无表面活性剂的去离子水为对照、设置1倍(1 CMC)和2倍临界胶束浓度(2 CMC)浓度,研究了单一和混合表面活性剂,包括十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和曲拉通X-100(TX-100)对人工污染土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)纵向迁移的影响,土柱中上层为PAEs污染土(3 cm),下层为清洁土(20 cm)。CTAB和SDBS在2 CMC时、TX-100为1 CMC时可增强污染土中PAEs的纵向迁移,其中DMP和DEP有无表面活性剂均可发生迁移,在相同表面活性剂条件下,延长老化时间对污染土中PAEs的迁移产生一定的影响。CTAB和SDBS在2 CMC时,清洁土中PAEs总含量较低,但TX-100在1 CMC时较低。清洁土中PAEs总含量均随土层深度的增加而降低。当老化时间较短时,土壤有机质对PAEs在清洁土柱的迁移影响较小,老化时间的延长对清洁土中的PAEs迁移影响较大。3种表面活性剂均可有效促进清洁土中DMP和DEP的迁移,CTAB和SDBS在2 CMC、TX-100在1 CMC时可促进DNBP和BBP的迁移,但3种表面活性剂对清洁土中DNOP迁移的影响较小。与单一表面活性剂相比,混合表面活性剂有助于污染土中PAEs的迁移,且随着浓度的升高,清洁土中PAEs的含量呈现降低的趋势。就整个土柱而言,单一表面活性剂CTAB和SDBS在较高浓度时、TX-100较低的浓度时对PAEs的淋滤效果更好;在较短老化时间下,土壤有机质含量的高低对淋滤率没有显著影响;老化时间延长有效降低了淋滤率;而混合表面活性剂的淋滤率有明显提高,更有助于PAEs的迁移。