京杭大运河地区性水污染事故的应急监测工作

京杭大运河宿迁段，曾发生过氨氮、氟化物和砷的两起突发性的水污染事故，在对发生突发性水环境污染事故的污染来源，进行调查和应急监测工作总结的基础上，提出了在环境监测工作中，应对突发性水环境污染事故的工作原则和建议。     

国内外针对突发性水污染事故的立法经验比较

面对突发性水污染事故多发、危害严重的现状,总结了美国、日本等国家关于突发性水污染事故应急管理立法的成功经验和国内相关立法工作中存在的宪法和环境保护综合法界定不清、应急法律不成体系等问题,同时针对国内相关立法工作的不足提出了加强中国突发性水污染事故应急立法的建议.     

江苏省环境应急监测核心能力建设与评述

从污染事故的环境应急预警工作需要出发，结合江苏省突发性环境事故应急处置项目建设规划，分析了省级应急监测能力、应急监测决策指挥能力建设的要素和功能，并分析了江苏省的市县级环境监测骨干网络架构及其实践应对。并建议各级环境监测部门今后应当从风险源排查、应急预案、应急监测、应急处置、综合分析、后勤保障六个方面进行优化整合，为今后更系统和更针对性地防治区域的突发性环境污染。     

次级河流水污染事件应急处置程序及环境损害评估技术路线

近年来,随着我国经济的发展,次级河流突发性水污染事件频繁发生,对生态环境及居民生活造成了严重的影响。次级河流突发性水污染事件发生后,为减少污染造成的损失和影响,保证受损的环境资源得到恢复和补偿,不仅要立即采取行之有效的应急处置措施,而且应当积极开展环境损害鉴定评估工作,全面追究污染者的环境责任。根据次级河流本身的特点,结合各省市在环境应急处置过程中的具体做法,建立了一套应对突发性次级河流水污染事件的应急处置工作程序;阐述了环境损害鉴定评估的必要性、工作方法和技术路线,同时从受损环境资源的确认、污染源和污染物的识别以及暴露途径的建立3个方面构建了开展次级河流突发性水污染事件环境损害鉴定评估工作的因果关系链条,对实际开展相关工作具有重要意义。     

中国突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统研究进展

突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统已成为辅助环境管理和应急决策的重要支撑工具,是水环境领域的研究热点。综述了中国突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统的现状及发展趋势。归纳出突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统应具备污染源管理、水环境质量管理、风险评估、风险监控预警以及应急决策响应等一套完整的核心功能模块。通过融合遥感遥测技术、计算机技术、网络技术、地理信息系统(GIS)技术、环境信息技术和云智能等现代技术,中国构建了适用于不同水体、不同资料条件和具有不同功能的突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统,相关技术和系统的应用处于世界先进水平。未来的突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统将进一步拓展风险溯源功能,并全面实现实时化、自动化、智能化和业务化。     

突发性水污染事件应急系统的建立

针对中国处理突发性水污染事件的现状,在分析突发性水污染事件的特点和现有应急救援系统,以及现有系统在应急组织协调、应急监测分析和信息传递应急响应等方面所存在问题的基础上,构建了突发性水污染事件应急系统.将该系统分为应急组织结构、应急响应机制和应急技术支持3部分,并对其中不同行政主体在应急响应中的作用以及应急机制的立法等内容进行了探讨.     

突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统研究

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来突发性环境污染事故频频发生,建立突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统已为当务之急。在介绍国内外突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统现状的基础上,提出构建突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统的基本构想。     

城市水源地突发性水污染事件研究述评

日益恶化的突发性水污染事件始终是国内外大多数城市水源地安全和城市供水安全的重要威胁.从城市水源地突发性污染事件的风险源、水源地易损性、应急评估和预警技术及应急机制4个方面综述了国内外城市水源地突发性污染事件的研究进展.述评认为,应关注城市水源地的特殊易损性及突发性污染的威胁,重点研究水源地突发性污染事件的快速评估和预警技术及应急机制,全面开展城市水源地突发性污染事件的基础和实例研究.     

突发性环境污染事故预警系统的探讨

突发性环境污染事故时有发生，因此有必要提出事故预防和管理水平，应建立突发性环境污染事故的预警系统。     

一次环境应急预案演练的实践

环境应急预案的模拟演练，是加强突发性环境污染事故的应对工作和应急预案体系建设的重要举措，可以检验环境应急部门应对突发性环境污染事故的能力，检验城市各相关部门和各单位之间的协同作战能力，保证环境应急预案的科学、高效、有序和针对性地实施。     

Modeling the spill in the Songhua River after the explosion in the petrochemical plant in Jilin

An explosion in a petrochemical plant in Jilin in the northeast of China on 13 November 2005 was responsible for the discharge of large quantities of benzene and nitrobenzene into Songhua River. This endangered the water supply of Harbin city and influenced the daily life for millions of people. The dispersion-advection equation was solved analytically and numerically and used to simulate the concentration of benzene and nitrobenzene in the Songhua River after the accident. Both solutions gave practically identical results. The main elimination process for both compounds was volatilization. The model results are quite close to the results obtained by measurements at monitoring stations. Arrival time of the pollutant wave, peak concentrations and end of the pollutant wave at Harbin and along the river were predicted successfully. The peak concentrations of nitrobenzene at Harbin were more than 30 times above the permissible limits for drinking water.     

焦化废水中细菌质粒的研究

细菌质粒中常带有一些可编码降解特殊有毒物质酶的基因,为了研究质粒对有毒物质CN^-的降解的意义,主要调查了焦化废水中好氧异养菌的质粒分布特点。从山西省焦化企业公司生化站、太原煤气公司焦化厂生化站中筛选出53株细菌,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法,采用GDS-8000型凝胶电泳分析仪进行拍照,同时测定各菌株降氰、降酚能力,CN^-采用异烟酸-毗唑啉酮法,酚采用4-氨基安替比林法测定。结果表明,质粒的存在与降氰力有一定的关系,但对降酚力的影响差异不显著。同时,通过对其中11^*号菌株进行了质粒转化和消除实验,证明质粒稳定,不可用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)消除掉,用E．cbli DHI作受体菌,用11^#菌株作供体菌。作转化实验,但由于种种原因,没有筛洗到转化子。     

Managing the relationship with the environment

This article describes the results of a survey carried out by the author's company on behalf of Rank Xerox. The objective was to assess attitudes towards environmental issues in both the public and private sector. Although there were some differences over priorities, both sectors agreed that development of environmental policies was essential to their future.     

水处理中含铁废料综合利用的研究进展

回顾了２０余年来我国在水处理中综合利用含铁废料的研究进展，分别评述了副产品硫酸亚铁制备絮凝剂ＰＦＳ的各种方法，废铁屑运用于内电解法水处理和其他含铁泥渣，废酸在水处理中的研究和应用现状，指出含铁废料综合利用中有待于进一步研究的若干问题。     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

Attempts to probe the ozone layer and the ultraviolet-B levels of the past

To get a proper perspective on the current status of atmospheric ozone, which protects the biosphere from ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) radiation, it would be of value to know how ozone and UV-B radiation have varied in the past. The record of worldwide ozone monitoring goes back only a few decades, and the record of reliable UV-B measurements is even shorter. Here we review indirect methods to assess their status further back in time. These include variations in the Sun's emission and how these affect the atmosphere, changes in the Earth's orbit, geologic imprints of atmospheric ozone, effects of catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, biological proxies of UV-B radiation, the spectral signature of terrestrial ozone in old recordings of star spectra, and the modeling of UV-B irradiance from ozone data and meteorological recordings. Although reliable reconstructions do not yet extend far into the past, there is some hope for future progress.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.