火山岩型膨润土原矿的脱色性能研究

考察了火山岩型膨润土原矿对亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色处理效果，发现12min后4种矿物的脱色率均达到了85％以上，其中信阳、黑山和凌源膨润土矿样脱色率高达98％以上。各膨润土矿地质背景差异导致矿样间物理化学性质的差异较大。讨论膨润土的物理化学性质和染料脱色效果，发现影响膨润土样品吸附的主要因素为膨润土d001值、CEC以及内表面积。     

对硝基苯酚在阴-阳离子有机膨润土/水间的界面行为研究

用阴、阳离子表面活性剂改性制得一系列阴-阳离子有机膨润土,表征了有机膨润土的结构特征,研究了对硝基苯酚在阴-阳离子有机膨润土/水间的界面行为,并探讨了其吸附机理.结果表明:阴-阳离子有机膨润土的层间距和有机碳含量与改性时阴、阳离子表面活性剂的组成和配比有关;阴-阳离子表面活性剂在有机膨润土中形成了增溶(分配)作用较强的有机相,在一定配比下对水中有机污染物产生协同效应.     

膨润土基共聚复合物的制备及对亚甲基蓝的脱色性能

将乙酸乙烯酯、马来酸酐和丙烯酸作为功能性单体,在钠基膨润土分散体系中进行原位共聚反应,制备了一种膨润土基共聚复合物(P(MAVM)/NaB),采用FT-IR、XRD、SEM等手段对其结构进行了表征.结果表明,NaB与共聚物均匀复合,其中部分高分子链进入了膨润土层间,扩大了缝隙.将膨润土基共聚复合物用于染料亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附,考察了影响膨润土基共聚复合物吸附亚甲基蓝的主要因素.结果表明:25℃,吸附剂用量为0.1 g.L-1,振荡5 min,MB初始浓度为20 mg.L-1的条件下,MB脱色率可达97.7%,吸附容量达195.46 mg.g-1.处理后水样的色度达到国家污水综合排放一级标准.同时研究了吸附机理,结果发现:吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,MB通过电中和、氢键及范德华力作用被P(MAVM)/NaB吸附.     

膨润土负载壳聚糖修复土壤镉污染的效果

随着重金属污染土壤日益加剧,污染土壤修复和控制技术的研究越来越迫切.为利用膨润土原位修复土壤镉污染提供理论依据,采用平衡吸附试验研究了Cd2 在膨润土负载壳聚糖上的吸附行为.以90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖为原料,制备了膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂,用于吸附溶液中Cd2 .试验探讨了壳聚糖质量浓度对负载率的影响,结果表明,质量浓度3%的壳聚糖负载量最大,壳聚糖最大负载率达32.6%.吸附Cd2 最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与膨润土质量比为1∶20,膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为15 g·L-1,溶液中Cd2 含量不大于200 mg·L-1, pH 值为6～8,吸附平衡时间为8 min,Cd2 去除率为99%.动态吸附Cd2 试验结果表明:质量浓度为 200 mg·L-1的含Cd2 溶液,流速为4～6 m(h-1,经壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂一次处理后,溶液中Cd2 的残留量为0.7 mg(L-1.     

模拟酸雨对森林红壤中铝的溶出及不同土层酸度变化的影响

为进一步探明酸沉降对森林红壤及生态环境的影响，模拟长沙地区降水酸度及离子组成，采用浸泡试验对两种森林红壤活性铝的释出及土壤理化性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明，模拟酸雨浸泡初期，土壤活性铝的释出量随浸泡次数的增加而增加，原始土壤pH值愈低，活性铝释出愈多；强酸度、高离子浓度（AR4）模拟酸雨对土壤中活性铝的溶出量远大于基础酸雨（AR3）及弱酸、低离子浓度酸雨（AR2）和对照酸雨（AR1）。模拟酸雨酸度愈大，对土壤pH值的影响愈明显，不同土层间，以A层土壤pH值下降最明显，B、C层土壤则下降较小。模拟酸雨模拟浸泡土壤25年后，土壤阳离子交换量均有不同程度下降，有机质含量高，原土壤阳离子交换量大的土壤下降幅度也大。     

广州郊区农业土壤重金属含量与土壤性质的关系

研究了广州郊区农业土壤性质和土壤中的重金属含量,并对2者的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:广州郊区农业土壤中壤土占样品总数的70.5%,土壤pH值平均为5.93,土壤有机质平均含量为31 7g·kg-1,土壤阳离子交换量不高,且各区之间变幅较大;Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd、As和Hg有效态含量在3种土壤中顺序为菜园土>水稻土>赤红壤;土壤重金属和土壤理化性质间的关系复杂,如有效态Cu、Zn、Ni与土壤有机质含量呈极显著相关,Cd与土壤有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量呈极显著相关,As除与有机质含量和粘粒含量有关,与pH、阳离子交换量也有极显著相关关系。     

不同方法对南方几种土壤阳离子交换性质的测定比较

分別采用1mol L~(-1) NH_4OAC淋洗法,0.1mol L~(-1)BaCl_2捕掳交换法,6.667×10~(-3)mol L~(-1)Co(NH_3)_6Cl_3提取法以及电荷测定法测定了南方几种不同性质的土壤的阳离子交换性质。结果表明,酸性土壤的阳离子交换量具有不定性,NH_4OAC法的结果很高,而其它方法的结果显著偏低,但方法间仍存在显著差异。不过,各法对微酸性、中性土壤的测定结果无显著差异。与NH_4OAC法相比,BaCl_2法得到较多的Ca,而Co法则交换出较少的K。各法的浸提液pH间虽存在差异,但彼此间有良好的统计相关性。Co法测定的CEC值与交换性阳离子总和较为吻合,其浸提液pH与pH_(KCl)、pH_(CaCl_2)有良好的线性关系。看来,不同方法对酸性土壤阳离子交换量的测定差异主要来自測定过程中介质pH条件及离子强度不同所浸出的交换性酸的多寡。本文认为,Co(NH_2)_6Cl_3法可以作为这些土壤阳离子交换性质测定的例行方法。     

泰莱盆地孔隙水水化学特征及其控制因素分析

为了解泰莱盆地孔隙水水化学特征及控制因素,运用数理统计、相关性分析、Piper图、Gibbs图等方法,分析了研究区孔隙水的主要离子及水化学特征,并探讨了其控制因素.结果表明,泰莱盆地孔隙水中主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Na~+,占阳离子总量的86%以上,而阴离子则以HCO~-_3、NO~-_3、SO■为主,占阴离子总量的85%以上;水化学类型较为复杂,以HCO_3·SO_4(SO_4·HCO_3)-Ca·Mg(Ca)为主;pH均值为7.42,其pH变异系数较小,整体呈现弱碱性;研究区TDS均值为866.09 mg·L~(-1),其北部及南部靠近基岩区的TDS值整体较小,呈现出南、北两侧值低,越向泰莱盆地中部越高的现状.Gibbs图及离子端元图结果表明,水化学组分主要受水-岩作用控制,以硅酸盐岩风化溶解为主且存在碳酸盐岩风化溶解,分析与研究区南、北部基岩裂隙水和岩溶水的补给有关.     

强力霉素在凹凸棒土上的吸附行为

通过等温吸附平衡法研究了强力霉素在凹凸棒土上的吸附行为,考察了pH、反应时间、离子强度和离子类型等因素对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附机理.结果表明,pH=8.5时,饱和吸附容量最大,为293.35μmol.g-1;强力霉素在凹凸棒土上的吸附可用Langmuir型等温方程和准二级动力学方程很好地拟合;离子强度对强力霉素的吸附影响不是很明显;0.05 mol.L-1NaOH能显著地将强力霉素从凹凸棒土上解吸下来.红外表征结果说明凹凸棒土对强力霉素的吸附可能是化学吸附,酸性条件下,强力霉素主要通过阳离子交换、静电作用、氢键作用等吸附在凹凸棒土上,部分H+可能通过强力霉素质子化吸附到凹凸棒土上.弱碱性条件下主要通过水桥接,与凹凸棒土层间阳离子配位以及结合于凹凸棒土边缘吸附位点达到吸附.     

窟野河流域地表水-地下水的水化学特征

通过对窟野河流域地表水和地下水样品进行水化学分析,探讨了该流域不同水体水化学特征和主要离子来源.结果表明,地表水与地下水均偏弱碱性.河水的水质类型由上游的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型演变为下游的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-型.上游矿井水距离河道5 km以内的水化学类型与河水较为相近为Ca~(2+)-Na~+-HCO_3~-型;大于5 km的水化学类型为Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-HCO_3~-型.随着距离的增大,矿井水与河水的联系减弱.上游生活用水井深小于180 m且距离河道小于1 km的地下水水化学特征与河水较为相似,为Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型;井深大于180 m且距离河道大于1 km的水化学类型为Ca~(2+)-Na~+-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-型和Ca~(2+)-Na~+-HCO_3~--Cl-型,与河水有一定的差距.下游灌溉用水水化学类型为Na~+-Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-型,与下游河水水质一致.上游河水与地下水,SO_4~(2-)与Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+)与Mg~(2+)相关性较强,说明这些离子同源,可能来源于含有碳酸盐、石膏的岩石中,印证了矿物溶解和阳离子交换对水化学演化的影响;下游河水与地下水,K+与SO_4~(2-)、Cl-相关性较强,且K+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+相互间均呈现正相关,这些阳离子可能来源于含长石的砂岩.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.